updates you can check our website, r t dot com. as always we appreciate your company. thank you for choosing asi international. the . i look forward to talking to you all that technology should work for people. a robot must obey the orders given it by human beings, except we're so short or is it conflict with the 1st law? show your mind, anticipation. we should be very careful about our personal intelligence. the point obviously is to create a trust rather than fit the various. i mean with the artificial intelligence we have so many with the, the robot must protect this phone. existence was on

the the other, both countries that to call the, the european agenda is they both need to go. the changes to the 1st section of the security in europe. but now they can see the are of the security on the basis of confidence. ation that was not to date, francy, phone,

the main idea out the west of the counselors to until 20 years ago. the lithium ion battery is how taking the world by storm and racing years as they are the most popular battery storage option today controlling more than 90 percent of the global bread market. over the last decade, a search and lithium ion battery production has led to the 85 percent decline in prices making eaves commercially viable for the 1st time in history. i'm cost. yeah, and you're watching the cost of everything we're today. we're going to be delving into the cost of batteries that has power in today's electric revolution. the

the batteries are extremely high in demand. as electric vehicle sales are growing rapidly, the cost of lithium has risen from $6000.00 per tonne in 2020, to over $78000.00 a tonne in 2022, which is a 13 fold increase in less than 2 years. the boom and price has been a result of surging energy prices, strengthening the demand for electric vehicles, and also the rapid advancement in a chargeable battery technology. lithium demand is expected to rise from 500000 tons of lithium carpeted equivalent in 2021. to somewhere between 3 to 4000000 tons in 2030. that is over a 300 percent increase. now in 2021, australia was the world leader in lithium production, producing 55000 tons. she low a 2nd, a 26000 tons and china 3rd at 14000 tons. but while australia dominates the

mining of lithium, the production of the actual battery however, is dominated by china. china produce 79 percent of all. lithium ion battery is in the global market in 2021. so due to the small supply base, the price of the mineral and subsequent battery is extremely subject to fluctuations. and due to the reliance on the supply chains of chinese manufacturers, all the products that require lithium ion battery is downstream like electric vehicles, cell phones, laptops, etc. they're all facing a lithium shortage. attach a model as battery contains about 12 kilograms of lithium, which makes the company extremely reliant on the consistent production of lithium. and as a result of the surgeon demand the global lift, the mining market is expected to grow from $3300000000.20 to $6400000000.00 by 2030. the auto manufacturer is live ford and tesla had begun investing in new

extraction methods, such as direct lithium extraction or d, l e. they expect that this new extraction method will be crucial to making up the for fault of lithium, needed to facilitate the increasing demand. many of these new extraction methods have yet to be scaled up for commercial use, as the has only been commercially used in argentina and china to date. if it is scaled up, it is expected to boost existing capabilities via increased recoveries, lower operating costs, while also improving the sustainability aspects. so now let's bring in nic montez, p h d, candidate at the department of mechanical engineering at stanford university. now, how many lithium deposits are available in the world? so i think when talking about lithium deposits, we have to sort of distinguish between reserves and resources. so a resource really refers to the total amount of lithium in a given location. whereas a reserve refers to that portion of the lithium which can be extracted today using

like current technology and then economically viable fashion. um, so if we look at global. ready service with them about 80 percent of all with him reserves and some 95 percent of all lithium production. really all comes from 4 countries. this is julie argentina, australia and china. there are a handful of other countries with no resources, but really at this time, uh, they would say that was that movie and it's not economically viable. is lift the mighty at the current pace in sustainable for the future. right. so i think if, when you say sustainable, if you mean, are we at risk of running out of the lithium in are the positives? the short answer is no. there's, there's no risk of depleting the deposits. if we look at most, olivia mining in the world right now occurs in australia and at their 2022

production rates compared to their known reserves. they have about a 100 years worth of supply. but that being said, both of those numbers are highly changing. so the production of lithium is expected to grow from 2020 to 2030, to expect it to grow by anywhere from like a factor of $6.00 to $15.00. and in the same time period, we expect that both with the reserves and resources will also continue to grow. and it's also important to note that of the lifting and produce today only roughly 50 percent of it comes from lithium mining. the other 50 percent or so comes from brian deposits. this has basically sub surface water with a high amount of lithium dissolved in it. so. so really there there's 2 main, 2 main sources. i think the more pressing question, at least in the short term, is whether production will scale up quickly enough to meet demands. and we've seen

in the past of, especially around like 20182020 drops. and the price of with them have resulted in producers being a little bit hesitant to scale up their production. so if, if that is the case, and if we aren't meeting demand in real time, then we could see some supply and change the supply chain shortages. a, can you explain the difference between traditional lithium lining versus d, l e? so traditional lithium mining, we can kind of look at as, as broadly bring being broken into 2 phases. the 1st phase and false, actually extracting the rock from the earth and isolating the mineral that is rich in with them. and this is largely a physical process and boss a lot of winding and pulverizing of the rock and separating it based on density. um, the 2nd phase in this process is more a mixture of physical and chemical processes. and this includes

a very high temperature and the length of this lithium rich mineral up to $1100.00 degrees celsius and then some additional grinding and pulverizing. and finally, a leaching of the pm out of this mineral, using large quantities of stuff here, a gas it, um, and this is in contrast to the, the lithium that we see in brian's, where largely the lithium is just pumped up to the surface. and then put in large of aspiration ponds. and this is, is a large amount of both land and water. and over time they're able to, to extract lithium. this is kind of where d, l, e, or direct lithium extraction comes in. so daily refers to methods that extract and lithium from brian that don't depend on this sort of traditional evaporation technique. most d, l e methods involve in some way or another,

a nano scale material that facilitates the extraction of flip, you know, so this could be a membrane, a selective ion membrane that isolates the lithium ions from everything else in the solution. it could be sort of in that selectively binds to lithium, and then you can collect, absorb benson, and basically collect your lithium. and sort of just the common theme is that you're using materials to facilitate the extraction. daily is very much in sort of the, in, in its infancy at least imperative is more traditional methods and my knowledge, there aren't any demonstrations of the techniques beyond. so just the pilot plan and demonstrations. and are there significant differences in costs and environmental impacts? yeah, so when we look at traditional lithium mining, it's certainly leaves a lot to be desired from an environmental standpoint beyond simply the impact of

the actual mining operation itself. so some of these other steps in the process of a significant carbon footprint. so this high temperature, kneeling of lithium, rich mineral use is a tremendous amount of energy and often times the source of this energy is full onset results and a lot of carbon emissions. additionally, the, the use of salt eric acid in large quantities basically results in large waste streams that has to be handled properly. so, so there's a significant environmental impacts there. the daily methods because they're so young and because we don't see any of them deployed at industrial scale. i don't think we have a full understanding of their full environmental impacts. but if we were to just look at lithium extraction from brian using the more traditional technique of, of, of aspiration in terms of just energy inputs. the traditional mining is anywhere from like $4.00 to $5.00 times larger than this evaporation based method. so i,

i do think there are a significant reason to believe that the methods offer a less environmentally intensive method of extracting with them. furthermore, often times when we see the projects proposed, they're actually coupled to geothermal power generation infrastructure. this is because some of the, brian's for people are interested in extracting lithium from some of these daily base. ryans are actually have quite high temperature. so you can pump these, brian's up to the surface. use some of that heat from the brian to actually run a power generation cycle, appraised them clean electricity, and then your lithium essentially is a byproduct of that process. so that way you can sort of reduce the environmental impact of, of lithium sources from printers to awesome. thank you so much nic montez, but please stick around. and when we come back, how much we live in shortage,

impacting us is plan to have all car sales by 2030 to be these. don't go away the acceptance. and i'm here to plan with you. whatever you do. you do not watch my new show seriously. why watch something that's so different little opinions that he won't get anywhere else. welcome to planes or do they have the state department, the c i a weapons, bankers, multi $1000000000.00 corporations. choose your fax for you. go ahead. change and whatever you do. don't want my show state main street because i'm probably going to make you uncomfortable. my show is called direction. but again, you probably don't wanna watch it because it might just change the waiting thing.

on the 22nd 2022 outraged orthodox christians confronted ukrainian security service offices, looking entrances and exits the keys. otis, and we mean zillow seeming to thought, i see the thing, you know, it's december the new phone i used to miss dawn. this is, you need me in the midst of the shower and the bone, the soldier monument was erected in 1947 in the estonian capital by the soviets authorities. originally, bells have found the burial site of troops remains. it's a memorial to the soldiers who gave their lives in world war 2 was the risk of the informing service give, waiting for the familiar transition. in 2007,

the stony government decided to relocate the monument from the city center. that's going to buy me to a tip where in the frustrating to move divided the population. estonia is large of russian speaking community. strongly opposed to an intense rising growth, college and talent. these have since become the as the problems and i drive across the username and it covers the welcome back to the cost of everything. now there are risks that shortages and

lifting will impact goals like the us has planned to have all car sales by 2030 to be. the also wants to ban all internal combustion engines by 2035 due to the lack of supply of batteries. and lithium, though, is not the most environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuel. and south america, huge lithium reserves are using a water causing devastating water related conflicts among the locals. about 2200000 leaders, water is needed to produce one ton of lithium. and lithium extraction also harms the soil and causes air contamination. this can result in water shortages, biodiversity loss, damage to the ecosystem functions and an increase in global warming. lithium extraction is actually very similar to coal and gas mining, even though this non renewable mineral mix renewable energy possible. as demand for lithium rises, the money aspects are increasingly affecting communities. the production of lithium

through evaporation ponds uses a lot of water about $21000000.00 leaders per day. and in some areas like portugal, lithium mine a has become particularly controversial. they've actually filed an injunction to stop the exploration as 95 percent of the local population has rejected these mining plans. despite the mining companies promising that it would create more jobs for the locals. and sheila, lift the mining takes approximately 65 percent of the water sources. and this high water requirements puts a halt, deforming activities in many parts of the world, and causes an acute water shortage in many areas. large scale, lithium extraction also requires plenty of land. most miners have to take fertile pieces of land away from their local ecosystems, destroying natural habitats and minerals that plants require to grow. according to the wall street journal lithium ion battery mining and production was determined to

be worse for the climate than the production of fossil fuel vehicle batteries by over 3 times. however, once the car batteries are produced, their rate of fossil fuel emissions become much lower than a gas powered car. to dispose of the batteries at the end of the life cycle is also a growing concern. as these batteries contain less toxic waste than other kinds of batteries, but still 98 percent of them end up in landfills. this massive influx of batteries and landfill significantly increases the chance of landfill fires that can burn 40 years. just like when you see a test, the battery catch on fire, it just doesn't go out. when a gas power vehicle catches fire, it can usually be extinguished. was 700 gallons of water carried by a single fire truck ease. on the other hand, with lithium matters on average, takes 6000 gallons of water before it is completely put out. the battery fires are becoming increasingly more common with 21 fire supported in 2018. rising to 47 by

2020 and for more let's bring in again. nick montez, p h. d candidate at the department of mechanical engineering at stanford university . so what is the life span of your standard e lithium ion battery? and how should batteries be properly disposed of for consumers? yeah, so for starters, we definitely don't want to simply throw them in the trash. this is primarily a safety concern, but also an environmental one. so um, you know, once once something started, the garbage can easily be crushed. and if there was internal damage to the components in your battery, this could actually result in a fire as some of the components in that battery or flammable. and even if there are no fire events, the presence of this material in landfills and large quantities could potentially lead to, you know, toxic chemicals reaching our ground water. so we want to avoid that. i think

ideally the as much material in the battery as possible would be recycled. and i think the current state of lithium recycling makes this somewhat difficult argument to make on an economic or environmental brown. not to say that those processes will continue to continue to improve. but arguably, the most compelling reason for recycling is really supply chain one. given that with the really only comes from a handful of countries around the world and that there is a potential, at least in the short term of supply chain challenges. i think there is that it certainly um, interested in, in the cycling simply to secure an additional stream of lithium. and are there alternative forms of returnable batteries out there that are more efficient? what will it take to bring the cost basis down so that it can become more mainstream? so from a transportation perspective,

i don't think that's likely anywhere in the short term, lithium has an advantage of being very energy dense. and it's also a very well established technology, kind of getting it spent start with consumer electronics and eventually working his way into the transportation sector. so at least i would say in the next 2030 years timeframe, i don't see that being the case. there are other battery technologies, though that do have certain advantages outside of the context of transportation. so when we started talking about a bridge, scale, battery stories, things of that nature where you're not as much concerned about the, the weight of your battery itself. because a much larger, you know, area to store it and all that. there are other, other technologies that exist in some of the ones that differs substantially from lithium ion would be like the medium flow batteries and things of that nature.

medium flow battery. and i'm, i'm definitely not like a, an expert in this area, but a medium flow battery is substantially different from the lithium lithium ion battery . rather than having individual cells that are then passed in, in some modules of a medium flow battery looks a lot more like a sort of a chemical processing system. so you have large chains of liquid that are actually they undergo a chemical change. and in that process, they can be used to whole store and then uh, and then convert energy into electricity. and for that reason, dates, there's really no no way of putting them on transportation systems. and it seems like, while most electronic components use lithium batteries, the industry is the most dependent. and carmakers are pouring money into our research. but do you think it's even possible for the majority of petro powered

vehicles to convert to evie and where will we get all the power to power all these batteries that need to be charged every night? right. i think we'll just continue to see the adoption of lithium ion battery is different for the foreseeable future. in addition to that, i think we'll see, you know, gradual shift away. and there's a lot much of business the legislative region reasons, but a shift away from internal combustion engines. and whether there is a role for hybrid vehicles to play in this transition. it seems to be an open debate. there are certain advantages to hyper vehicles but certainly there are also, you know, environmental disadvantages. but really i would say for the next 1520 years i think we're just going to continue to see more adoption lift the mind. batteries. battery technology is the way of the future, but what kind of battery lithium ion batteries were main dominant for now,

but there are new technologies that are promising to revolutionize the industry. solid state batteries is a close contender, as these are far more energy dense. lighter, more compact and safer than traditional lithium ion battery, since they have no dangerous liquids inside solid state units reduce the risk of fires as well. something that has been quite problematic with e v spontaneously combusting, while parked and many automakers are working hard on the technology, but the price to cost threshold hasn't been cost yet. these batteries are hard to develop and so expensive to produce, that we are still a few years out before the tech because main stream, the other researchers are arguing that new battery technology needs to be developed using more common environmentally friendly materials. and they are looking into things like graphing batteries or salt water batteries. i'm christy i. thanks for watching. i will see you back here next time on the cost of everything

the other way not. right. so see what it was that was correct there so so the just so basically of course we need the last name was needed. read those can, will be used to be you imagine we have some more more for someone who is this, we would show new people to the,

the yes or no, both countries got to call the the european agenda. i used to about the to go the changes to the 1st section of the security in europe, but now they go see the are of the security on the basis of the confrontation. that was not the plastic part of the main idea out there. the western count please to until the 20th the words that are very, very precarious in human history,

which i see for us are flesh so you think that there's a way me, pete seem lease is up. it's just nice face to face for is it still you could stay at the for you, i'm going to use the custodial green and the love story unit above mentioned, a tech like show me it's got said screwing up with cheese since then. yeah. you're easy were i from the society i deal with, she has returned this time and you cry, genocide of civilians, militarization of society and an ultra nationalist state policy decades may say history is repeating itself. let's not forget to a 2 years ago, the soviet union defeated non system at the cost of an enormous number of casualties. is the reason why the soviet plus $27000000.00 and the u. s. was 310000 and combat. the brits about the same number. the soviets were doing most of the fighting. and most of the time,

if you k in france has signed an agreement with the soviet union, they could have stopped the of the garage. it is the number you are gonna speak with key at the washington state, the girls to complete the rest of kaiser as to phone of send

2 professional men to keep the list of all. but usually they use the the, the upper left hand reveals that he was the one in the driver's seat when an electric for any of the agent designated comp, on injuring the russian guy to and politician, well care like this cost. and we killed russians and we will keep killing them. that's the message from ukraine's intelligence chief when question don't kids involvement and loss, his assassination of russian journalists down here to be our p 3 agrees to reinstate the serious membership. and the last month reconciliation following 12

years of the full allow said of the military conflict in the country. the .