just wanted speak to scotts and thank you very much for that. the news rate by call, a magical place, fantastical ice clean water is a dramatic geography. and of course, a unique echo system which has developed over the past 25 to 35000000 years. and of course, a place like this, just the seconds you to come and experience at all for yourself

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to discover what this amazing ice is all about. we're going on board. this hovercraft 10. will be joined by biologist maxime to say, if he's been studying the wonders of bye call and how it can contribute to modern science, and he'll be our guide today the, the maxine hi. thanks for meeting us out here. the incredible view i can say, tell me 1st about bye call. it's pretty old. in fact, we don't really know how old, but at least up to 35000000 years old. why is it so different from other lakes and it shows no sign of drawing out what's the key to its longevity, budgets to nobody go or she for the yes bank i always ancient an estimated to be around 25 to 35000000 years old. but the,

it's the most or 2nd most ancient lake on our planet, about a key feature of bike how farmer is it. it doesn't really get older, like all the legs jumped up like it is constantly growing. i'm any continental like slowly fades of people in the moment it appears they feel with sill in a process called sedimentation many little by little sediment fills the like to the top and it's no more of a live in by come settlements also accumulates, unlike other continental lakes by it constantly widens with those by count is of take tonic origin, you will, it's a risk, blake, the good that for us to be in the rift in the us crust is constantly growing as well. so every year bank call is getting deep biased send to me, so we can plug in, they have and break. the settlement doesn't accumulate fast enough. go up to outpace the legs gross. each year by account gets deeper and wider by a sense means or 2. so that the, it's believe by call will become part of the ocean in the future that it go tearing

the continent of you raise your punch just and joining the arctic ocean. they've just heard you correctly. does that mean you think that do this eventually will become part of the ocean? that yes, this is a hypothesis such a waste of after the humidity, probably they wouldn't be around to witness it. so it will take tens or hundreds of millions of years by go, but geologically by call is a few to ocean through, at some point in the future, but they won't be any like by co would, but it by called fuel instead. so here's my question about the earthquakes. we know that that happened all the time around here because of this continental rift. we know that in 1959, one of these earthquakes deepens a lake by 20 meters. we know that recently there was just another earthquake. do we expect any more big post clicks to happen here? very clearly. uh bacon. my call is constantly growing. so as quakes that he had daily gas meet every day, we have dozens of them with. but we were just the only

a few strong to us quakes happen every few months. if we had one just this week, it was magnitude 5. you and we all felt it or didn't somewhere. right? really was if you aren't afraid of a little shaking. so if we don't expect any massive earthquakes, because by col relieve this, a symmetric pressure go up by them, it doesn't accumulate here. no massive energy release is going to happen on the bus to go. instead, it's gradual. we've adjusted to this with his center. they have have delays to go, we should definitely check. cool. let's take a walk and see what else we can find around this great big like the selection you, if you take a piece of by call ice is astonishingly clear. uh, why is that? i mean, in some places you can see up to 40 meters through the ice, both almost the by kindly of, of our gene cheese that the water is pristine and bye call. me know, realize ation here is under $100.00 milligrams, police

a super which is extremely low. okay. it's super fresh water. we've been close to distilled here on a very few organic components dissolved in it on. it's not just clear, it's so clear that you can drink it and you post it. so when it freezes, the ice is as transparent as glass and oklahoma mystical. so obviously not here, but there are some famous bubbles and cracks that we can see under the ice. what are those cracks? what are they made of? move for me, i'm to guess is frozen and bike, how have different origins, festival fuel the simple smo me saying other gas sources at the bottom of the lake in places where the concentration is high cavities image and the ice pool is sometimes so big or you can fall into one already, but they usually say he does up on the ice is very strong. it can hold people, it can to hold trucks that can hold massive vehicles. but at the same time, we see fissures and cracks all over the lake. is this fe for us to be out here?

the new grand yes of the show. in some places you must watch a stem of the, the on places where the ice is constantly moving, by giving us some cranks always move when the ice sheet is foaming through creating cavities that are in fact good for local, for not the feels in by call use them to survive under the thick layer of ice and i was looking at it in general, but the lake is quite safe during certain periods, like in february and march, when you can walk and even drive across the bike, how freely before and after that. you have to be very careful about the age, as i understand it by colleagues, home to about 3500 endemic species, unique to bye call, which is more than any other lake in the world. why is it so special? here? is it because of the size of the lake and the other with the other words who's i'd say is the age to baker by kyle is not simply big. it's ancient, of course and, but it's based on is over 25 to 35000000 years old. or is it

a make over that time the phone has evolved greatly if it was born at some point ancient womb by own animals lived here a baker, then ancient code biome animals and their phone. a lot has happened over at sloan history, which affected the bio diversity of the late mobile abuse. then there's it's sheer size by kyle is simply so big that unique species conform in different parts of the lake. episode thought of some little closer to the surface. otherwise, some live at the coast line, run that by some like in the extreme depths, like 1.5 going to meet this down by call is 1642 meters deep. if it were even of the deepest points because of a unique life forms exist, that'd be to go in the spaces and those biomes. another like living and the more buried habitats you have, the mode of the for the color. now that's the reason. so many species exist in the lake system that we suspect the surface has barely been scratched. the conservative

estimates suggest only half of online forms in the lake have been discovered. what's unconverted, while optimistic estimates suggest only attends unknown to us half of the screw distance. so we hear about environmental crisis here, and by call from time to time, you said that the weights can actually clean itself. how does that work? uh, good. i'm a good info when we talk about the environmental crisis around by cause we have to understand the bike. how is it joined? can take like, look here, its surface area is comparable to that of many european countries may give you. so we cannot say that the whole of like by causing crisis because for there is no crisis a tool to use and you know, some areas have real problems with it. and especially those affected by human activities near towns, villages, and tourist facilities. you still 499 percent of bike off is a self cleaning ecosystem, food or anything that lands the naturally, any organic substance when blown dust and debris is quickly dissolved in the water

due to the low level of mentor eyes ation to share the water in bind. com is almost distilled. i've got the kind of what remains is consumed by the local micro organisms or the so there is very little organic matter and like bike house. so the competition between the many endemic species is this sort of that everything gets eaten up really. so blanco has a system of biological self purification stimulated. that's going with this is why the lakes water has stayed uniquely pure millions of years in some areas. however. yeah, human influence has exceeded the system's ability to purify itself to them, leading to various crises just through this mostly of fact, shallow arms or isolated parts of the lake on it. but thank god, so far, bye call has managed to mitigate all the problems. humans have created the popular toyota climate change. it's a big trigger for a lot of people. how does climate change affects life here in bye call.

that was cut off for guys, but global warming is a funny thing to talk about when you read like by college in winter, you see my account is a territory with a strongly continental climate. so the negative effects of global climate change. i felt here more than anywhere else from one uh, we'll see more climate anomalies with also some of those in code. a winters more wins and storms unusual. really just it's, it's all because the relative balance of the climate is being upset on the bike. how has its own story to tell about global climate change? just a we'd be monitoring the lakes water temperature for more than 75 years. and we know that the average annual surface temperature is being rising in 70 years. it has risen by more than one degree, which is a lot for like as cold as bike how the changes in surface water temperature have

a direct impact on so called primary production. that is, is the population of microscopic, all guy that live in the surface last and produce organic matter. what is to be is stupid to be a co driving l guy decreasing number. he said, while warm loving spaces increase your price. if you have this leads to fundamental shift in by cost eco system, the serious, i think it's hard to say how this story will end up. the cool on the one hand, like mike, how has undergone numerous climatic changes, but it used to be a tropical land, and then it was covered in ice completely. but each of these changes brought dramatic shifts in the composition of the eco system. so the biological characteristics, when the throughout his existence, human kind has witnessed the lake and one state, the state it is in today. if, if the state changes, i'm afraid that neither society know the economy around bike, how will be prepared, especially if change happens quickly,

but it's gonna let you know. so what research is need to do is find out what's happening for them and what to expect to be the. something that i wanted to ask you about that you have a specific expertise in is uh some of the species here and by call might be able to help scientists in medicine, discover new antibiotics. tell me more about that with i think you guys could bike, how has unique, deep water phone on the deep building spaces of lake bike are an interesting phenomenon. but what do you see there is not much food down there. so you said the bottom organisms that goes cabbages of don't have any of the options, but to feed on decaying biomass, such as dead organisms. i use the off on this. so most of various infections as a, as a result and people, there are thousands of scavenging organisms living at the lakes. both of them come to produce antibiotics to combat various infections. they get with food. if you go in and you got the antibiotic substances, they use a concentrated effectively,

me system, no one has ever looked into this before. no one has ever had access to these thousands of spaces with the highly effective via protection mechanisms against infections. so we picked this area far as that is about them. so once we started, i think we immediately came up on a vast number of potential anti microbial compounds and even describes a new class of antibiotics. units like color me, since i believe many more groups of anti microbial compounds produced by, by calls organisms and having potential for pharmaceutical applications will be found in the decades to comic. even though it's a long way, of course, from the discovery and 1st characterization to the pharmaceutical market, a medical use um, but still on the bike how phone is a valuable source of potential bio active compounds to come in with an anti microbial effect. it's pretty good. okay, so i have to ask um almost as a novelty,

but it's a really cool uh, by cold ice case. they're not found anywhere else. so why do we find ice case on this lake? by going by the, as me, uh, by the world is it by called a very low bond. there's always something happening either due to strong, humid wins or to the movement of the waves running into the show line and destroying it. video version of the lake shore is continued. disjunction results in the formation of deep caves, middle and so in the autumn when bind cost us to freeze over when ice is formed, vegas is usually the season of storms on by calm. as a matter of fact, the caves of showered with water from storms forming the breast, taking the beautiful ice cortez famous on bye call. whether it be due to the unique or ascetic value of the caves or fascinating tourist attractions. because i'm one of my calls, iconic landmarks the you have to see by cause eyes caves for you to at least one of the send your lifetime route and you will get to the app. so it must be,

they are really beautiful. i thought you go through the sound you hear is lake by call, actually breathing. the bike call is enormous. it's as big as a european country like belgium. and i bet you're wondering how deep it is. exactly . well, it's more than one and a half kilometers deep. at some points, to put this into perspective, you could measured with 2 birds, cody flights, 3 and a half at patrol his towers. and about 12 great pyramids of keys up to discover what's under the ice of bye call. we're going to be joined by you go to canada, if he is a professional diver and scientist, and he is actually down there right now when he comes back, he'll tell us the secrets of the depths of by called

the us. thank you very much for taking the time. i have to ask it's cold, it's dangerous. it's i see by the nature of it. but why do you do it? knows and issue those stuff. well, humans a, made them such a way that they get used to. and the thing is, what, let's see. can you any feel the cold for the 1st? 30 seconds was a minute of most of the cold bends you'll face, but everything else feels but the normal. you start feeling cold. if you don't move enough underwater goodness of your brand. new stock. freezing off the spending, so if you're 40 minutes down the phone, your liquid, speaking of how dangerous it is, the cold itself isn't the main thing just to there are other factors that that

shouldn't be overlooked. well, for us that you should look at each level a jack install and his famous team, they even did their diving in by call in the winter time. what can you find under the ice during the winter that you can find in the summer issue at the festival? once you find the areas clear rice, it's amazingly clear that which when the ice isn't covered with snow, this is a dive of floating underneath a meet a thick layer of ice, go up and can see the face of a person standing on the ice. clearly, every feature dave, and if that person lives face down on the ice, only the diver will even be able to see the color of their eyes. so you need the diameter of the pupils simple. you're supposed to now imagine coming from smooth ice into an area full of pressure. ridge is incorrect with ice piling up to 10 meters thick, both on the surface and under the water imagined moving among all those massive structure. some shapes may device be and they're all transparent as the next,

the ice sparkling and playing and bright sunlight. the key components. nicholas check you with you. good. i choosing where to dive is a big deal and it takes a lot of preparation. what goes into picking your spot and maintaining it, and how do you decide where you're going to die, that we can uh, we shift the window in the, during our dive. this time i showed our goal was to pick, sponge loving, which would appear in great quantities at this time. if you seen a lot of with that in mind, we picked an area with the depth of what happened to 70 meters and move towards the show. i know it's starting at the low a depth what are your new so it's all determined by the goal of the dive. the wind, for example, we can dive in an open lake when studying under water interest ation. now it's cold . yeah. so the layer of ice keeps going stick up by several centimeters each day. but we're doing a good one step process lows down the bottom side of the ice immediately. it gets covered by a colossal amount to vary as don't have to homeschool. if it's like walking among

vegetable patches in a garden, garage their own, in this case they are above you. on the bottom surface of the ice nuclear facility . what kind of equipment does it take to keep you safe and to keep your drive down there and warm? a white gully, green you. here's the kind of good we can use for diving in bunkerville. it's very seldom that we wear wetsuits here. so a drawing diving suit is a must invest another mazda is a double regulate the valve that we're going to need to lift those at them. and that's all because of the cold water that kind of went. so you went last more than 15 to 20 minutes. of this time, if you can let me know, i'm going to use a dry suit with, with as much layering as possible and denise to keep my body warm for a long time. but they say why to regulate the valves for us to mux you in cold water like this, a valve can start free flowing at any moment that is leading around. so there's stuff with another thing. it can just cut off my air. one of a sudden i'm one of the tv, so i have to be alone and always ready to close the faulty valve and switch to the

other one. so we always use double valve scubas selling those in bike. how physically are you ever scared? do you ever get frightening to from being down there? i mean, if something goes wrong, you're trapped under some pretty sick ice ocean and is this me the thickness of the ice? doesn't really matter here with whether the ice is this thick. well this, that kind of thing, so you're going to boat your don't even go up to the surface at any moment. anyway, we came up with the biggest challenge. here is the close space. of course you can see what, which can as many people the moment they lose sight of the hole in the ice and in the moment they can't see it. they still have to panic. look going. as you see here, we die with a safety rope attached according to your goal. number one for the deliver is not getting tangled in the ro continue speaking with the upper us the for the past. manning, the safety rope, the task is to keep it told. so that he can feel the person on the other end of the room, you should have that with the has to be a constant connection. the hosting with another factor is the lack of life. for whatever the situation, you must be able to find your bearings on the want to bring it to. you must know

where the hole in the ice is. not even if you can't see it. that's it. what this was a, do you have a dream to go into the deepest spot of by call? i mean, if you could, i mean as a diver, it's difficult, but what would you find if you went to the absolute deepest spot of the lake? you think i've never been there look, see my level, what was the my deepest dive to the bottom of by go in amend, mirror submersible. was that 1580 meters? lots that to see read the board a dining nations are incredibly interesting and you go with, especially for a biologist like me, go with me and i'm a biologist to fix the on the test. and my main object of study is the code of dia and scope ends. in particular. it's fascinating to observe, absolutely have with things such as how various organisms adapt to complete darkness and extreme pressure. remember that you and you have, there are cases when i've been sick fish, those which west on the sea floor, and you can adapt in open water studying the hydro. logical profile is also

fascinating. he does gas emissions, for example, and the overall landscape that may seem to be as barren as the surface of the moon is driving with a life fuel. if you look closely at it with you, and that's under extreme pressure with that requires extreme adaptation capabilities from living organisms to that can mostly of the, as to ask you about the same as black circles that appear on by call. some people think that they are us flows or from extraterrestrial origins. oh, so what are the circles in reality and um, how does they form it? as of most fascinating phenomenon here on lake by count and then yours, and you and your brother, and that's not just here say, because it can be observed from hold it. and satellite images have been taken of those enormous, fascinating rings. you know, the explanation is actually quite simple on one hand and you should get on the other. there's this unique ecosystem within like bikes. do you know what me saying

is me guess? yeah. respect, gas hydrate. so released through fractures in the lake bed, methane hydrates on a solid compound is lighter than water and goes up to the surface of then solid me things, you know, times it's a gas. so if you have a piece of methane settlement this small, the quote it will cause contains churning of once at once. it reaches the surface on the steel, going up like the gas kept as large quantities of water from the bottom along the way. now let's think logically the gas carries a lot of deep water would be. water temperature under the ice is close to 0. cool. maybe one degree celsius of most would be new. would like with the temperature with great, the depth is constant at around $3.00 to $3.00 degrees celsius. so when the woman water goes up, it's evenly distributed in circles and smells the ice brace court ruling. and we hear a lot about environmental concerns about by calling that a lot of pollution keeps coming into the lake. when you're down under the ice,

are you seeing the effects of this pollution is the other thing is that the mutual researches have registered high concentrations of phosphates, fos for us, and nitrogen in the areas of human economic activity. in these places, the underwater picture of change is brand new. now state that you're speaking and realizing that all this is happening right in front of you and you can't do anything to stop, it can be really hard. i'm not a utopian. i'm an optimist. i'm showing that in the long run, we'll come to the realization at all levels, but it comes, go on like this. changes will follow. but once again, i don't think that the leg by colors, entire ecosystem is affected, and usually that's not true. i'll give you a finger 23000 cubic kilometers, lake blank health voss quantities of water on capable of undoing the effect of incoming pollutants. but your colleagues told us that by called fundamentally cleans itself as an echo system. musician with the it doesn't matter if the

ecosystem can manage the negative effect on its own or not. i will see if there's damage. the balance is upset. we must help lake by cal coat, and let's not forget that the most and demik speak easy and habit to narrow stretch along the shore. but as if we see that the endemic forms of life or else did, we must help and do everything we can to reverse the process of these us as humans, as a civilization that we don't you t thank you very much. you go to, it's been very interesting to hear your thoughts. i want to you to stay safe and stay warm. okay, you're welcome to read the

such a high quality of life to my destination is having the necessary conditions on those point of view or emotion in terms of the number of hours available in a week or contact can being pretty sure which in which is why i would say to be

conscious of your existence, what about take is of transcend device or existence or it would pretty sure if you all the adults and you means one thing or what's not going to create them with you purchased it. mean to know that some way. so if the, if you're a stomach or a new potomac, you need something else. just add o without to see you are essentially a mundane person and shy. pronounce that as well. so the, [000:00:00;00] the on july, the 8th 1941 german troops entered the stone here from the south. soviet soldiers

and civilians full of the enemy courageously on the stony and soil go with thousands of casualties. fold up their own to us wants to. but we are giving you 52, i get the i'm not sure the party or what city of even that's the beauty we bought. the what is pushing that during the years following the soviet victory, a large number of monuments, loveless and burial sites were rented to on of those who had fallen in the wall. at the c s. however, recently, many of them have either been demolished vandalized or completely neglected as a result of the, of those who do their best to preserve once it left to the memory. so as to prevent rewrite history and re made consciousness profile for the labs. because the good for you to,

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