making it the deadliest conflict of the last year, however, attempts to integrate regional forces into the federal police and military, lots heavy fighting earlier and august. find out more about this issue in our analysis on r t dot com. that's a right for now, but for the latest breaking news, head over to r t dot com. thanks for joining. we'll see about next hour the the weight by call, a magical place, fantastical ice clean water is a dramatic geography. and of course, a unique echo system which is developed over the past 25 to 35000000 years. and of

course, a place like this just the seconds you to come and experience at all for yourself, the,

the, the, to discover what this amazing ice is all about. we're going on board at this hover craft 10 will be joined to 5 biologist maxime to say, if he has been studying the wonders of bye call and how it can contribute to modern science. and he'll be our guide today the next day. and hi, thanks for meeting us out here. um, incredible view, i can say, tell me 1st about buy call. it's pretty old. in fact, we don't really know how old, but at least up to 35000000 years old. why is it so different from other lakes and it shows no sign of drawing out what's the key to its longevity or that just just

a nobody go or she said the yes bank i always ancient an estimated to be around 25 to 35000000. years old for the it's the most or 2nd most engines like on our planet . the key feature of by calling pharma is that it doesn't really get older, like all the legs you're not plugged into. it's constantly growing glum. any continental like slowly fades of people in the moment it appears they feel with sill in a process called sedimentation that a little by little sediment fills the like to the top and it's no more of a mean by come settlements also accumulate. so i'm like other continental lakes. it constantly widens with his bike. how is of take tonic origin, you will, it's a risk, like the good that for us to be in the rift in the us crust is constantly growing. so every year bank call is getting deep biased send to me. so when you plug in the if and by the settlement doesn't accumulate fast enough, go up to outpace the legs, growth h e. a by account gets deeper and wider by a sense, means or 2, so that the,

it's probably by call will become part of the ocean and the future value of tearing the continent of you raise your punch is just on joining the arctic ocean. if i just heard you correctly, does that mean you think that do this eventually will become part of the ocean? that yes, this is a hypothesis which weighs the value of the humanity. probably they wouldn't be around to witness it. so it will take tens or hundreds of millions of years by goal, but g a logically by call is a few to ocean through at some point in the future, but they won't be any like, by call with the by called fuel instead. so here's my question about the earthquakes. we know that they happen all the time around here because of this continental rift. we know that in 1959, one of these earthquakes deepens the lake by 20 meters. uh, we know the recently there was just another earthquake. do we expect any more big pros clicks to happen here? by currently uh bacon. my call is constantly growing. so squeaks here daily. every

day we have dozens of them with, but we rate just the only a few strong to us quakes happen every few months. if we had one just this week, it was magnitude 5 and we all felt it or didn't somewhere right. really was if you aren't afraid of a little shaking so we don't expect any massive us quakes because by car relieves this, a symmetric pressure go up by that it doesn't accumulate here. no massive energy release is going to happen on the bus to go instead. it's gradual. we've adjusted to this with this sensitive habit a, so we always should definitely check a cool. let's take a walk and see what else we can find her on this great big lake. the selection, if you take a piece of by call ice is astonishingly clear. spot. why is that? i mean, in some places you can see up to 40 meters through the ice, but almost the break i live about what you choose to. the water is pristine and by

call me never lies. ation here is i'm the $100.00 milligrams police super which is extremely low. okay. it's super fresh water, super close to distilled here on the 30 few organic components dissolved in it on. this is not just clear, it's simply a that you can drink it and you post it. so when it freezes, the ice is as transparent as glass. so it's been oklahoma mystical. so obviously not here, but there are some famous bubbles and cracks that we can see under the ice. what are those cracks? what are they made? a move for providing me and the gas is frozen and bike, how have different origins. first of all, this simple smo me saying, all the gas sources at the bottom of the lake in places where the concentration is high cavities and merge and the ice pool is sometimes so big, or you can fall into one already. but they usually say he does above, the ice is very strong, it can hold people,

it can hold trucks that can hold massive vehicles. but at the same time, we see fissures and cracks all over the lake. is this fe for us to be out here? you know, great, yes of the show in some places you must watch a stem of the, the on places where the ice is constantly moving by giving us some cranks always move when the ice sheet is foaming through creating cavities. it is that all in fact good for local for now. feels and by call used them to survive under the thick layer of ice. and i was looking at it in general, but the lake is quite safe during certain periods, like in february and march, when you can walk and even drive across the bike, how freely before and after that. you have to be very careful about the age. as i understand it by colleagues, home to about 3500 endemic species, unique to bye call, which is more than any other like in the world. why is it so special? here? is it because of the size of the lake and the other one is go towards who's i'd say

is the age to baker by kyle is not simply big. it's ancient little fortune, but it's based on is over 25 to 35000000 years old. or is that i make over that time the phone has evolved, greatly born at some point ancient, one by of animals lived here a baker, then ancient code by whom animal asylum their phone. a lot has happened over at sloan history, which affected the bio diversity of the lake. i'll leave you then. there's it's sheer size by kyle is simply so big that unique species conform in different parts of the lake. if a cell phone and some live closer to the surface from another one and some live at the coastline, some like in the extreme depths like 1.5 going to meet this down by call is 1642 meters deep that were even of the deepest points because of a unique life forms exist and they'd be to go in the spaces in those biomes. and also like with the and the more varied habitats you have, the more diverse, the phone, uh, color it and that,

that's the reason. so many species exist in the like that, and we suspect the stuff isn't as bad, it'd be in scratch. but the conservative estimates suggest only half of online forms and the like being discovered with income. but what optimistic estimates suggest only attends a known to us opportunities disagree with distance. so we hear about environmental crisis here and by call from time to time, you said that the lights can actually clean itself. how does that work? uh cuz i'm a guardian, but when we talk about the environmental prices around by account it was we have to understand the bike. how is it joy? again, take like what you, it's surface area is comparable to that of many european countries may give you. so we cannot say that the whole of like my colleagues in crisis because, or there is no crisis a to all these things. some areas have real problems with it and especially those affected by human activities near towns, villages, and tourist facilities. you still look for your 99 percent of bike. how is the self

cleaning ecosystem food or anything that lands then naturally, any organic substance when blown dust and debris is quickly dissolved in the water due to the low level of mineral eyes ation to share the water and bind. com is almost distilled. i've got the kind of what remains is consumed by the local micro organism easily. so there is very little organic matter and like bike, how so the competition between the many endemic species is this sort of, that everything gets eaten up really. so bunco has a system of biological self purification, nice giving you that. so this is why the lakes water has stayed uniquely pure millions of years in some areas. however, yeah. human influence has exceeded the system's ability to purify itself to them, leading to various crises just through this mostly affect shallow um, so isolated box of the lake on it. but thank god, so far, bye call has managed to mitigate all the problems humans have created around

popular to a climate change. it's a big trigger for a lot of people. how does climate change affect life here and bye call. that was credit for goods, but global warming is a funny thing to talk about when you read like by college in winter, you see my account is a territory with a strongly continental climate. so the negative effects of global climate change. i felt here more than anywhere else from one uh, with a more climate anomalies with auto, some other than cold a winter's more winds and storms unusual. really just it's, it's almost because the relative balance of the climate is being upset on the bike . how has its own story to tell about global climate change? just a we'd be monitoring the lakes water temperature for more than 75 years. and we know that the average annual surface temperature is being rising because it's in 70 years. it has risen by more than one degree, which is

a lot for like as cold as bike how the changes in surface water temperature have a direct impact on so called primary production. that is, is the population of microscopic, all guy that live in the surface last then produce organic matter. if you just give me a co driving l guy decrease in number, he said while warm loving spaces increase, you do a press to if you have this leads to fundamental shift in by cos eco system, the serious i feel it's hard to say how this story will end up the quote on the one hand, like mike, how has undergone numerous climatic changes, but it used to be a tropical. they have not taken over and then it was covered in ice, completely different. but each of these changes brought dramatic shifts in the composition of the eco system. so the biological characteristics were the throughout his existence, human kind has witnessed the lake and one state. the state it is in today. if, if the state changes, i'm afraid that neither society,

nor the economy around by account will be prepared. especially if change happens quickly, but it's gonna let you know. so what research is need to do is find out what's happening and what to expect you to do. but uh, some things that i wanted to ask you about that you have a specific expertise in is a of some of the species here. and by call might be able to help scientists in medicine discover new antibiotics. tell me more about that with i think you guys could by kyle has unique, deep water for the deep building spaces of lake by call or an interesting phenomenon. but what do you see there is not much food down there. so you said the bottom organisms that go scavengers of don't have any other options, but to feed on decaying biomass, such as dead organisms. i use the off on this. so most of various infections. i should, as a result, there are thousands of scavenging organisms living at the lakes. both of them come

to produce antibiotics to come back various infections. they get with food. you can go and you could, the antibiotic substances, they use a concentrated effectively, me system. no one has ever looked into this before. no one has ever had access to these thousands of spaces with the highly effective via protection mechanisms against infections. so we picked this area for us that is about them. so once we started, i think we immediately came up on a vast number of potential anti microbial compounds and even describes a new class of antibiotics. units like color masons, i believe many more groups of anti microbial compounds produced by, by calls organisms and having potential for pharmaceutical applications will be found in the decades to comic even. it's a long way, of course, from the discovery and 1st characterization due to the pharmaceutical market and medical use i'm, i'm still on the park. the by california is a valuable source of potential bio active compounds coming with an anti microbial

effect reduced. uh okay, so i have to ask um almost as a novelty, but it's a really cool uh by cold ice caves, they're not found anywhere else. uh so why do we find ice case on this lake by go as you probably as me uh, by the water, is it by called a very low bomb. there's always something happening either due to strong, humid wins, which is the movement of the waves running into the shoreline and destroying its uh, video version of the lake shore. it is continued disjunction results in the formation of deep caves, middle and so in the going to them when bind cost us to freeze over when ice is full and it's usually the season of storms on by calm. as a matter of fact, the caves of showered with water from storms forming the breast, taking the beautiful ice, cortez famous on bye call. whether it be due to the unique, excessive value of the caves or fascinating tourist attractions. because i'm one of my calls, i conic landmarks you,

you think you have to see by calls ice case fee to at least one to send your lifetime. reason you gets an absolute must be they are really beautiful at the origin. garcia, the sound you here is lake by call, actually breathing. the bike call is enormous. it's as big as a european country like belgium. and i bet you're wondering how deep it is. exactly . well, it's more than one and a half kilometers deep at some points. to put this into perspective, you could measured with 2 birds, cody, 1st 3 and a half patrol his towers, and about 12 great pyramids of diesel. to discover what's under the ice of bye call, we're going to be joined by you go to canada. if he is a professional diver and scientist,

and he is actually down there right now when it comes back. he'll tell us the secrets of the depths of by called the fever. thank you very much for taking the time. i have to ask it's cold, it's dangerous. it's i see by the nature of it. so why do you do it? it knows and issue those stuff. well, humans are made in such a way that they get used to. and the thing is, what am i speaking to you when you feel the cold for the 1st 30 seconds? i mean, at the most of the cold bands you'll face, but everything else fails, but the normal well you start feeling cold. if you don't move enough underwater gradually. so you barely start freezing off the spending. so if you're 40 minutes

down the phone, you have the quote. speaking of how dangerous it is, the code itself isn't the main thing just to there are other factors that that shouldn't be overlooked for golf course that you should look at each level. and a jack install and his famous team, they even did their diving in by call in the winter time. what can you find under the ice during the winter that you can't find in the summer issue at the festival? once you find the areas clear rice, it's amazingly clear that we, when the ice isn't covered with snow, just to have a dive of floating underneath. i'm me to think a layer of ice go up and can see the face of a person standing on the ice. clearly, every feature dave, and if that person lives face down on the ice, only the diver will even be able to see the color of their eyes. you need the diameter of the pupils. simple. you're supposed to now imagine coming from smooth ice to an area full of pressure ridges and cracks with ice piling up to 10 meters thick, both on the surface and under the water imagined moving among those massive structuralism

shapes made device. and they're all transparent, right? the ice sparkling and playing and bright sunlight. the peak as long as you think we check your good. i the choosing where to dive is a big deal and it takes a lot of preparation. what goes into picking your spot and maintaining it, and how do you decide where you're going to die? that we do? we shift the window in the, during our day. this time i showed our goal was to pick, sponge loving, which would appear in great quantities at this time. if you had seen a lot of with that in mind, we picked anerio at the depth of what happened to 70 meters and move to watch the show. i was starting at the low, adaptive, what are you new? so it's all determined by the goal of the dive. the wind, for example, we can dive in an open lake when studying underwater entrust ation. now, now it's cold. yeah. so the layer of ice keeps going sick of by several centimeters each day. but virginia would one step process slows down the bottom side of the ice

. immediately it gets covered by a colossal amount of very as diet homeschool it's, it's like working among vegetable patches in a garden garage. there are many, in this case they are above you give me on the bottom surface of the ice when you see what kind of equipment does it take to keep you safe and to keep your drive down there and warm. it's like really great news. here's the kind of game we can use for diving in bunkerville. it's very seldom that we went soups here. so a drawing diving suit is a must have another must is a double regulate the valve that we're going to need to if that is. and that's all because of the cold water in a wet suit, you went last more than 15 to 20 minutes of this time. if you let me know, i'm going to use a dry suit which with as much layering as possible underneath, woke up to keep my body warm for a long time. but you a but they say why to recognize a valve. so as to mux you in cold water like this, a valve can start free flowing at any moment that is leading around. so for the

other thing, it can just cut off my air. one of a sudden that one of the tv is only have to be allowed and always ready to close the faulty valve and switch to the other one. so we always use double valve scuba, southern doesn't bike hel physically. are you ever scared? do you ever get frightening to from being down there? i mean, if something goes wrong, you're trapped under some pretty psychiatrist pushing and is, do you see the thickness of the ice? doesn't really matter here. but with whether the ice is this thick. well, this the kind of thing, so you're going to boat your don't even go up to the surface at any moment anyway, between the, the biggest challenge here is the close space. of course you see what, which guys, many people the moment they lose sight of the hole in the ice in the moment they can't see it, they start to panic, it would go. and as you see here, we die with a safety rope attached and then you go. number one for the deliver is not getting tangled in the row continues to commit to a person for the past. manning the safety rope, and the task is to keep it told so that he can feel the person on the other end of the road with the shift with the has to be

a constant connection horseman with another factor is the lack of life and or whatever the situation, you must be able to find your bearings on the want to bring it to. you must know where the hole in the ice is. not even if you can't see it, that's it. what difference or do you have a dream to go into the deepest spot of by call? i mean, if you could, i mean as a diver, it's difficult, but what would you find if you went to the absolute deepest spot of the lake? you think i've never been there look, see my level what i'm doing, my deepest dive to the bottom of by go in amend, mirror submersible. was that 1580 meters? once they have to see the board, a dining nations are incredibly interesting and you go with, especially for a biologist like me, go with me and i'm a biologist to fix the on a just know and my main object of study is the code of dia and scope ends in particular, and it's fascinating to observe. absolutely have more things to do with me, such as how the various organisms adapt to complete darkness and extreme pressure.

and yet, there are cases when i've been sick fish, those which west on the sea floor can easily can adapt in open water. studying the hydro, logical profile is also fascinating. he does gas emissions, for example. and the overall landscape that may seem to be as barren as the surface of the moon is driving with a life fuel. if you look closely at it. and that's under extreme pressure with patrick lies, extreme adaptation capabilities from living organisms that can mostly as, as to ask you about the same as black circles that appear on by call. some people think that they are us close or from extraterrestrial origins. oh, so what are the circles in reality and um, how does they form it? that's of most fascinating phenomenon here on like bike. how if any, more than you and you brought, and that's not just here, say, because it can be observed from hold it. and satellite images have been taken of those and known as fascinating rings. you know, the explanation is actually quite simple on one hand. and you should get on the

other. so there's this unique ecosystem within like by taught the unit with me saying is me guess yes, respect gas hydrate. so released proof fractures in the lake bed. methane hydrates on a solid compound is lighter than water and goes up to the surface of then solid. me things your turns into a gas. so if you have a piece of methane sediment, this small, the quote, it will cause contains churning of water at once. it reaches the surface and up all your costs, you're going up to the gas kept as large quantities of water from the bottom along the way. now let's think logically the gas carries a lot of deep water would be. water temperature under the ice is close to 0 by cool, maybe one degrees celsius of most would be knew what the temperature would great. the depth is constant at around $3.00 to $3.00 degrees celsius. so when the warmer wants, it goes up. it's evenly distributed in circles and melts the ice race course and

we're going and we hear a lot about environmental concerns about by calling that a lot of pollution keeps coming into the lake. when you're down under the ice, are you seeing the effects of this pollution is the other? what can you mean that the mutual researches have registered high concentrations of phosphates, fos for us and nitrogen in the areas of human economic activity. in these places, the underwater picture of change is granting now states i just need and realizing that all this is happening right in front of you and you can't do anything to stop, it can be really hard. i'm not a utopian. i'm an optimist. i'm showing that in the long run, we'll come to the realization at all levels, but it comes, go on like this. changes will follow. but once again, you don't think that lake by tells entire ecosystem is effected initially. that's not true. i'll give you a finger 23000 cubic kilometers. lake by tells voss quantities of water on capable of undoing the effects of incoming pollutants. but your colleagues told us that by

called fundamentally cleans itself as an echo system. musician with the will. it doesn't matter if the ecosystem can manage the negative effects on its own or not a that will see if there's damage. the balance is upset. we must help blake by cal coat. and let's not forget that the most endemic species, inhabited, narrow stretch along the shore. and as if we see that the endemic forms of life or else did, we must help and do everything we can to reverse the process of these us as humans, as a civilization that we don't you t a thank you very much. you go to this, been very interesting to hear your thoughts so i want you to stay safe and stay warm. okay, you're welcome to read the

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dates so failed to frame. still again, another promise not kept. in fact, the military alliance has no intention to bring to have been to nato. this is always been the box ukraine as an after thought conflicting a strategic defeat on russia as the the 1st time in history and meantime, country's culture has been cancelled. the very modern weapons council culture do need to ask one of the associated miles to the truck. it just means that in the one who puts the quote, the phrase now particularly refers to canceling russian culture. and yet the worst it could be of the orders that i have to bring in my folks to pittsville renewal

for these children. so of that goal is that most of the summer, it's yolanda m d m. we port rushes created the pos 1500 years. there's no questions, partially condemned, reviled and rejected to sit alone and you've set it up with somebody at the middle of panel. there's a lot, i don't know because i don't know who does it. i guess it a little, some of this is joining total comes of nation grows daily and now including those to instigate to go skate shostakovich that the i need to. yeah. of course to left the sheet of those things that would just be on the w. i'm really, you're shipping

a new world order to gather even more countries seek to join, breaks that test. 6 more are invited into the blog and during the last day of the assignment in south africa with new member sharing their excitement on opportunities brought by the move, the we highly appreciated the approval of breaks leaders for inviting the u. a during the organization that affects being part of brakes strengthens us and does not exclude all the instances of integration. that i'd like to welcome to step taken today by breaks to expand it to membership, which i believe we have made that we're going to zation more effect different capital if expressing insights as international level protests erupt in japan and south korea after waste water is released from the.