of the 1935 fascist italy, led by dictator benito mussolini decided to expand its colonial empire in africa and take over the opium. by that time, ethiopia was the only fully independent states on the continent. back in 1896, its inhabitants were able to defeat the italian colonies and defend their independence since then. rome craved for revenge for the humiliating defeat. in the morning of october 3, 1935. without any announcement, the foxes attacked ethiopia and bombarded it most severely. d, d, o. b, an armed forces followed courageously. but the roots have a d, a b, a tell you and knew no bounds. they use not only massive bombing attacks on civilians, but also chemical weapons. toxic gas is this james the course of the war.

as a result of the occupation of ethiopia by the fascist 760000 people were killed. the capture of the african state was committed with europe's tacit approval. britain and france recognize the annexation, giving the green light to a further fastest expansion in the world, 10 baby and the way for the outbreak of world war 2. the metro systems are of critical importance for mobility. societies are becoming ever more urbanized. while ridership peaked in 2019, at 58300000 right before the cobit pandemic in north america, countries around the world are continuing to invest in infrastructure that are safe efficiency and sustainable alternatives to private cars. i'm christy, and you're watching the cost of everything we're today. we're going to be examining

the cost of public transportation and how it varies between the us and elsewhere in the world. the why does east asia has such a better transportation system? the north america, despite the us having economic dominance in global power. while the 20th century american society develop actually around the automobile and north america is relatively sparsely populated. so modern cities are very spread out, and the car is the ideal transport solution. the us population density is 110th of india's and quite low compared to western europe as well. public transportation, on the other hand, requires a lot of volume to work. the new york city subway was also built cheaply, unlike other underground systems in the world which often consider aesthetics as part of their design. the new york subway was always built with efficiency in mind

. it also had no planning at the beginning of 19 o 4 through 1930. it was pretty much 3 separate subway companies that competed with each other and had absolutely no interest in making it easy to use for their competitor. in many places lives crossed over each other without connecting or pass within a block without doing so. east asia also does not have the luxury of space, so have to pursue public transport more seriously. on top of that east asia experienced rapid economic development since 19 forties when they were introducing new train networks. and these were found to be more advanced than the legacy transport system of american cities that were built in 19 o. 4 parts of the american system are over a 150 years old to the sheer size and density of the cities also contribute to high ridership. so korea has a population of nearly $23000000.00 people with $22700.00 people per square mile.

taipei has $8500000.00 people, but of population density of $19400.00 people per square mile. and in contrast, new york city has just a population of $21000000.00, but a population density of only $4500.00 people per square mile. high speed trains are also extremely expensive. it's a very high tech product that requires precise manufacturing. so that 1000 metric tons of trains can travel at 300 kilometers per hour because it is so heavy and travel so fast. the track it requires is also very difficult to construct because of the expense associated with it. high speed rail makes the most sense when the distance is not that long. it has to be a distance where it's too far to drive, but too close to fly conveniently or about less than 500 miles between population centers. population density again,

also has to remain high so that ridership is high and can recoup costs from tickets . but because high speed rail tens, dispatcher, vast expanses of land across various local jurisdictions. a strong political will, is a requirement. typically, a strong political regime or a strong central government, like the case of china and japan, is where it will get implemented for the vast majority of developing countries, the lack of money and the lack of a strong centralized government are the main obstacles is in the u. s. there is the fundamental issue of the lack of population density to justify the huge expense upfront. americans also have a very unique political culture, with an emphasis on the protection of private property rights over public goods and valuing the sense of personal freedom and private vehicles. americans also have a very divided political structure where every jurisdiction is at odds with each other, with varying agendas and priorities. according to the world economic forum,

global competitiveness index, japan ranks the highest when it comes to railroad infrastructure quality and efficiency of trans services. this is followed by hong kong, south korea, singapore, taiwan, malaysia, indonesia and china and a place. america isn't even in the top 20. the main industry in the us since the 19 ten's was car manufacturing. because of this developing a good mass, transit and transportation infrastructure would go against this japan, even though it had a car industry was aware of the major differences between it and the us. japan is a small and area, so even with their excellent roads, they with the traffic jams everywhere. hence they develop a good railway and bust system in the 1970s. china is large and area, but the city still have a high population density. and because of this, they had to develop modern railway stations and bus lives,

share dock list. bicycles are also everywhere. and over 50 cities have a metro system with trains services from beijing to shanghai, take it only 4 hours to travel, 700 miles outside of new york. most us cities have extremely poor public transportation. the public transportation is used almost exclusively by the lower income class and bus services exist in most cities, but their privacy and not very expensive and not on schedule. while new york has the biggest metro system, they're not very expensive outside of the city. and unfortunately, 45 percent of americans have no access to transit. much of the existing system is aging in transit agencies often lack sufficient funds to keep existing systems in good working order. 19 percent of trans of vehicles have been rated in 4 condition . and there is currently

a $176000000000.00 transit backlog. a deficit that is expected to only grow more to 270000000000 through 2029. meanwhile, transit ridership is also declining. so now let's bring in christian wal mart broadcaster specializing and transport an author of a series of books on railway history. so 1st of all, how expensive would it be to repair the new york subway or cities better off starting from scratch or repairing them? of the toner, of its subways is that they each all actually noodles of money. it just him for the amounts of money. and the deal subway is constructed a large and hard rock. so it's very difficult to expand. it's valuable to build you lines. it's old. incredibly expensive, but know you called stuff the guy. that would be even more expensive because you do

have the titles and sometimes that quite wide and you have managed of express trains which lots of systems don't. so essentially you have to invest in what you've got bought. i mean, just based on it only a few weeks ago, i must say that a monk, subway systems are the well the new york one is looking a bit to todd old. our trains even a profitable business model anymore, given the enormous initial financial outliers to the point about the hours is they are never profitable business muscle. they all know about business around ways. have you know, from the beginning of time 18 that you are the 1st i always, i've always be very expensive to build quite expensive to run up and make all sorts of create all sorts of benefits or welfare guides for whole communities.

but the trouble is they can only charge a certain level of fast. so well the like roads, in fact, they are just uh, an essential part of the capital assist of but they don't fit in particularly well with the companies multiply in the united states. you have extremely profitable freight, right. why is which was very long distances and uh, making a lot of money bought the passage and network which existed in america from really the aging such as food to the, of the postwar period, which very covers the whole country is now just a shadow. it's full of a self. you have amtrak, which is a state out, you have some good services in the northeast, call it all between mazda of washington and the like, bought at you don't have an effective passenger rail service. and that's because the vatican federal government essentially refused to fund a passenger services,

particularly of the 1950s. 1960 is that all shot down, as i explained in my book, the great a railroad, a rep, the great well railroad revolution. and essentially, you'll never get to get back to a situation where, like i said, you, where we have funk saying passenger rad wise, which by law, last baking, by little miss benefits, the society is a whole. and how much does it cost a city to have a robust public transportation system? well, uh it's, it's difficult to get precise big guys, but you get, it goes like something like maybe $50000000.00 for every mile. the chinese have managed to get it much lower than that because they built so many systems and labor

costs are far less. so the chinese have built remarkable 50 subway systems in the last 50 years. uh, you know, in different uh city some, some of them with uh, 15 or 16 lives like it in shanghai. um, so uh it is possible i lots of other cities of the world have built some places. ready in the last 203040 years, you know, they are incredibly beneficial for the city. is that the base of the problem is you need municipal governments that have the coverage to invest in them. they take a long time in london here. we've just opened a new line which costs some 25000000000. busy dollars and took about 50 years to develop a school. elizabeth live day, best outlet queen. and it's a fantastic success. it has about $600000.00 people using it every day, even though it's less than

a year old. so subway systems are all about making a city is accessible, enabling people to move it to the city center to for jobs and to live in the suburbs quite fall out because they know they couldn't get in that quickly. i knew your has a fantastic system. the trouble is it needs absolutely amazing amounts of investments to bring it up into the 21st century. it really doesn't look at the moment like a, a railway system that new yorkers can be proud of. now there are many arguments against building public transportation in cities as it could bring in more crime to the suburban neighborhoods. so what do you have to say about that? and i think the arguments against public transport systems are very same. uh, there's no way that they, they create drive. in fact,

by enabling lots of people to mix together in a pretty safe environment. they actually discourage drive a and they create a neighborhoods that can function very well quite far away from city centers, fax to the fact that people can get in to those. a city sentence over a time of the cost of the well, but could look at, you know, all sorts of cities with very good transport systems, which uh yeah, feel safe and as good places to live bikes to a subway systems and bust systems and whatever you know you have to realize that city centers i've not really made for cause and even in your record, i stop. thank you so much christian walmart, but please stick around. a christian will not will be joining us right here after the break. and when we come back, how reliable is public transportation elsewhere in the world?

that you know, the answer will have more after the break, the lease of the russian states. never as tight as i'm sort of the most sense community best most i'll send send the send, the 65 to 5 must be the one else calls. question about this, even though we will then in the european union, the kremlin media mission, the state on the rush of funding and split the ortiz full neck team and our video agency, roughly all the band on youtube tv services. for what question did you say a request, which is the,

the western expectation was that pressure will be disassembled, lies by extreme sanctions. and the mean material losses. uh, there was an expectation that the pressure wouldn't be able to continue the war flight longer than a for a period of time longer than probably a couple of months. welcome back to the cost of everything. now, in europe, there's perfectly no populated place. you can't get to buy public transit. it is reliable as the service is scheduled regularly, frequently,

and dependably. in the us, there are thousands of communities that cannot be reached except by private car. and there is no commercial or government train or bus service available. europe has nearly 50 urban metro systems by the us, only has 15 trains are generally the best way to get around europe as tickets costs are very affordable. france is also planning to invest a 100000000000 euros into rail transport by 2040 as part of the government's push to reduce the countries carbon footprint. this will expand and upgrade the rail network and launch express commuter change in major cities. and this is also to tackle the perceived inequalities between paris and other parts of the country is when it comes to public infrastructure. especially when the energy costs are going up, making transportation expensive for millions of computers. now in japan, the rail network of the 3 largest metropolitan areas which include tokyo, nagoya,

and those saca are perhaps the most efficient in the world. that can chide ocean concept has operated for over half a century without a single derailment or collision, and only has an average to parts of the light of 18 seconds along the 320 mile route. and in japan, they choose not to compensate loss is made by these public projects and instead allow private firms to do the business efficiently and profitably. and so the operators of japan's public wells transport stuff for losses for years, and the government used its budget to offset those, resulting in a fiscal deficit. japan later decided to have all public transport projects run by private firms. today, most public transport services in japan are operated by private firms who run other businesses to earn profits. things like running advertisements on the transit system or leasing out kiosks and station and stores in the vicinity. japan's to

biggest public transport systems in tokyo in osaka, turned around after suffering losses once, and became privatized to become tokyo, metro. and those saca metro japan has about a $170.00 companies that operate railway routes. and none of them are state owned before the pandemic, the subway operators actually posted a profit of $362000000.00 in japan. tram lines had been around for a 100 years and on average tokyo bills at least one additional line a year. whereas in the us, it takes an average of 5 years or more, depending on capital availability and land acquisition. privatization was a boon to railways in japan, while rise and car ownership was a recipe for disaster for america's once private railways. and for more, let's bring in again, kristen. walmart, broadcast is specializing and transport. an author of

a series of books on railway history. now, christian, the homeless population is growing in europe as well as the us does this, but a strain on public transportation and public services in general, public transport systems, always the policing that they function by. so if you do have stuff at every station, i know that some systems i have absolutely no, not very many stuff. essentially they do the stuff at even at a remote stations. they what much better live that it makes people, particularly women feel safe and it shows you're not getting the harvest people sleeping in the systems and so on. so the solution is not to say, oh, we don't want to build public transport systems. the solution is to effectively manage those systems well and it show that they are safe for people to use and that,

that lost off available to the one be the comforting people. thing that people want is to say stop that, but it's kind of around the ticket guys, sorry that people down to jump over them and the likes. and that makes a lot of difference and it's a full economy. they just think that you could run these systems without people indeed, without driver's, which is technically possible, but not a fantastic the size. and how much money has been us invested in train infrastructure versus other countries. and where does all this money go? uh well the us uh, system has have some public money. i called you precise figures. i bought most of that has gone uh, adjusted a few places, a few cities that do have public transport systems or a few seconds with the light rail systems as well. a walk, the united states slacks is a federal gulf,

but that is the path to say look we, we need to review out our transport system alvo's system link up, lots of places, a gateway with rattle, railways, maybe high speed, route wise, or maybe just conventional via wise bought to actually recreate or kind of passenger route so, so close, that's more difficult and it age of, of the i've applied but you know, there is a, a big market for well, china is that site 3 or 400 miles between cities because the hassle of going out to an apple, it's in fly and all the security of stuff is much greater. so uh, you know, it, does it say that america lost its essentially lost its passenger rail. that way, it's never going to recreate it to the way that it existed, but it couldn't level us. and i saw that uh inside the city past. like in texas or

in california, you could get a systems that were affective. they'll never probably quite pay for themselves, but they will take a lot of calls off the road and, and show that there's much less congestion for those who are still driving. now there are some countries that don't have trains at all like iceland in greenland. so why has some countries not adopted trains this i'm, i'm spending all it isolated as it happens later this year. a, there's a few countries that have had rail systems and i've taken about, i swear these are pretty small country with a pretty small population. it doesn't really work great that has it and even smaller population, they, some countries in africa that don't really have a functioning well systems. and that's probably for historical reasons that we've never built policy because maybe they comp matters to them. and their, for example, and share with the other they, they used to have a bit of

a rail system and that's been a bad cause. a railway systems do need management, they need tender loving care, they need investments. and those countries which i've lost, that route was probably great. he would regret doing so. i mean even places like leg also have building kind of do a well networks because they, they recognize that just the road system is, is 2 k all think bought. so historically, that have been places that didn't really invest much in well the box, most countries in the world did at one point have a rail. busy most countries still do have some sort of a roadway system. it might be for freight, it might be somebody systems inside the cities or it might be in our main live passenger links between the cities. but most countries of the world do and now that's pretty amazing. because these, the railway,

the concepts of ours is now and 8200 years old, 1830. the 1st row was and uh, as a child support system it, it survive. competition from cause competition dramatically. ation of it's by it's kind of also technical changes. and the date in many places of the world is absolutely flower street predictor with high speed rails, railways and subway systems. as a big, big freight realize where you'll trustworthy a really large amounts, say from a chloe or mine or something where it's actually unbelievably cheaper to do that by rail than any other means. countries that have private for profit and metro businesses perform better than a publicly run metro system of the japan has a sort of privatized system. uh they actually, uh, it was privatized with a big kind of light off for the state. but there's actually very few

places where a passenger rail system can pay for its way. but uh, in india, the passenger route network is allowed to subsidize from a very profitable fact. right wise in obamacare last night. the fact that was a very profitable amtrak gets a big subsidy from a, the federal government he is in the whole point about right away is, is that the rule was, as i mentioned, the societies will benefit of i'm something that fits well into a stab at the capitalist model, and that's because they would call the vast amounts of investment. the operating costs are quite high, but, and they need to operate throughout the day where there's both rush out drives and kind of less profitable uh, of peaks drives. so they,

they don't really look as conventional businesses with, as i say, the exception of kind of a few exceptions, particularly fact where it was, but they do as something that benefit society. thank you so much for your time today, kristen. wal mart. now the biggest winner in this infrastructure race is definitely going to be china who has the world's largest high speed rail network. china has built a network that spans nearly 25000 miles and is now the world's largest from bullet trains that can travel up to 220 miles per hour. this network is continuously getting built out with plans to extend it to up 250000 kilometers 52025200000 kilometers by 2035. with this expanded network, 99 percent of cities with more than 200000 residents will have access to the general well, a network in china. 90 percent of cities with more than 500000 residents will have

access to the high speed railway network. and this is a huge undertaking that happened because over the course of the last 10 years, china had invested over $600000000000.00 into building railway in remote and less developed areas to bring rail services to more than a 130 counties. these achievements have not come easily and are the result of huge investments and the efforts of more than 2 mil 1000000 railway workers. i'm christy. i thanks for watching and we'll see you right back here next time on the cost of everything. the a rushing rage that means tanks or troops crossing

the border again sweep, there will be no longer we. we will bring the warranty to a change of a situation where western europe is dependent upon the russian guess to a situation. well, western europe is dependent on n g a. m, or you can guess, and bets, it visits, actually, science to be ukraine, the wall. so here we are in, it says in post energy crisis, which leads to the emigration of companies. less industry. and this is just the continuation of the nato o bets. the website will show knuckle bush is divided,

giving in the same way as the sub is in the same way as the row. you've got some time we is that of the problem most by the boys. obviously, jack, that is the watson has sent me is letter o. c. i use the which is low to tone of should be a can a is heads by repeated ukrainian shillings living through dead comes as the books and capitalist target to buy long rates. drones for dummies. several upon the buildings the breaks group of nations is open to enlargement about this done. so the organizations of foreign ministers, it's amazing in south africa, says versus diplomats, expands his african, sold in india and accidents involving 3 trains in the eastern states. paul additions become 3 countries with various definitely decades claimed the lives of the 218 people and less than nearly 1000 in jet.