ah ah, donald trump is again at the nexus of american politics. he's also the 1st american president to face jail time. the entire legal apparatus of the state appears to be aligned against trump. can the rule of law survive? this legal odyssey are exemptions and i'm here to plead with you. whatever you do, do not watch my new show. seriously. why watch something that so different my

little opinions that you won't get anywhere else work of it please. if you have the state department, the cia weapons, bankers, multi $1000000000.00 corporations, choose your facts for you. go ahead by change and whatever you do. don't watch my show, stay main street because i'm probably going to make you uncomfortable. my show is called direct impact, but again, you probably don't want to watch it because it might just change. and dwayne thing, ah, what if i told you that the key to understanding the universe was a tiny particle, which is nearly impossible to detect so much so that they are even called ghost particles. they don't make traditional laws of physics,

they barely have mass. and the out number, everything else in the cause most. and there are trillions of them passing through your body right now. they do exist and they're called neutrinos. this brings us here to the caucasus mountains here in cub dental berkadia, where we're going to visit the unique box on neutrino observatory. and it might surprise you, we're not going to find it out here in the open, but instead, we have to go about 2 kilometers deep underneath this mountain range. very simply. what is the neutrino that some physicists colon neutrinos, the ashes of the universe, we will now have to travel 3 and a half kilometers inside the mountain. we live in a sea of neutrinos, so we could take a swim. our entire fundamental understanding of physics is wrong. we can't rule out that we're dealing with something else, something entirely different, a different kind of physics that we pretty much always have more questions than

answers would whoever wants to see the results of his work immediately. you should become a shoe maker. right amir, thank you very much for hosting us here today. oh, very simply. what is the neutrino? how far deep are we going into the mountain? and why do we have to go underground to see them? ah, some physicists goal neutrinos, the ashes of the universe getting that produced as a result of our low as they are extremely high energy release. that d b, u go our observatory is deep under ground to, to the huge amounts of energy that impact earth from space gym roy, but almost a nice cosmic rays. creat interference is horse and that would prevent us from detecting the neutrinos e. so we go down far enough rear to where neutrino interactions are still possible in we're despite some remaining background, cosmic radiation rear. we will now have to travel 3 and

a half kilometers inside the mountain echo. and there will be the equivalent of 4800 meters of water above us in the lab. the so our neutrinos made and do they last forever. nothing is eternal yet. however, we can't rule out that neutrinos are precisely that eternal particles. so there are more neutrinos than anything else that we know of in the entire universe. ah, why do we know so little about them? we shall know. gone username. well, there are so many things we still don't know about who has not called me, and we are happy to be learning more about this phenomenon just to let you know. we know now that neutrinos play in a central part in our universe is that you, are we ready to go inside? yes, go with

. so this is actually a telescope, but in my eyes it looks nothing like a traditional telescope. from what i understand, you can actually catch a glimpse of a neutrino. how does that happen? he's meeting the group or our you are absolutely right. since he had this telescope is very different from the traditional kind. this is one of the methods. it's to find a material that interacts with neutrinos just slightly better than others. it hardly

interact with anything near to the what then they can use this telescope was specifically designed to study neutrinos emitted by the sun, the chamber. what for, you know, with a massive release of energy inside the sun, for example, the temperature is 14000000 degrees celsius. mickey, and when you trina's, reach the earth in there, you can detect them if you shield the lab from all other influences. there we are now in an underground lab at a depth where the flow of cosmic rays is reduced by several digits. the sun is a giant bowl of matter that gives birth to neutrinos at its very center media. they escape the sun again to space, to walk out and are $600000000000.00 neutrinos per square centimeter reach the earth. every 2nd. when you trina is passed through us to we live in a sea of neutrinos that was in order to detect neutrinos passing through something

for a few, have to remove everything else. sure to clear the way. but because loads of cosmic radiation, mo, cosmic rays reach our planet them know the atmospheres apple as protect us from cosmic radiation. and the energy which finally reaches the surface is harmless at my fairness at the same time. this is a major obstacle for studying neutrino interactions, typical where we have to get away from everything else that reaches earth by going under water or underground. oh it right now, we are deep underground these images. as a rule, the distance to the surface is measured in mito water equivalent. right now we are shielded equivalently to the depths of 4800 meters below the surface of a body of water. that's how we could take a swim. okay. so once you see and you know how you get in to talk to you, how to get information from it, how can we check to new trina's world,

or to be more precise? how can we established that a neutrino has passed through? here we have to find a substance that interacts with neutrinos more than any other type of matter. the 1st researcher to discover such a substance was bruno ponti corvil. he is known for a response he gave to wolfgang polly who introduced the term neutrino. and in order to maintain the fundamental law of the conservation of energy, when the when poly said, i suggest that a particle, the neutrino carries away some of the energy emitted in radioactive decay in the body. but that was the wrong thing to do because we're such as will never be able to detect that particle. and ponti carver replied, that's not true if we can and will detect it if we need to take a large amount of substance for when he actually named the substance. chlorine $37.00, we have one of the isotopes of chlorine kenya. wow, and the neutrino,

like some minuscule part of it, i will interact with chlorine and turn it into an organ. 37. it's a noble gas, and it's radioactive. you have to collect it and then you can determine how many neutrinos were captured by the chlorine. that was done very well by ray davis because we worked together with him on creating this device and he shares the credit for this project or it was before he won the nobel prize. it was the plato at that. so it turned out that chlorine can only interact with high energy neutrinos. and based on our calculations for the sun, what we have now, only a small part of neutrinos alike that i'm gonna buy this triggered further research to find a way to detect neutrinos. because one of our researches relate doctor cuz men discovered it or he suggested using gallium or you and it proved to be effective in detecting low energy new trina, those that are generated by the sun in abundance

e to be exact 99 percent of all sun generated neutrinos are by, if we use an analogy, the sun is more like a compost heap, where the organic waste undergoes a slow process that generates heat gus with us. now if we look at how neutrinos are generated, it happens when protons and neutrons from hydrogen atoms. i'm merged into alpha particles or helium atoms or a very it's a slow process and it doesn't occur often. but as the sun consists of hydrogen and helium, the process goes on the one south that the sun continues to generate heat as long as the balance is maintained. welcome. it's interesting to note that the light for gamma quanta, what is born at the same time as neutrinos, nor it takes 14 minutes for a neutrino to reach a full but gamma canter can linger in the depths of the sun for thousands of years in the res reaching earth now we're actually generated a 1000 years ago. what,

while the neutrinos have only just been produced for ever with their generation is a very steady process. if the sun can be turbulent, it can release solar flares and so on. we've been around, but that's all surface phenomena here for the call however, is very precise. it's in very stable, robert, and i believe the sun will sustain us for quite some time, worse than the other quite no, go in. so the gallium germanium telescope gives us information coming from the sun . you've already touched on this a little bit. what kind of specific information can we get from this telescope? but please give your own key festival. here we have a confirmed understanding of the sun van dolah process is in it, and you, my am, not all of our questions have been answered yet. my says that requires much higher precision. i said if you were planning to replace gallium with us installation detector, a massive with telescopes like that are already being built in some the borrower

tracing. for example, in china and other nearby nations, phone them with him. if he say, when it comes to the sun with the sage experiment, we're seeing a constant process and not much is changing was dia, my no problem. now we're more interested in the neutrinos image than in the sun itself in but the young we registered twice as few and neutrinos as theoretically expected, considering the amount of energy released. just so the next step would be useful. there are 3 types of neutrinos intensive electron you on ethan tao. the sun only emits electron neutrinos hewitt, although a wonderful theory has recently suggested that you, trina has changed their, their flavor. when would, what are the physicists are lyricist as well versa? this fuss? elation phone in our telescope can only detect electron neutrinos and so this will change of flavor explains why we register only half of the suns neutrinos aramark

and we begin full of humans. so this is the underground situation telescope. it is the size of a 4 story building and it is covered from top to bottom in particle detectors. and it is sending information to computers, which is allowing sanchez to, to monitor the movement of neutrinos in real time. marty, thank you very much for having us here at least inflation telescope or if i understand things correctly here, we can witness what neutrinos are doing in real time. but yes, we monitor neutrino events. 2 types of neutrinos electron neutrinos articles produced during a cold collab supernova explosion and mule neutrinos from stars and other cosmic bodies. so tell me, what are we looking at here? what is this and what does it do that? but this, the tags and registers cosmic rays for you for when operates shape is reminiscent

of a large cubed cool, walkable but it has 8 planes and not 6 components of they consist of center lation recorders. simulation is a process where are charged particles for passes through a sensitive material which emits light upon interactions much to the problem. so here the charged particle passes through sent elation, recorders fewer and particles of light appear, rheumatoid voyage of georgia. there are special lamps under these blank covers that intensify this nope of toilet paper and they are converted into electron signals or possibly signals or go to the machine room by analyzing the sequence, but at which the signal reaches the control room. we recreate with the trajectory of the particles. we thought that is why this dictator is called a center lation telescope to describe one performers for multiple because it can trace the trajectory of the particles through sent elation,

which is what are the further back you've been able to trace a neutrino from. and how do you actually trace it back to its origin? oh, my goodness, a done them to think that a modem exist detector when you can register your 2 types of neutrinos. if any 3 another operate to choose sooner for blur me one you, trina would love traverses our whole planet fleming interact with the soil and under our detector review, and then look, the move on goes up mule mc us miscue. little chill, little severe horn is. oh, since cause me grey moons traveled down and this one goes up. mm hm. we can separate it issues with your and know for sure, but that is from a neutrino go. it is the way to just to be a room, new dreamer. so 1st that we can say that we've registered an neutrino from the other side of our planet, co abuto sylium and more edges. we need to do more with that. these neutrinos not

only cross the universe of coverage, they come from our earth's atmosphere to move it in the moment modem slowed me, so we can't be 100 percent. sure about the source. you nivia snow at your store, but we can compare on the coordinates that we get with the coordinates and you of a celestial body for is to up to lots like authority. we just need to know as for electron neutrinos fridge go, they are weaker just the particles that appear after into action that you don't go further than that detector when you read you booster. so we can't trace silly the trajectory home cooked immune on the mobile single neutrinos would be impossible to register. you like those me, ons course, but we can detect a big neutrino flow is wish me plus christie. when you, like i said, the detector has 8 planes, group of menus nearby, looks like

a cube on the outside of new, pretty quick, but there are 3 planes on the inside the boat, one on the bottom with and 2 additional floors opening a new la schuman when you're standing up me, one of which also these internal planes are protected from the meal on the 6th by the outside walls. similar, you move on this internal sanction region, which has a low bank ground. originally jim, but we observe single reactions on these detectors. cook with the funk of ostrich, cuz we call that a background. we're pulling you cover. bruce widget. when a collapse happens, where the detector consensus from the pick, the number of reactions increases point votes, you will use it as our benchmark bubble and calculate the flow based on this discrepancy in your before them when you really we can calculate the flow. but we can't see the trajectory in we need optical or radio telescopes for that hubbard

you. erica were christmas to my supernova, is a very rare event for our galaxy. thank you for with your with the last one happened in 1987 within a neighboring galaxy is neglect kim. are you the magdalana cloud episode, which of the of the event was registered by for detectors, which including one of our own, let's say a star in our galaxy goes super? no, it will supernova, it will be disastrous for us. presumably, would we be the 1st to know about that here at this telescope? and if so, what is the process that goes into play once that detection happens? ah, sir, small were with her a supernova, it up is a stage in the stars evolution 30 rather to relieve monster sponsor bomb. the star must be 3 times heavier than the sun. we'll get our new little you little summary with them to put it in simple terms. it's called burns out and turns into

metal. all this causes a massive collapse. if you little thumb, the reactions that follow make electrons and protons disappear, caputo fo proper though in large amounts of neutrinos appear as a result of the i took open up this or playlists like wrong, like an issue. the new thing that you, what the massive impulse is sent in different directions. but if you want to fuel premier leaped not it lasts over about 15 minutes. thank you. motioning impulse, when you cook your woman's, cuz all the detectors we have on our planet effect, the record will begin to react, replenished, and we witness either single reactions. like in our case, i do motion for both or, or spikes, or if you have a different type of detector. so you do, you know,

muster allows them before the marita into phone. so she detectors can also register as much the direction, but it's coming from mobile video through it. my probably new proposal was fascinating. thank you very much for taking the time to show me around. scientist said, this observatory have been making headlines with the best experiment on sterile transitions. they may have discovered a brand new elementary particle, the sterile neutrino. so 1st of all, congratulations, this is a big deal. what does this mean for humanity? why should we be excited? no, probably just because it's hard to speculate on the implications of that discovery copier, but humanity strives every drop of novelty and mystery. no, this particle isn't new, but it is a new type of neutrino. so my understanding is that the best experiment could mean that our entire fundamental understanding of physics is

wrong. are we in for a new era of physics? it's fascinating shawn, that's easy. we always enjoy discovering something new. and i hope we've come across something exciting that maybe it's not a sterile neutrino. new physics indeed. and now one of the big questions about physics is the evidence of dark matter. and we don't really have any evidence per say, can your experiments here with the best observatory, help us find out more information about dark matter? can stare all neutrinos, give us more insight into this down here in the my did it at the yes, absolutely. that kind of dark matter is a real mystery. and any new information, including information about neutrinos, could help us solve that mystery. frank happens on different scales. the

best experiment here is relatively small compared to something like the large hadron collider. is there a benefit to working on the small scale? tell me about the pros and cons. look up really warmly slithering. yes, there are always pros and cons to any research, but we'll keep on working and moving forward, mobile, biggest in what? there were, 1st of all, i'd like to say that the best experiment was successful thanks to the continued cooperation with our fellow researchers from the united states. we did with him. we value that co operation, highly darker and we are very happy that they worked with us on the best experiment to produce some very interesting results. if you're from work while we searched for possible oscillations between active and sterile neutrinos, a brief, we can't rule out that we're dealing with something else. is something entirely different with a different kind of physics. if i had them will we have? we're now preparing a new experiment that will either help us find an answer,

you know, perhaps leave us even more puzzles. we shall have got us at the thick deborah, we pretty much always have more questions than answers. but we're going to keep our work up an hour and we hope to finally get those answers to follow through. we're starting to see more and neutrino observatories starting to be develops. ever since your discovery about the possibility of sterile you train us. do you think that interest in the sphere is that starting to increase at the which he has or that we expected to share? because neutrinos are associated with many interesting problems and solving them could really advance our knowledge about the world, which is why it's among the hottest research arenas in fundamental science right now and in old. so we know that the bi call, deep water neutrino observatory has a witnessed or an explosion from blaze ours,

which are from different galaxies. what can we find out from what's happening out there at the d, nathan by chair, would that change? yes, we were very lucky long and was particularly important is that both the bike and the ice q u tree. no telescopes detected these neutrinos coming from a blazer. so we can rule out any possible errors here. but it's a real gift for us or rick as research as we need all the incoming data we can get here. they boy, i hope that will be more events like this. so we can continue this fascinating cutting edge research virginia given that neutrinos have mass and that there are so many of them. if we are able to understand them more or they're practical uses for neutrinos, if we can learn to use them maybe as an energy source or even possibly high speed internet, because they don't have to go through any barriers. russian researches have developed to the best artificial sources of neutrinos. that's a fact that the fog and we plan to develop more zebra. and it should be noted your

. the research options in this area are quite limited needed since there are only 4 or 5 elements that can be used to create artificial neutrino sources. you can also all nuclear reactors generate anti neutrinos. well, though they're not the same as neutrinos, they are just as valuable to physicists. very durable bladder. yeah, mcgrue. i can only say that neutrinos can carry information about various processes . you do so many of them haven't even been researched yet. you can bring in speaking about the practical applications of neutrinos as sources of energy focus. i would quote, einstein used to because whoever wants to see the results of his work immediately, you should become a shoemaker. supportive. mm

. ah. in 1935 fascists, italy, led by dictator benito mussolini decided to expand its colonial empire in africa and take over ethiopia. by that time, ethiopia was the only fully independent state on the continent. back in 1896, it's inhabitants were able to defeat the italian colonists and defend their independence. since then, rome craved for revenge for the humiliating defeat. in the morning of october 3, 1935. without any announcement, the fascists attacked ethiopia and bombarded it most severely. ethiopian armed forces fought courageously,

but the brutality of the italians knew no bounds. they use not only massive bombing attacks on civilians, but also chemical weapons, toxic gases. this change the course of the war. as a result of the occupation of ethiopia by the fascist 760000 people were killed. the capture of the african state was committed with europe's tacit approval . britain and france recognized the annexation, giving the green light to further fascist expansion in the world and paving the way for the outbreak of world war 2. ah, do i believe you mad goes pitching me today? no, that's wrong. i was on my food. i barely. yes, and because of the you in the you claims things that they're fighting for their own

independent sovereign existence. then of course there should be death indefinitely . west of good news down sporting them if they're thinking that they're fighting for the defense of the liberal democratic was, i think they would be the loses. ah, what i you crazy? yes. or took a love? i lost most of my friend. but i was broken. i wasn't able to save anyone. i did nothing that i met wilson, 2030 god. what really in my way to make me

start talking to willy waiting for me to have him. i'm happy that i'm you. find is really little john. you can go to sleep. mom, i had become my new friend. the one was not going to die or i was, he is going to stay alive. it was they next to me. if i'm not crazy enough. i'm not gonna make it. amanda raheem, a mall to noon. he had his little for la cba. let's see you tomorrow. we'll be glad i used to hum my tuscany mobile duct

li are among the but i use a 90 day revolution. forget about the solution. this is, you know, only very shallow understanding of thing. there were there for a very long time channel. there is something the food stamp is going on with that he al, tricky. and it is terrible. even if you mattie a cable to get a call to die the most 20 even even mrs. who did it will be.