really in the perfect product, ah plastic actually derived from natural organic materials such as fellows, coal, natural, gas, salt, and of course, crude oil, crude oil is process before it can be used to filling it at a refinery. and this separates the crude into hydrocarbon chains. and one of these chains is a compound called nafta, which is a crucial compound for the production of plastics. then there are 2 main process. he's used to produce different types of plastics. paula memorization and poly condensation. they both require specific catalysts to link polymer chains together, and each polymer has its own properties and can vary and physical structure, size flexibility. and depending on what types of basic monomers are used from these

reactions, you can then create thermal plastics which are your flexible plastics that distort when heated or your thermal sets, which are hard. plastics that will not soften once they have been molded. so depending on the type of plastic your manufacturing a key low, a virgin raw material costs mer pennies. that is why manufacturers packaging companies and every industry use it and why consumers devour it because it is literally dirt cheap. plastic bottles are produced everywhere in the world, but the cost of producing them varies dramatically due to the differences and raw material costs and energy prices. because of the shale gas boom, the america, as well as the middle east, is more cost effective given the access to crude. meanwhile, asia and europe must rely on more expensive nafta. because of this, the middle east and the u. s. are to the cheapest countries where plastic is produced at around $0.02 per unit bottle. china is next given the very cheap labor

and the cheaper fuel averaging out at around $0.03 a bottle. and this is followed by the european union and japan at 3.3 cents and 3.6 cents respectively. currently recycling plastic is actually more expensive than making new plastic, which means that companies have very little incentive to dig through the landfill for old material. so the plastic that we discard every day is probably going to end up in the landfills where it may take up to a 1000 years to decompose, potentially leeching, toxic substances into the soil and water. germany, researchers are warning that the impact of micro plastics in soil sediment and fresh water could have long term negative impacts on the ecosystem. and the study estimates that one 3rd of all plastic waste ends up in soils or fresh water and

ends up entering the food chain. and because plastic takes so long to break down, they never really actually disappear. almost every piece of plastic ever made, which is about 8300000000 tons still exist in one form or another today. so now let's bring in scottish sin ha, associate director at toxics links, said tish, is there any replacement for plastics? something that is so durable and malleable, but at the same time cheap to produce. that's a tough question to answer. about replacement of plastic. oh, plastic by virtue of is properties is perhaps the most wander material that we know today is hard to replace prostate as it goes. but yes sir, we will have to find ways to deal with blasting. it will have to find deal with

some of the impacts of plastic that is causing an environment and on this planet to such. so to answer the question simply there is no direct replacement for the current plastic that we have. but certainly there are ways david is plastic really that dangerous. i mean, how prevalent are these micro plastics and what harm do they cause? well, plastic is a substance which is compete, life cycle increased any plastic. and the more information that we get you had on here with new research, new findings, we are realizing that plastic has a lot of downside do it. there are a lot of impacts or plastic for the reason that plastic is now considered is not considered as a emerge material. or the reason that right from the point or source of extraction

of the raw material to his final disposal all along the life cycle of plastic. there are huge amounts of chemicals which are used in the slime cycle which have released during the lime st. many of these chemicals are there almost certainly by 10000 chemicals are used in plastic manufacturing, an processes or thich about 2400. i've known to be chemicals of cancer, their income, nice as chemicals or cancer. and this is what is pausing. the biggest risk to environment and to human had bought. ah. so that is the danger that it bosses as regards micro plastic micro plastic is nothing but a smaller fragments of plastic. they happen on 2 accounts. one is primary micro plastic. which me manufacture as

a smaller fragments of plastic and we add to many of the products that we use in our daily life. some of which i can mention to you as personal care products like face, scrub, 2 bays, shampoo all this things have certain amounts of micro plastics added to it for the kind of ah ah, properties that is provided to the plastic and for the purpose that you're using it to so these are known as primary of micro blast if there were small fragments. essentially to read the definitional make replaced by size is in any plastic particle which is less than 5 m. m is considered as micro cluster and there is a 2nd category of micro plastic which is secondary micro blast was or which happened because, or breakdown of large amounts of plastic that is there. okay. so, so these are 2 kinds of make the plastics and the problem with micro plastic is

that the inherently can t, the chemicals that that were little plastic hat because of the breakdown. it does not move away from the plastics and that contains it. and when it reaches the soil or water, or marine or any other media, it releases many of these chemical to release from this micro plastic. secondly, during the course of the journey or micro plastic, it also helps our gathers some other chemicals which are available in the environment specially persistent organic or materials which are known as pops. they also join with the blood sits and they're all released into the marines. his term into liberal in more i the real costal plastic. so talking about on human hunton, it's all toxic. and so in fact, full to environment and, and when held the you'll bump in so much of water and so much of chemicals to get the group out from the tracking process,

even in the oil heads which are doing normal fossil fuel extraction. you have lost chemicals which had added to it. all these chemicals are released into the whack. now in the process of manufacture or refining the crude and getting or it's lean and our other armature that he'll use for plastics. and during the process of fer, making perhaps from plastic or manufacturing plastics, you add many more chemicals from it, but they're all stab lasers are color and so fragrance. and these are all now chemicals and huge amount of chemicals to provide this properties that we're talking about. either then become hard or elastic on waterproofing or fragrance, or softer in on transport. and all these are because of the chemicals which are added to it. o. d, r. many of these chemicals today i recognized as her as c of serious concern. some of them are known as customer general. so some of them are known as endocrine

disrupting. many of these chemicals are recognized by scientific community and will bodies. as in dog rang disrupting or carcinogen or chemicals which can cause other kinds of places are. this is the real im, cost of plastic, and it is released into the environment that we all can knowledge. truly, the impacts of these on human health can be multiple. you know, from cardiovascular to a bare city to your ah, europe, productive system impact on the new practices. chem, booked out to me and men both female and meal. so the impacts are phenomenal and b r. yet to come to compete understanding as to what is the real cost of this. oh, plastic or boucher and double now house plastic, recycled and art. michael plastics and other pollutants released during the

breakdown process. so when that mean that recycling also isn't exactly eco friendly as we might think, it is. yeah, that's, that's a gust. that's the common understanding that if we recycle your see if you're able to bring it back and that does not fall into landfill or does not go into the ocean . that's the kind of understanding be hacked. but the fact remains that blasting is no one kind of fritz. he is not one kind of material that is dead. there are different kinds of plastic which are there. and that happens. the different kinds of plastic happens because of the kind of stabilizers that you weren't doing, the kind of chemicals actually add to it. you lol off was realize that the same can plastic generally soft. so chemicals are but some blast. it's a really hard some plastics where look transparent, some look different, some you can squeeze some even do this. how these are all at it. and these are all achieved by adding something amount of chemical straight. so to plastics may not be

similar, but when we'd recycle it, it's really hard to differentiate. so be put most of it, the recycle that all we see, especially in countries like ho oh, in the or in the asian countries or maybe other countries. also china, you just mix all of these used plastic and you can re 2nd them. so you have chemical competition moving from one kinds rather kite. and that is why the blasted that you produce finally is a mix of all this think. so recycling is not a very safe option or, you know, unless we have clear of segregation. we know what are the chemicals in one kind of plastic which are the kind of good because this disclose, it is also not available from the bus that one of the chemicals added to this plastic. one of the chemicals added to the 2nd category of glass to one of the chemicals added. if we are able to segregated, very, very,

all based on scientific information and then we recycle it perhaps will be safer. so at this point of time, if sleeping that recycling is a very good option to deal with the chemical o hazards boys from plastic, it may not be very buddy. i crave to say that. thank you so much for joining us today. ah, it seems like the plastic industry is the big winner here as it has literally invaded every aspect of our lives. and it's impossible to escape. but there are companies out there who are trying to change the narrative. bio plastics currently make a less than one percent of the market. and these are made from bio sources such as sugar cane algae, even banana waste and shellfish. other companies have plant based plastic made from sugars that can be used for bottles and films. and these take about

a year to decompose in an industrial composter, which is significantly better than traditional plastics. coca cola has also begun testing a paper bottle and hungry for a drink, which makes bottles from paper pulp and tore athene is another company that has developed the world 1st. commercially viable, truly biodegradable and compost. dable attorney it to conventional plastic packaging, which breaks down naturally in the ocean. tora feet is made from natural polymers like starch and allergy, and has won the noble prize in 2020. as it is significantly stronger than any other plastic alternative on the market. however, it is still new and needs to scale up before tackling the huge plastic industry. the big question for all of these innovations still remains where the material source from and where does it end? doug paper for example, isn't sustainable packaging material if it contributes to deforestation,

and also it is likely to take many years before these materials can scale up enough to make a dent in the 300000000 tons of plastic produce every year. i'm christy. i thanks for watching and we'll see you back here next time on the cost of everything. ah ah, because they already asleep here because they gotta scroll through a matthew or just the greater finland to the euros. the nazi theory of racial superiority, finish style, 4 years of caribbean ss occupations. 14 concentration camps,

30 full prisoner of war, labor camps. 10 prisons. able give little skill level. she's done, unions finished on the scene and you've been in the chest. it maybe to get all that good elephants been the same? it was gonna be approximately 25000 people went through the audio kind of go of finished camps according to official figures. his most stuck dumbly. my daughter is she did you tanya legged, my dear nashika snyder a stove. so opinion carcass, try me in your world. famine disease forced labor torture by the warden. so for mutual was even up on the water that also need, you know, i thought so deep if you go to the city horrible human off, what does it mean? 9 bush, nancy cripple, give her what she'll do duty, but it doesn't get those thousands of testimonies of crimes in the impunity of criminals when you've got here, you know, wanted to do this because maryan gerard,

julia. yeah. what a good i feel it's not by me. did it before you do you got to read that she didn't just because i it but there's dang yet. that was but it. mila awe every spring and summer, the melting optic snow reveals abandoned machinery. millions of rusty barrels and the detritus left by human expansion into this most inaccessible of territories. yep. and your symbol. so take a look at the possibly can, has an issue all in tears from clean arctic travel to heis island home to the biggest polar station on the french joseph land archipelago. here he asked me, but i lost my bosom more. yeah, because it should. so it means it's with nasa manuel and i'm, but somebody with a some a stay on the or staff or similar. he feel like a mary from

a serial number zamiah's membership, one year of capillary dom serial. no boys to premier, please join me at that of the arctic pioneers main objective was to explore and conquer these harsh lands. they had no time to think about waste management now, and they could see could remain for centuries that my choice of so and movies in the city yet. because she systems went to plenty of corporate on quality. include with d, o 2, fisher on cheap energy coming from last year, russian gas jeep and she bows. affordable and ship u r. stable, which has been both, not the case. it is a will. that is no longer there. before

they went, it should not be completely. it's a so form. if i can't, if i knew the should, they had crock needed to pick the water. as soon as their muslim love ship was for about new dealing me when you book a roku, hulu, whatever you decide on sanctions, your sanction country. a section of kristen because you want to change the behavior of the government. gruesome. why that hasn't happened? essential testing function a ah, ah, cspi arrests, an american fergus mom over the alleged leak of secret military documents. well,

you, at the specials, i get to confirm if there were any file. actually genuine. a is reported. glo can get a you find on think about musicians applies to ukraine, split the blog, as power, speak more autonomy from the us. poland pushes the closer ties with more phasing out the u. s. all over in global trade with the chinese currency already doubling. good share on the market. a hello and welcome. this is audrey internation.