so one of the largest banks in the united states dared have an event that spoke some certain truths about the ukraine conflict. and this is deemed to be on except of all by the american status quo. it shows how narrow the terms of debate in the united states really are a reminder now of the developing new story from tel aviv when one person has been killed and 7 others injured in a car. running incidents is ready. officials have called it a terrorist attack, according to israel's ambulance service, all of the victims, the tourists, the assailant reportedly an arab, israeli has been shot dead by police prime minister benjamin netanyahu, household a call of military and border police reserve. it comes just now is office who is ready. civilians were shot dead in the west bank following gaze round as drawn from garza and southern lebanon in the earliest of friday. the more of the latest news on the days keep an eye on the website

o t dot com and we'll be back with more in 30 minutes. ah, donald trump is again at the nexus of american politics. he's also the 1st american president to face jail time. the entire legal apparatus of the state appears to be aligned against trump. can the rule of law survive this legal odyssey? with ah,

what if i told you that the key to understanding the universe was a tiny particle, which is nearly impossible to detect so much so that they are even called ghost particles. they don't make traditional laws of physics, they barely have mass and the out number, everything else in the cause most. and there are trillions of them passing through your body right now. they do exist and they're called neutrinos. this brings us here to the caucus hist. mountains here in cub dino berkadia, where we're going to visit the unique box on neutrino a vibratory. and it might surprise you, we're not going to find it out here in the open, but instead we have to go about 2 kilometers deep underneath this mountain range. very simply, what is the neutrino that some physicists colon neutrinos, the ashes of the universe, we will now have to travel 3 and a half kilometers inside the mountain. we live in a sea of neutrinos,

so we could take a swim, our entire fundamental understanding of physics is wrong. we can't rule out that we're dealing with something else, something entirely different, a different kind of physics that we pretty much always have more questions than answers with whoever wants to see the results of his work immediately. you should become a shoe maker. vladimir. thank you very much for hosting us here today. very simply. what is the neutrino? how far deep are we going into the mountain? and why do we have to go underground to see them? ah, some physicists, cole neutrinos, the ashes of the universe getting that produced as a result of our low as they are extremely high energy release. that keep the ye go . our observatory is deep under ground due to the huge amounts of energy that impact earth from space employ. but almost a nice cosmic rays,

create interference is horse, and that would prevent us from detecting the neutrinos e. so we go down far enough here to where neutrino interactions are still possible in we're despite some remaining background, cosmic radiation rear. we will now have to travel 3 and a half kilometers inside the mountain echo. and there will be the equivalent of 4800 meters of water above us in the lab of the so our neutrinos made and do they last forever. nothing is eternal yet. however, we can't rule out that neutrinos are precisely that eternal particles. so there are more neutrinos than anything else that we know of in the entire universe. ah, why do we know so little about them? we shall morgan using them were there are so many things we still don't know about what's not going. mm. and we're happy to be learning more about this phenomenon just to let you know, we know now that neutrinos play in

a central part in our universe get us done. you? are we ready to go inside? yes, go ah ah ah, so this is actually a telescope but she had this telescope is very different from the traditional kind . this is one of the methods or to find a material that interacts with neutrinos just slightly better than others. it oddly

interact with anything near to the was done with his telescope was specifically designed to study neutrinos emitted by the sun. jamie, what for you, there's a pattern to how all stars working there and the sun is no different neutrinos are born in the core of a star is you know, with a massive release of energy inside the sun. for example, the temperature is 14000000 degrees celsius. leaking and when you tree nose reach the earth in there, you can detect them if you shield the lab from all other influences. and there we are now in an underground lab at a depth where the flow of cosmic rays is reduced by several digits. the sun is a giant bowl of matter that gives birth to neutrinos at its very center. now they escape the sun again to space while go and are $600000000000.00 neutrinos per

square centimeter reach the earth. every 2nd. when you trina has passed through us to we live in a sea of neutrinos that, that will store in order to detect neutrinos passing through something. or if you have to remove everything else, i'd sure to clear the way. but because loads of cosmic radiation, bo cosmic rays reach our planet them know the atmospheres apple as protect us from cosmic radiation. and the energy which finally reaches the surface is harmless at my fear on us at the same time. this is a major obstacle for studying neutrino interactions are flipping, so we have to get away from everything else that reaches earth by going under water or underground. oh it right now. we are deep on the ground these images as a rule, the distance to the surface is measured in mito water equivalent. right now we are shielded equivalently to the depths of 4800 meters below the surface of

a body of water. that's how we could take a swim. okay, so once you see a neutrino, how do you get it to talk to you how to get information from it? how can we captain you trina's? want to be more precise as you, how can we established that a neutrino has passed through? here we have to find a substance that interacts with neutrinos more than any other type of matter. the 1st researcher to discover such a substance was bruno ponti corvil. he is known for a response he gave to wolfgang polly who introduced the term neutrino. and in order to maintain the fundamental law of the conservation of energy. when the, when poly said, i suggest that a particle, the neutrino carries away some of the energy emitted in radioactive decay in the book. but that was the wrong thing to do because we're such as will never be able to detect that particle. pent ponti carver replied, that's not true if we can and will detect it if we need to take

a large amount of substance when he actually named the substance. chlorine 37, we have one of the isotopes of chlorine, can you, wow the neutrino, like some minuscule part of it, will interact with chlorine and turn it into argon 37. 0, it's a noble gas, and it's radioactive. you have to collect it and then you can determine how many neutrinos were captured by the chlorine that was done very well by ray davis, because we worked together with him on creating this device. and he shares the credit for this project or it was before he won the nobel prize. he received a plato at that. so it turned out that chlorine can only interact with high energy neutrinos. and based on our calculations for the sun, what we have now, only a small part of neutrinos alike that hooked up yet by this triggered further research to find a way to detect neutrinos deposit. one of our researches,

the late of doctor cho's men discovered it or he suggested using gallium or you and it proved to be effective in detecting low energy in trina. those that are generated by the sun in abundance. ye to be exact. 99 percent of all sun generated neutrinos are by if we use an analogy, the sun is more like a compost heap, where the organic waste undergoes a slow process that generates heat us with us. now if we look at how neutrinos are generated, it happens when protons and neutrons from hydrogen atoms a merged into alpha particles or helium atoms right there. it's a slow process and it doesn't occur often. but as the sun consists of hydrogen and helium, the process goes on e one south that the sun continues to generate heat as long as the balance is maintained without them. it's interesting to note that the light for gamma quanta is born at the same time as neutrinos moore. it takes 14 minutes for

a neutrino to reach a food, but gamma quanta can linger in the depths of the sun for thousands of years. her res, reaching earth, now we're actually generated a 1000 years ago. what, while the neutrinos have only just been produced for it with their generation is a very steady process. if the sun can be turbulent, it can release solar flares and so on their own. but that's all surface phenomena. yes, the coal, however, is very precise and very stable appointment. i believe the sun will sustain us for quite some time, worse than the m quite no go in. so the gallium germanium telescope gives us information coming from the sun. you've already touched on this a little bit. what kind of specific information can we get from this telescope? these new civil war. only t, 1st of all, hey, we have a confirmed understanding of the sun. your van dolah process is in it and you,

my am, not all of our questions have been answered yet. my mom says that requires much higher precision. i said if you were planning to replace a, a massive one with telescopes like that are already being built in some, the bar a tracy for example, in china and other nearby nations phone number. if you die, you, when it comes to the sun with the sage experiment, we're seeing a constant process and not much is changing. who's dying my property. now we're more interested in the neutrinos image than in the sun itself. we did impress the young, we registered twice as few and neutrinos as theoretically expected, considering the amount of energy released just enough. so the next step would be useful. there are 3 types of neutrinos and j electron from you on it. and tao. the sun only emits electron neutrinos hewitt, although a wonderful theory has recently suggested that neutrinos changed their, their flavor with. what are the physicists are lyricist as well? you see?

so neutrinos can shift from electron to new on or tao, and vice versa. this phenomenon is called neutrino oscillation, don't you? our telescope can only detect electron neutrinos and so this will change of flavor . now explains why we register only half of the suns neutrinos aramark and we didn't follow view. so this is the underground situation telescope. it is the size of a 4 story building and it is covered from top to bottom in particle detectors. and it is sending information to computers, which is allowing sanchez to, to monitor the movement of neutrinos in real time. marty, thank you very much for having us here at least inflation telescope or if i understand things correctly here, we can witness what neutrinos are doing in real time. but yes, we monitor neutrino events. 2 types of neutrinos electron neutrinos articles

produced during a cold collab supernova explosion, and mule neutrinos from stars and other cosmic bodies. so tell me, what are we looking at here? what is this and what does it do with her? this the de tags and registers cosmic rays for you for when operated shape is reminiscent of a large cubed, woke up, but it has 8 planes and not 6 components of failure. they consist of center lation recorders. simulation is a process where are charged particles for passes through a sensitive material which emits light upon interaction, which is the problem. so here the charged particle passes through sent elation, recorders, few and particles of light appear. rheumatoid voyage of georgia, there are special lamps under these black covers that intensify this nope of toy global and they are converted into electron signals or possibly signals will go to the machine room by analyzing the sequence,

but at which the signal reaches the control room. we recreate with the trajectory of the particles. we thought that is why this dictator is called a center lation telescope to describe one performers for multiple because it can trace the trajectory of the particles through sent elation. would you do? what are the further back you've been able to trace a neutrino from? and how do you actually trace it back to its origin? ah, me, was a done them to think that a modem exist detector when you can register your 2 types of neutrinos. if any 3 another operate to choose sooner for blur me one you, trina would love traverses our whole planet fleming interact with the soil and under our detector review, and then look them on goes up mule mc us, miscue. little children, just severe corneus i since cause me grey moons traveled down and this one goes up . mm hm. we can separate it. it's new york and know for sure, but that is from

a new trina go. it is the way it is to be room. new thriller so slow that we can say that we've registered an neutrino from the other side of our planet, abuto to lima. more it is. we need to do more with that. but these neutrinos will not only cross the universe of coverage, they come from our earth's atmosphere to move it into the more more am slowed me so we can be 100 percent sure about the source you knew based on what you thought that we can compare on the coordinates that we get with the coordinates and you of a celestial body brewster article looks like a really just need to know. as for electron neutrinos fridge go, they are weaker just the particles that appear after into action that you don't go further than that detector. when you read you, of course, do so we can't trace silly. the trajectory home cooked immune on the mobile single

neutrinos would be impossible to register you like those me, ons course, but we can detect a big neutrino flow is wish me post christy. when you like i said, the detector, as 8 planes of man use me, but it looks like a cube on the outside of me pretty quick. but there are 3 planes on the inside. the boat one on the bottom with and 2 additional floors, opening a new la schuman when you're standing up me, one of which helps you, these internal planes are protected from, from the meal on the 6th, by the outside walls. similarly, you move on this internal sanction, which has a low bank ground, a which mitchum with we observe single reactions on these detectors cook with the funk or bus route, cuz we call that a background. we're pulling you cover bruce widget, when a collapse happens, where the detector consensus from the pick, the number of reactions increases point votes,

you will use it as our benchmark bubble and calculate the flow based on this discrepancy when you put a hold on when you read we can calculate the flow, but we can't see the trajectory in we need optical on radio, telescopes for that hubbard. you, erica, we're christmas to my supernova is a very rare event for our galaxy. thank you for with your, with the last one happened in 1987 in a neighboring galaxy is neglect whom are you the magdalana cloud episode, which of, of the event was registered by 4 detectors with including one of our own. let's say a star in our galaxy goes super. no, it will supernova, it will be disastrous for us. presumably, would we be the 1st to know about that here at this telescope? and if so, what is the process that goes into play once that detection happens? ah, so small, we're with her a supernova. if up is

a stage in the stars evolution 30 rather to really a monster sponsor bomb. the star must be 3 times heavier than the sun will guarantee you there. are you little of the move to put it in simple terms? it's called burns out and turns into metal. to move this course is a massive collapse. you put your little thumb, the reactions that follow make electrons and protons disappear. caputo pro proper though in large amounts of neutrinos appear as a result, which is that i took open this up by lift like wrong, like on is the new 3 year. what the massive impulse is sent in different directions . the original fuel premier, lug nuts, it lasts over about 15 minutes vacuum. most importantly, cookie one mosquito, the detectors we have on our planet effect the record will begin to react

a triplet nature. and we witness either single reactions. like in our case, i do motion for both or spikes, or if you have a different type of detector. so you'd, you know, martha roslyn before bill murray didn't put on such detectors. you can also register as much the direction it's coming from mobile to release through it. napoleon, priscilla was fascinating. thank you very much for taking the time to show me around. scientist said this observatory have been making headlines with the best experiments on sterile transitions. they may have discovered a brand new elementary particle, the stero neutrino. so 1st of all, congratulations, this is a big deal. what does this mean for humanity? why should we be excited? know, through the chairs because it's hard to speculate on the implications of that discovery . but humanity strives every drop of novelty and mystery. this particle

isn't new, but it is a new type of new trina. so, my understanding is that the best experiment could mean that our entire fundamental understanding of physics is wrong. are we in for a new era of physics? it's fascinating show that we always enjoy discovering something new. and i hope we've come across something exciting that maybe it's not a sterile neutrino. new physics indeed. and now one of the big questions about physics is the evidence of dark matter. and we don't really have any evidence per say. can your experiments here with the best observatory, help us find out more information about dark matter? can stare all neutrinos, give us more insight into this during them?

i did it as yes, absolutely. that kind of dark matter is a real mystery. and any new information, including information about neutrinos, could help us solve that mystery. frank happens on different scales. the best experiment here is relatively small compared to something like the large hadron collider. is there a benefit to working on the small scale? tell me about the pros and cons. look up really warmly slid or yes, there are always pros and cons to any research, but we'll keep on working and moving forward vegas if they do it in what they are. first of all, i'd like to say that the best experiment was successful thanks to the continued cooperation with our fellow researchers from the united states. we did with him. we value that co operation, highly darker and we are very happy that they worked with us on the best experiment to produce some very interesting results. just the more while we searched for

possible oscillations between active and sterile neutrinos of we, we can't rule out that we're dealing with something else. is something entirely different with a different kind of physics. if i had been, will we have, we're now preparing a new experiment that will either help us find an answer, you know, perhaps leave us even more puzzles, which as i've got at the fig. deborah, we pretty much always have more questions than answers. but we're going to keep our work up an hour and we hope to finally get those answers to follow through. we're starting to see more and neutrino observatories starting to be develops. ever since your discovery about the possibility of sterile you train us. do you think that interest in the sphere is it starting to increase at the which he has or that we expected to share? because neutrinos are associated with many interesting problems and solving them could really advance our knowledge about the world,

which is why it's among the hottest research arenas in fundamental science right now and in old. so we know that the bi call, deep water neutrino observatory has i witnessed an explosion from blaze ours, which are from different galaxies. what can we find out from what's happening out there at that? if we can buy share with that? yes, we were very lucky long and was particularly important is that both the bike and the ice q u tree. no telescopes detected these neutrinos coming from a blazer. so we can rule out any possible errors here. but it's a real gift for us or rick as research as we need all the incoming data we can get here. they boy, i hope that will be more events like this. so we can continue this fascinating cutting edge research virginia given that neutrinos have mass and that there are so many of them. if we are able to understand them more, or they're practical,

uses it for neutrinos. if we can learn to use them maybe as an energy source or even possibly high speed internet, because they don't have to go through any barriers. russian researches have developed to the best out official sources of neutrinos. that's a fact that the fog and we plan to develop more. deborah, and it should be noted viewing the research options in this area are quite limited needed since there are only 4 or 5 elements that can be used to create artificial neutrino sources. you can also own nuclear reactors generate anti neutrinos on. although they're not the same as neutrinos, they are just as valuable to physicists. very durable. other yet my glue. i can only say that neutrinos can carry information about various processes can do so . many of them haven't even been researched yet you can bring in speaking about the practical applications of neutrinos as sources of energy focus. i would quote, einstein used to because whoever wants to see the results of his work immediately,

you should become a shoemaker. supportive mm . blue. with by the middle of the 20th century, the portuguese colonial empire was in an acute crisis. a particular lonely tense situation had developed in mozambique the people of this country were put in

a humiliating position, income inequality ramp, and illiteracy. disrespect by the portuguese for the local traditions, led to mass unrest. in 1964, the liberation front of mozambie, brailey mo, began its armed struggle for freedom. the regular army was not easy to resist, but the guerrillas inflicted considerable damage on the invaders groups. the fighters against the colonial regime were supported by the soviet union and china. whereas the united states and great britain took the side of the invaders. the portuguese responded to the guerrillas attacks with cruel counterinsurgency. however gray limos 10 year courageous struggle was a success after the overthrow of the fascist regime in portugal in 1974. the new authorities rendered a year later lisbon fully recognized the independence of mozambique. but the

victory had been gained at a high price during the war, mozambique had lost tens of thousands of his sons and daughters. ah, ah, do i believe the mag goes get out, pitching me today? no, that's wrong. i was on my phone. i barely. yes, and because of the you in the ukrainians things that they're fighting for their own independence, a sporting them thinking that then fighting what the defense of the liberal doubleclick was. i think they live with a

with ah, ah

ah, one person is killed and 7 other the engine in a car running terrorist attack in televi. israel's prime minister has ordered a pool of military and for defense was also ahead with they're not even hiding the fact that if russia has conquered the next target will be china and any country that dares to act independently, the gala robin, the lines, the collective west the agenda of targeting la and staging as the russian diplomats meet with you wants us to sell to nisha. tunisia is not for sale, foreign dictates that will lead to more poverty or unacceptable. trinity is preston said his country will not yield to a foreign big tab.