to in canadian walls, fire out kind of that received help from congress all over the world, including south africa and the united states. to help bottle the wall fires you've in more than 3440. do say you good fire, fight this from every continent in the world. you have this yet. say, good south korea, you've got australia, you've got, the brazilians, are coming chileans. all you know, just the costa ricans. it'd be near the north americans that africans point to go from you've had them from a over the. ready that truly international is at this get for spoke to a group of firefighters from south africa who came to joining the fight. well, we do have some pharmacy areas also, but nothing with the scale that you have in canada. so while much of the principles are $55.00 things are the same. the scale of the operation. yeah, is absolutely something to be seen then of something we've done. this has been

count in the sophistication of the planning. the way you use your, with the monitoring capacity to predict fi and be able to predict and that's why you read no fatalities. this bias, these new bed towns that have been ravaged by the fires, but not fatalities because of your predictive tools that you have in place. and then the 2nd major difference is that is the capacity of a fire to bid on the ground. you the if the pete fires, which often survives the lounges of rain and keep on smoldering and can split up at any other time. so we looked at the excavate, those fires underground. one of our teams encountered etc. and it looked like a chimney at the top end with a cut, the tree down, there was a fire aging and it's cool. so that's very different. we ask, how did this fire compared to what they are used to in south africa?

well, we did quite a bit of an induction in terms of why lives in canada. b as being one of the key issues. um, so one of our firefighters relating to the story, we was walking 8 over his team and it came across a bit and it stood up on it. so i legs, obviously 2 times since what it was dealing with by that time, the other part is joining the man. nothing. but they decide to face too many of the many wondered also they have good be with souls. they've got trading in terms of you know, avoiding bays and trying to make noise, went away manitoba. it was a very dry season in 2021. the bays were really hungry and we were camping out in the wild and they would definitely make a move on now. kitchens and the wildlife authorities at 3 the v men and killed 3 babies. and 2nd, that time kind of us prime minister and dusting for the fence, their neighbor to the south end of tweed saying hundreds of americans firefighters have recently arrived in kind of the more on the way i spoke with president joe

biden, about these critical support and i thank him for all the help americans are providing as we continue to fight this devastating wall fires the out of control. burns have caused critics to go after 2 adults for repeatedly using the excuse of climate change, saying that countries still can instill preventive measures, such as forest painting. rush, removal on small control, burns true though he back. he stopped up to see some fearful lives in parliament for the leader of the opposition to consider that the forest fires are taking people from their communities and destroying their homes, are emir distraction. and on top of mind, the meanwhile, canada is not the only one affected by the wall fires. all of the smoke came down the east coast and covered the united states in

a norton's haze. here you can see new york city nearly covered, the air quality became so low. people were told to wear moscow game and to stay indoors. schools in new york city, i'm free, adelphia were moved online to prevent students from going outside. i'm reading the smoke filled air influencers in tip top girl even took the opportunity to joke on the scary conditions. why? why don't why, why? why don't i look more like day you down to the nation's capital? you can see here the difference on a tiered day with the haze of the canadian while fires, outdoor activities will completely cancel for schools in washington, dc. you through airfoil equals turn. the smoke even made it as far as the outer banks in north carolina. you can see here the difference from before and after the smoke roll being completely blocking the view of the ocean. just a block away work is we are part of the ground forces we work in concert with the

bombing. but interestingly enough, we have not been confronted with the smoke that you have found drifting from your eastern seaboard right down into new york and washington and pennsylvania. um yeah, the wind is jimmy taking the smoke itself away from the fire area. so we haven't had much in terms of smoke contamination, but say what we doing in the deep create complex around the edison town, which is about a 180 kilometers through the waste of edmonton, the capital we were bought or that fires when it will. slade up in the 2nd event creation of this at the end, eventually, together with a number of firefighters from other countries and canada. we've actually brought that fi under control and go said quite a storm that the same that on this area, the posting some 100 meters of the old regime. these fires have left the cabinet

best parliament and the united states congress to begin draft the leg legislation to prevent future out of control while fires in the future. for 360 view rosanna solano, back to you study. thank you roxanna. to give us an inside look into controlled burns and why some environmental list object to their use. we were here in edward, a strategic i, rider fellow queens, institute for energy and environmental policy, school of policy studies, queens university, kingston, canada. he's also author of firestorm. how wildfire will shape our future. thanks for joining us. okay, i want to start with the basics for our audience. what is a controlled burn, and when is it effective to use? well, the control burn is something that we learn from indigenous people before just when we arrived here, it is essentially burning a forest, usually in this shoulder season,

such as spring and fall when the spread of fire is not likely. and the idea is to remove excess fuel on the ground. so a lot of dead wood, a lot of really old trees that are highly combustible. and so what it does is it helps regenerate the forest and it also reduces that fuel. so when the next fire comes sweeping through, it doesn't burn as intensely, and it's very interesting that it goes back to the indigenous people. but in the present there's everyone in the agriculture and the scientific community actually agree on its use. know for the longest time, and i think there's still a lot of pushback. uh they didn't agree. you know, we are humans that arrived mostly in the 1st stages from europe where fire was not common. smoke was not great, especially during the very small the days of coal burning plants back then. and so the fresh air of north america is really welcome. and when your opinions arrived

and found the indigenous people were burning in the spring and fall in places even like virginia in the 1600s. uh, they put a stop to it and back they uh, they took some of them to court. eventually we kicked them all out of the national park such as yellowstone, and use somebody in the states. and in banf and jasper and canada to prevent that from burning and the one to read and the tory is seen in writing mountain national park. as recently as 1939, when that part was established, they kicked out the indigenous people. they actually walk the mode and to make sure that they didn't come back, they actually burned down their cabins to turn them from doing that again. and that opposition continues to this day that we see didn't business communities in the tourist industry that do not like to

have burned out for us are perfectly burned out for us. they think that it's unattractive for tourist that they don't like the idea of having smoke prevail on you know, a really nice, sunny day and i'm afraid as well as that we've had the number of control burns that have got out of control over the years. it's still risky proposition. i'm probably the most famous, notorious is the, the, the fire in new mexico. that was a control burn. that was started by the us for service and got out of control. and over ran the los alamos nuclear weapons site and causing the vacuum ation of that entire community and that station there. so we still have risks associated with this. and one of the big problems is we have so many people on the landscape

that are in harm's way, but it is really, really difficult to, to do control burned outside of a national park. you know, there seems something very odd about burning down forest all in order to protect forest. some conservation was actually believe that it's a wrong to do control the burning because they believe you're destroying nature. how do you respond to them? well the responses is a complicated one. now if you look at say the boreal forest of uh, most of canada, parts of michigan, the great lake states of those trees you know, are spruce and pine. and the only way they can really regenerate to release the cones from or the seeds from their cohen's is by heat, birds and squirrels can do it, but really not effectively enough to help re generation. and so essentially, these trees have evolved to have an intimate relationship with,

with fire. and so fire actually is the best way of allowing these for us to regenerate. now in the american west where you have to have trees that are bit more resilient to fire. they're actually pretty, you know, not as the relationship is a bit of a different one. they are very, very state park. so you can actually burn that forest and the trees will survive. those big giants can survive because the fire can not get through that fit bark, but it does actually uh, regenerate the force, the small brushes, what's the, what's the, what go with that are on the ground. now the important thing as well as i think i'll give you an example here. there was a study done a while back and i was involved in a that was an observer. i went out several times with the scientist, a southern grizzly bears in the national parks,

in western canada. some of those barriers are we share with montana and what they couldn't figure out was why the barriers and the national parks tended to be sooner and smaller than the errors on the side of national parks. and then they realize that the answer was that the areas outside the national parks were disturbed more by fire than within the national parks because of national parts. we suppress fires for so long and the, and what happened was that you had this canopy that shaded out all of the root vegetables and all of the berries that the bears depended on. and so that was why the bears outside the park tended to do better, although their population didn't grow was because they didn't have the protection, they had the national park. so it was kind of a trade off. they had more food, but they're more likely to be poached or hit by a truck or, you know, all the,

all of the safeguards up. we have a national park the you don't have outside of the national park. and that's one of the reasons why national parks and yellowstone, and yosemite, and in glacier national park dance, and jasper are doing control, burns, one of the reasons is that they're trying to encourage the growth of those root vegetables and berries that so many animals depend on so is there a universal policy regarding controlled burning globally? so there's a universal body, but there's a lot of training of information between the fire organizations in europe and north america. here in north america, we have what we call a fam or for a fire compact. is that started? interestingly enough, or i think in 1954 when bar harbor main burn big. and it caught the attention even to the presence of the united states of the time, because this is where the rich from hollywood and other quarters went to in summer

. and when that town burn. uh, they used all their resources to try to put it out. and they didn't have enough, and they brought in uh, uh, canadians, and that was the beginning have a very long, friendly relationship where you houses a now cooperation of intelligence and resources, person power, and the trade off of information. and so i think this is how we're benefiting globally, because we're now entering a new paradigm where a fire has become a global problem, not just a problem in western united states or western county. so how did poor nations in africa, maybe even south america deal with wild fires? what kind of firefighting forces do they have and are forced to greater risk in these regions due to a lack of funds and even infrastructure? well, it's interesting, it's kind of like a rolodex,

every fire manager in every state. and every province essentially has a list of, of agencies that they can call upon in time of need. and there's somebody there on the other line. it's really quite a, an intimate relationship, but when i was in alaska, in 2015 for that record breaking fire season, the alaskans were calling firefighters from alberta to come in and help. and it was just simply getting on the phone saying, can you get here? and we have now a process in place where you really don't, you know, these firefighters aren't stopped at the border and all of their, their, their equipment has to be checked by customs. they're just fast track, they can move very, very quickly across borders and overtime to prove that it proved not enough uh, that we just didn't have enough firefighters in north america to be to deal with the emerging paradigm. so we started calling firefighters from australia and new

zealand, mexico, south africa, and other countries in the world. because we simply do not have enough people on the ground that are available to deal with this situation. but as quickly getting out of control and north america, we are dealing with intense drought and shorter winter's earlier springs, lightning strikes and even hotter summer's. so what conditions on the ground? are these creating an are they similar to conditions and australia, europe, and south africa? well, you just simply have to look at it as a chemical reaction. and everybody who's started the, you know, a camp fire on a hike or a camping trip noses that you have really have to get the driest kindling in there to get things going. and what we have now, because things are so hot and dry, we just have this kindling in all forms be of grass or be at twiggs, or be really old trees or dead trees that are just ready to burn. and

there's a simple equation that a lot of weather scientists talk about is that uh, with every one degree increase in temperature, you have about 10 percent more light, more lightning strikes and lightning, at least on the canadian side of the border is the biggest cause of foyer fire and the other side is humans, but still lightning is a big factor. and so we just have a much more volatile situation. that is evolving here and i've seen situations have been told situations where even the, the don't draft of a helicopter carrying a water bucket can actually spread a fire more quickly if of then uh, dropping the bucket of water. and that's how volatile things have gotten some of our for us. wow, thank you so much, edward, a strategic and now after the break,

we're going to continue this discussion and look at the impact climate change is having on a global wildfires. and if one region is more prone, danielle the the

welcome back, we are going to continue our discussion about the future use of controlled burns all to prevent wild fires with our guest, edward strategic, his a rider fellow queen's institute for energy and environmental policy. school policy studies at the queen's university in kingston. canada is also author firestorm. how wildfire will shape our future. thanks for staying with us. you know, i want to start off about your book because in firestorm, how wildfires will shape our future. you actually argue there is too much fuel on

the ground to many people and assets to protect and there's no plan in place to deal with these changes. so what's been happening to the way people live near forest areas? the big cause for concern is we have an aging population that, you know, that doesn't like to live in, you know, congested cities. and you know, where crime is an issue where, you know, fresh air is an issue. and so they're moving into these forest environments. we've seen that in california, we see it in british columbia and alberta, and it's kind of a paradise for them. but the problem is, is that many of them are building houses, you know, out of logs, or would you know, cedar decks, cedar shapes, shingles planting or mental cedars around their house. and all of this is highly combustible. so when the fire tears through, it doesn't even have to come all that close. you can have a fire burning,

say 3 miles away. and if the window strong enough, it can blow embers on top of that. cedar shake shingle roof and start a fire. and then once the fire gets going, if you knows it sends the embers to the next those to the next house, and suddenly you have an entire kind of acreage neighborhood on fire. we do have on both sides of the board are these kind of fires smart programs that are in place where you know or are teaching people to be more how to be more resilient to fire. and i think one of the dangers associated with some of these programs is that it has, it's very good in the sense is that, that is making these, these places more resilient. but on the other hand, it's also making people feel confident enough that a fire comes through. they can stay in defense and stay and defend is tricky when you have a really,

really hot intensifier coming in. because basically there's really, there's nothing that you can do. and i give you the example of, of a pyro, c b, which is a fire that can start that, that you know, that where you have a blue sky day and you have a fire burning. and it creates so much energy that it actually creates its own thunderstorm along with lightning. and it can shoot lightning of 20 miles in advance of the fire and causing a cluster of fires wherever the lightning may strike the these are kind of like the day after tomorrow. so real seems that we're now beginning to see more often in the forest and you know, a couple in their sixties or seventies just really doesn't stand much of a chance of being able to defend or something like that. coming towards them. i've seen these uh, these walls of fire and smoke coming in, you know, being pushed by when and they really are popular to lift that there's, you know,

the firefighters move out of the way that helicopters get as far away as possible because they can basically just stuck them out of the out of the air there. they are very much like volcanoes. moderate size volcanoes. that's how much energy that they have. also in your book, you've talked to scientist, firefighters, resource managers who are making radical radically for recommendations about how to manage wild buyers all in the future. what are some of their approaches so that we and the wilder inhabitants can continue to for flourish? well, i think there's a number of things that we're seeing now. we're seeing better predictive services, meaning that we have now some fire, whether scientists who were able to better understand where a fire is more likely to start so that you can move the resources your firefighters on the ground, your water bombers and your helicopters into place where they can get on top of the

fire very quickly. we're having also, as we discussed earlier, more control control burns in those areas that are extremely vulnerable. i think that one of the things that we're overlooking and we're not doing enough is that the identifying fire refuse? yeah. those places that may be in the shadows of the mountains wetlands that are likely not to burn, that we shouldn't be protecting. one of the things that every firefighter will admit, but will not say publicly, is that what's a fire? it gets to a certain size. there's basically nothing they can do to put it out. they can maybe slow it down, they can move it in another direction to keep some people out of harm's way, but putting it out on a really hot summer day or in one that has when it's really impossible. and the only thing that's really going to stop it, they're basically 2 things. is our big down for that last for 2 or 3 days,

or a wetlands. this is something that we don't appreciate is the wetlands are natural fighters stop once a fire bucks up against a web land. it basically slows down, simmers in put so of the problem in north america is that we've dreamed about 60 percent of our wetlands for a variety of purpose is for agricultural purposes to make way for cities. we've also done it for public health reasons, because at one time we believe that wetlands were the cause of a lot of diseases such as swamped fever. if you're old enough to remember, that used to be a thing. and so we've kind of demonized these wetlands to our pair up because we just don't have those natural stops on the landscape anymore. they're one of the great examples of this is that the, the horse river fire and the oil sands town. a fort mcmurray that burned in 2016

and costs evacuation of 88000 people at the very last minute. as of the fire entered town, those fire fighters thought that there was this whitland that was identified on the maps that was going to slow down, give them enough time to get the bombers on top of it, the firefighters on top of it. but when the fire got to the west land get accelerated rather than slow down. and they couldn't figure it out until they realized from another department forestry department that they had actually drained that whitland 10 years earlier in pin plants as an experimental force. so instead of having water there to stop the fire, they had more trees to burn. so the fire just took off and just startled everybody . and that was one of the reasons why that fire got. so what have control. wow, thank you ever for joining us and giving us some insight into this very important

subject. the air controlled birds are nothing new, as nature has been doing its own version since the beginning of time with a spark from a simple lightning strike. however, as mankind continues to expand its imprint on the earth, nature's course can sometimes invoke more chaos in good control and burns require careful, planning, expertise, and coordination with local authorities to ensure safety and minimize the risk they should be conducted under specific weather conditions. and with appropriate fire management techniques all to prevent the fire from getting out of control. additionally controlled burns may not be suitable or necessary in all eco systems. and their implementation should consider the unique characteristics of each region around the globe sky. now hughes, and this has been your 360 view of the news affecting you for watching

the the path to the establishment of the boxes where his email is been in 1933. the position of the indigenous population in the portuguese colonies deteriorated dramatically, especially in angola. decatur, antonio de, i live at a salazar encourage colonizing the angolan lands by europeans, and sought after turning the country into a portuguese province. where the and goldens would be 2nd class people. in 1961,

there was an outbreak of violence on the part of the portuguese, in revenge for the plantation workers, dry portuguese aircraft bomb. the villages in northern angola and race riots took place in african parts of lawanda. the people of angola rose in an armed rebellion . the rude jealousy of the colonialists knew no bounds. despite the un calls to stop the violence, the boards of keys only intensified their terror against the rebels. the 40s actively use the political contradictions between various groups of rebels during the war colonial aircraft regularly use, ne fall, and dropped the fully ends on peaceful villages. the boards, the keys empire was severely exhausted by the struggle against the national liberation movements. the revolution in portugal brought down the plazas, freezing, and put it in to the murder as war against the people of angola. on january 15, 1975, the elbow or agreements were assigned and the country gained independence. after so

many years of the brutal war, the to the, the crew witnesses have a ukrainian setting on the phone lines as, as russian forces make advances on the bustle ground, pushing the enemy positive, heavily fortified positions wanting to 7 images. i had the 3 people injured in israel up the top plowed into.