the did 1976, all the hopes and dreams of a whole community riding on this vast machine. as, as, as it actually takes up behind to say, re level, look, now this magnificent machine, power your, towards the cost us so reduction, the blue figure, this huge machine roots into space. again, as many, many hopes of dreams, years of technological expertise, and work on it to this on a successful launch for russia. magnificent, the magnificent, the, i think the witness it's, it's really hard to find the words and the russians. allies like india have already congratulated mosca with the success of successful loans. oh, balloon of 25. the spacecraft is expected to reach the menes over at next wednesday

with the landing tons for august 21st. se with us for the latest on the historic mission. the to move the latest updates. you can check our website all t don't comedy, thanks for joining us. hey, we'll get back to the top of their the the, [000:00:00;00]

the number one of the great mysteries and the treasures of the world. and one of the largest in the deposit, the stuff is right here in the baltic sea. so we are in the clinton grad region, trying to learn all the we can about this multi called the want to meet cool is a geologist and painting intelligence. amber is important to his work and he's the perfect person to give us some perspective. the bad one here. um i seen sounds of amber. let's get right to it. scientists disagree as to what exactly it is. is it a stone? is it a gym? is it resin?

what is amber? exactly. the just yes. and somebody was a good question. from a d, a logical point of view. you can't cool amber, a mineral, a mineral levine or a stone? it's an organic substance. good. fossilized resin or if this group i'm a small from a chemical point of view, it's an am office frame pull about it's composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. it's literally like most organic substances on us. they can also contain impurities, like sofa and other elements. that means that water is amber. it's fossilized resident for 2 of the fossilized resin from ancient plants. lovely me for us to have the ancient greeks new with them, but i don't get a garbage in small and is resin from plants. do you have any video? tacitus, when he wrote about the steve as to a belt take drive that lived in the 1st century id said they collected fossilized resident which contained remnants of plants. so that was back in ancient greece.

and during the 18th century, calling this and the great. and if i use them, and also for almost similar tediously determined to the end, but it won't get, i can nature comes from plants to push the number is only found in the leningrad region. there's literally, it's just a, there's a lot. yeah. i'll tell you why a little later, and it can be found in many places around the world, mostly in the northern hemisphere. dominican number is very famous as well as them, but from them from having his bottom i to there's also a lot of amber in the far north in the polar regions. we're moving to attain the dependency left on suck. eileen, near lake bank of steven, and both right as amber in europe in 3 places. i mean, you can, and around coming grad, poland, ukraine's rough no region. good amended, gemini, saxony, loving this and the result roughly the same age. but it's very important. and you said that the m bus throughout the world is a difference of geological ages through stuck in some places. there is geologically

young, amber and now those at smaller ancient. but many geologists may consider sucks tonight to be true and sex with different types of them. but i have different names here, thought she was, this is called sucks, and i to name it exists here in leningrad, just enrolled now and in germany. full arrest found in various parts of the world called amber like residence. yeah. they differ in their physical and chemical properties. they're less dense, less of biscuits, and really used to make jewelry. last, what's good about all around the same sex united way? what is that? it's actively used in jewelry making video me an interesting question is how amber foamed. and when that happens to still talk about as i will see. mm hm. scientists have different ways of measuring the age of amber. so what is the oldest known sample that we have available to us?

oh, no. okay, yes ma'am. and you before it started because he said, well of course, it's not as old as our planet tool. as we know from the oldest rocks, the is 4500000000 years old. oh, planet was formed around 4 to 6000000 years ago, as well as the moon and the planet system. of course, and there is a very young compared to the smaller amber like the piece in my hand and back is around 37000000 years old. it's it's, it's geologically young. but there's more ancient amber. i used for example, in burma, who am i, am a, it's about a 100000000 years old from the cretaceous period, houses from the pedagogy in period. what does em but gold cocoa, it's very young. 30 the fuel cells in dsl. you can find it in japan and south east asia, and in the southern hemisphere you can find coco listings argentina. if you wouldn't mind, it's just a few 1000 years old. but how do we know the age of falling? if we look at this deposit would become a reading deposit from an ancient c,

as i suppose. it's the same age as december. is it possible that you can find a book in them, but to a lesser degree it must be as long as they were formed in a sea, but not the baltic sea? yeah, the baltic, so you've geologically young? sure. it's 10 to 12000 years old and yeah, because it was formed in iglesia lake. it was with the baltic. sea is now doing this came from a milton garcia. it's about 20000 years ago. but before that, this land was dry hunter. and under these calm marine shallow water conditions, a sealed clay and some deposits formed what we see here, a sort of tends to 2 to 3 meters under us. and there's a different kind of deposit called what blue to ground bed watching. and amber is highly concentrated precisely in this blue us. oh, and the reserves can be around in blue with us. it was. why do we find amber here on the coast water because this blue s extends out about 10 meters from the sea

bottom. no thought with lips, then we'll see wash it down. the other is lighter than water. it's light. so it ends up on the b triple that we collected. yes, it most of it, right? so about the age of amber, you've talked about that, but how long does it take for the resident to actually become amber itself, which flows. and that's very complicated because these i'm a ring deposit that and performed on land comes from trees. so there are many hypotheses about this. one of the theories is that the was a shallow water see here, and i've also left them the weather's land. the river flowed 37000000 years ago, just. it was cold enough to spend the forests growing throughout all of this area that produced this residence. the resin fell into the river and here to see where we're supposed it's miles where it fluid into it, like google and all that down. but from the river, accumulated in this marine settlement on the basis of the chemical physical

transformation of arisen into m. there is complex and it's still not completely clear how because it's not known how long it's spent in the soil is blue. or if it fell directly into the river, or if it land the ground and was then washed into it. because model number like cotton or remember it cope all that's been dug up is very brittle. like a typical resin truck. it's not sticky with but very brittle, it's just you, but it sucks and it has a very interesting properties, but it's very hard with a high melting point, but almost they can be found in different colors. and so want to use that tool connected to its origin because we still don't understand what kind of tree produce them. but what's your booth, for example, japanese and, but was produced by the groom industries. but what exactly, what kind of like lead us know, currently the main scientific with such points. totes times rays because we find pine twigs in the embassy to spend the japanese umbrella pine. that's also

a kind of forestry, but still grows today. it's just, it's also it's known brand new, clear. but i think was that it will eventually show us that comes up on, you know, mostly i believe the book of us. what about this place itself? i know you've already mentioned that there are other places around the world where amber is available and you can find it. but it is often said that here in the baltic, it's the best quality, amber. why? the baltic white here? i'm not talking about but it's well 37000000 years ago. that was a completely different conditions. now it's cold like that, but then there was sub tropical conditions. it was quite warm will the why the continents learned about the same place as now. but with and talk like it, we had a continental drift until the ticket was connected to us strangely. there was no and optics component current as a friday. there was no ice cap on the optics. and dr. go and the it wasn't

a temperate climate here. how do we know it was warm because sucks and if there is deposits, have accumulated fossils from life forms that like teeth, that don't live in the baltics anymore. this deposit is gold. is emily a credit? otherwise there's an electron. there are a lot of accumulated was if you search, you will find some what start to look it over the 1st find the noise to show us the history event and number of which of heat living animals and the waste is in the baltic. now, let's look rocker and we didn't really have see countries or muscles is usually a completely different dynamos. live here on the see bed look start to continue on with also a little c o 2 and you can see it. yeah, right here. okay, so how do they get here? i mean, we know that for a paleontologist like yourself, amber is a very,

a risk material for you to find history and to learn about our past. and what has been the coolest thing that you've been able to find. uh we're just using, well actually it's not only fossils we find in them, but bearing deposits, but in the amber itself. there are fossil inclusions because that's a very interesting because if the fossil loses its structure manually inclusions because of the tiniest details like inside pads include from a poly until logical point of view. that's a treasure trove. what's the truth of new knowledge about the ancient and before is that existed here 37000000 years ago? i think a lot well i went speak to myself, but about the ref. finds you can come across and use it for example. so lizards have been found in built, it kinda goes camel spiders that live in warmer agency. it's, you know, the majority of animals we find the number of all for about the small animals that fell into a red and trap. they couldn't get out and just remained to that was but it's rare to find the big around them. it was because big around the most can escape from the

resident. in fact, we very rarely find fleas because flees on them all of our sites and they can jump very quickly. not so long ago had was found from a memo. we've never come across the premium will, for example, in dominican amber, which is more ancient and there was a famous dinosaur will find you the hand of a small bird like dinah. so what i have to ask a lot of people have seen the movie jurassic park and are fascinated by the idea. in fact, when i telling people about amber, this is the 1st thing they asked me, is this something that scientists are working on to be able to extract the dna and maybe revive dinosaurs or something along those lines? the biggest thing that's a good question. this is actually, if you look at the inclusions in the book, you can see, find the titles and smartgate those work. but it turns out, since it's a poly merick substance. yeah, there's a diffusion takes place of what we see is the animal itself. it's a sort of animal, you know, print like a 3 d shadow of the and will itself,

for the region is practically no biological content. the reason they also, but when you play a gas, it has a quite complicated structure. it decomposes quite quickly to, for about 500 years or so. they conducted some experiments. they took residence, today's residence. they bought insects and it's just a very different slip. i'm trying to sequence the dna. yeah, about 5 years went by was the no results showing that we could completely recreate dna item and that was only after 5 years and we're talking millions of years. unfortunately, ember is a poor trap for such organic structures when it comes to dna. also jurassic park may be in great and beautiful fairytale, but unfortunately, it is just a fairy tale. what about the clarity? you have very different levels of color. sometimes it's a milky sometimes. if even blue is one of the rare colors, what gives amber? it's a specific color and why is there such a wide range?

you say, oh you think the milky, amber? what's the transparent amber? it can be light blue or a greenish color. oh, this depends on the embers chemical composition. let's see if there are many aspects to consider. it depends on the kinds of impurity this was the amount of fracturing remo, fracturing the less transparent when there are a few fractures, it can be highly transparent when there are a lot of fractures, it's more ro, pagan, a solution, but most highly value them. but there is milky em, but because it's a stronger thing, it's the most commonly used in jewelry making. there's also a rotten amber which is very fragile, but that's all connected to its physical chemical properties. but the chemical formular itself is always about the same, but do not cover such a c one for each $16.00 or 2 full. but that could be an inclusion of different elements. just let me know if through junior,

because it's really meant for me. what about the physical characteristics? i mean member can float. it's not particularly dense. it actually burns, if you try and set it on fire, it can melts. uh, what are some of the other characteristics of amber and why is it this way? oh that isn't that what you know, the source machine city well, but has a lot of interesting properties in the summer and probably the most interesting it is. it's luminescence if we want to come here at night with an ultra violet length and turn it on and we'd see how it glows in different colors. new key green. those are transparent, luminous, light blue. that's also caused by that old genic lattice that reacts to the ultra violet light. so she had what asked to ask. i'm fascinated by her tattoos. i know that you love what you do and it shows in our conversation. but your tattoos, are they amber related as well? are these just random creatures that you've adorned yourself with?

no, no, this is the fun question. um we have some parental. i'm a probably on till logistics as i conduct research in various areas. not only these em but bearing deposit seconds. my ph. d dissertation was i'm trying to but extinct marine propoxyphene just now to become a full professor. i'm working on a paper that's also one ancient author pods, immune system, oregon. so these are the kinds of species i've written about. okay, so uh, yeah, so that's my style. i guess the year at the amber museum in cleaning grab, they have one of the world's largest collections of the precious stones. you do not creep on us is indeed exhibition curator here. and i bet sheets some stories to tell the

the event. thanks for taking the time to meet us here. um this is such a beautiful collection. i wanna ask, what has amber meant to humanity throughout the years? to fish, a orange and white shovel across them. there's a lot to take in here because amber has great significance for me just because we don't know exactly why it was considered magical, 4000 years ago. and that's what it seems that was magically that when we were at the beginning of the period, the amber trade was booming inside. it was connected with the romans who considered amber to be a magical stone because of a greek legend. the amber trade greatly affected the economic life of europe during that period, even though it started here. when the i asked he lived on this land estate later, amber became one of the most important materials traded between the hands,

sciatic lead. then the teutonic order. it is then a diplomatic gift, a gemstone, and the medicine for half before majority of diseases. so now it makes fantastic jewelry. and in principle, we can find amber throughout human history. so someone sure is chris put it. so either i know that there are a lot of legends surrounding amber. uh, what is your favorite? it was supposed to be my progress spoken. so probably my favorite one describes the attitude of people in ancient rome towards amber, which has had an influence on many of us valuable. it's the story of a paste on your phone who suspected that he was the son of helio, the sun. god shall see us to drive his father's chariot with its fiery horses, but couldn't cope with and was killed by the sub list. and now, according to the legend, amber is present and also the tears of the daughters of the sun god crushing it. so this shows the attitude of the romans towards amber. it's the stone that lights the

way in the after life. well, there's a legend that started various violins were even coated with a powder of amber. what other uses are there for this stone to your voice for this fortune noise? it's been used for many different things to send or anything from diplomatic gifts, this to amber lenses you for measuring the density of beer. and at some point, it was discovered that amber improve circulation, interstate, and can be used for blood transfusions. grove, in the 17th century, or even earlier, many medicines contained amber is when it was actually thought the amber was a cure for the plane. although that may have been a legend started by amber catchers who spent a lot of time in water. so they had better hygiene at the war. but none the less, the spell doctor's treating the plague to amber wisdom and put it in the beach masks. it was thought the amber or a unicorn horn, which was actually ivory and couldn't detect to poison and food or drinks to ship.

those things were quite readily available. but they still thought it had these powers. there was a belief, the amber powder or oils were very useful for treating diseases for me to find out which disease is exactly why you'd have to collect prescriptions from all over europe. for example, there's one prescription from the pope, from the 13th century. this piece of property is cool thing that split the so how does amber make its way from the mines in its natural state to jewelry and museum showcase is we're able to get access to december coming up to a unique entity which handles the whole process. the like thank you very much for taking the time to bring us out here and see how this all goes down. so i have to ask, this deposit is about 50000000 years old. my understanding is to get something that old you have to go really,

really deep. maybe even down to the core. uh or does the amber just kind of find its way up to the surface? talk to me about that process. so there's some love you have enough. yes. a very valid question. i'm. i'm, we're now located at the side of the biggest amber deposit on the planet with the to get to the layer with amber bearing clay. we have to remove 50 to 60 meters, so waste, or you know, that's what most of our people work on. so we do 10 times more work removing ways to get to the blue earth. if the side has been in operation since the 1970 a month where it says they've extracted 10000 tons of amber here, and there's thought to be 100000 left voltage to so you and i surely won't live to see you over move. can you read them thoughts? so talk to me about the whole process. so you dig, you find you process, talk to me. how do you find amber to know much terms that was the well, any mining operation begins with geological exploration. i think you will geologist,

search for the amber. they can bore whole new tests and determine the con tours of the deposit and its volume that i was giving you after that would bring into miners . so you will already know approximately what depth will will find amber deposits, how much there will be, and we can already make some preliminary calculations and look at the economy shortly as far as the equipment is concerned. the 15 meters using various machines, 16 by employ, move the 1st 25 meters with small excavators and trucks, which take all the waste or is from the developed space and the pay off. that might be, we remove the lower layer suit where you can find water, that henders vehicle movement off with drag line excavators near which you can see over there about that aren't affected by water adult. wasting my arms, one bucket load can remove about 20 tons of the waste or if it, you know, that's what it's doing. now it shouldn't. and when this excavator finishes its work, i will finally reach the top of the blue earth with

a 5 meter deep layer. of blue earth which contains the amber will we need to lift this layer with the help of the excavator. and so keep with the powerful stream of sea water used after that slurry made up a scan of a clay and sea water as well as the amber itself, goes to our processing plant out of our separation and sorting stuff. them very cool. now when i think of amber, i think of small pieces with inclusions in them. what is the biggest piece of amber or the most exciting thing that you found here? to i yes, my show and they've got enough. so now i won't say about this side, but in general, 0 has been established that a piece of amber wing 12 kilograms was found in the baltic coast in the 19th century. it's or that's a very rare example on building i would say probably wasn't of the best quality because the bigger the piece of amber, the more likely it is to have floss expecting that this far this side is concerned . like a few years ago, we found a piece waiting more than 3 kilograms, so you'll feel like it's now in the sites. amber museum,

where anyone who wants to see it can take the boys alive. she was a variety of shapes and large color palette. amber has always been inspiring medium for many artists. piano the pumpkin assembling has been looking at giving amber, a new perspective. well, also preserving centuries of tradition, the piano, it's always interesting to come into an artist workshop to see where everything happens. so thank you for the opportunity. i know that amber is quite fragile to work with. is this an asset or is this something that harms you when you're working with it? uh yeah, i was raised here in colin and grad and i've been coming to the coast and collecting amber since i was a child. get a quote. it was very exciting. i knew it was light and fragile, even back then you simply fall in love with this material and little by little he learned to work with it. you acceptance for jill at a nice but i would have a project with but the here touch it. yeah. you i worked on the edge here, slipping off pieces,

so just so i played around with it's for jewelry and it turned out like this book at all or so there are advantages to you for choice because dealer how do you select a piece of ember to work with yeah, what they're doing as well. so i use 2 methods. i lay out the amber, i buy it at the mill. this is fine. we cut it into the slabs and sort them by size . okay. there are 2 options, basically do something with what you have or come up with an idea by carefully selecting each piece. you can go through everything there and then find none of it works for you. so even if you have a ton of amber, your idea might not fit. it's a very long process, but in any case, you have to find the right piece law. settlement data to lay too. i know that some artists actually color the amber in some way. do you color your amber specifically for a piece of work or do you like to use the natural color that exist? yeah, which i only like to use natural amber, just natural colors without any chemicals or physical coloring. just because it's

great is it is you can choose a piece of amber to work on, but with time it's color will change. it's very interesting and how you execute your work will impact the color over time. and how it might look later, it will be, depends on the artist. it's a skill i wanted to ask about that. does amber actually change over time? not just the color, but the, the texture of the amber as well. uh for its shape. uh yes, it's white amber for example. here the oil evaporates little by little and this changes its structure a bit. but these are little things that only a craftsman will notice. the color of this kind of amber will change year by year. if you have a piece like this, you can take a picture of it every year, and every year you'll see a different color. it's very interesting. so if we take amber of this usual golden color, it will start darkening 20 or 30 years later. so that's quite a long time, but it will only become more valuable with time is valuable, will increase with that color. and it's interesting that my favorite amber is black

amber. i don't think it's very well known color for amber. so it has an interesting peculiarity and that it does the opposite over time. it becomes slightly gold, and every year it's like a drop of gold is that as well? so it's very interesting to observe a little bit of that. very cool. now you've touched on this a little bit before, but i see that you have a sketch over here. when you are working with amber, do you sketch out your ideas and then follow that pattern or just the amber speak to you? to give you an idea of what you're working on, you know i've learned how to make the stone work for me. it's you plan to work and already know which stone to work with, which is less vehicle quick. i need to kind of would that help with that? may i ask what you're working on right now? i guess it just deal with what i'm, what i'm doing this. not long ago, they discovered a horde of valuables from 1300 b. c in cyprus and found pieces of amber. so people have been extracting december for all that time going into the sea and collecting it. and my project is called

the inver catcher. unfortunately, people die collecting this amber even now young people who haven't really mastered scuba diving, also die. so this idea came to me to ember catcher. you see whether it's a realistic person or some kind of human form or scroll. and so i'm doing this kind of work now, and these are already finished forms of practically ready to be worked on. let's get. so these are the shapes that i'm working. it's also interesting. thank you very much. appreciated the

the, let's just say this. suppose that fits by eco wants to negotiate a peaceful solution to the client's his openings. yet a warning against military intervention, as it was not for consultants and military forces on standby. and india pauses. a bill in parliament was hailing, calling from national physician. the staging back to colonial times us it will make us cold for slashing military aid to egypt. so i think human rights concerns will turning a blind eye to violation. this quantity will start to use the sponsoring the new frame. also has all the hopes and dreams of