a slight change and whatever you do, don't want my shelves to stay main street because i'm probably going to make you comfortable. my show is called stretching time. but again, you probably don't wanna watch it because it might just change the way you think the the late by call a magical place, fantastical ice clean water is a dramatic geography. and of course, a unique echo system which is developed over the past 25 to 35000000 years. and of course, a place like this, just the seconds you to come and experience it all for yourself, the

to discover what this amazing ice is all about. we're going on board. this hovercraft 10. will be joined by biologist maxime to say, if he's been studying the wonders of bye call and how it can contribute to modern science, and he'll be our guide today the the next am hi. hi, thanks for meeting us out here. um, incredible view, i can say tell me 1st about buy call. it's pretty old. in fact, we don't really know how old, but at least up to 35000000 years old. why is it so different from other lakes and it shows no sign of drawing out what's the key to its longevity, budgets to nobody go? or she said yes, bank i always ancient an estimated to be around 25 to 35000000 years old. of it's the most or 2nd most ancient lake on our planet. the key feature of by called

farmer is that it doesn't really get older, like all the lakes is the plug into. it's constantly growing. glom any continental like, slowly fades up in the moment. it appears they feel with silt in a process called sedimentation that a little by little sediment fills the like to the top and it's no more of a wind by com. settlement also accumulates, unlike other continental lakes, it constantly widens with those by count is of tech tonic origin. you will, it's a rift blake. you did that for us to be on the rift in the us crossed is constantly growing. so every year bank call is getting deep biased send to me, so we can plug in the break. settlement doesn't accumulate fast enough. go up to outpace the legs, growth h e a by account gets deep and wide by a sense to me, to or to so that the, it's probably by call will become part of the ocean in the future. that it go tearing the continent of you, raise your pond just on joining the arctic ocean. if i just heard you correctly,

does that mean you think that do this eventually will become part of the ocean? that yes, this is a hypothesis such a waste of after the humidity, probably they wouldn't be around to witness it. so it will take tens or hundreds of millions of years by girl, but geologically by call is a few to ocean through. at some point in the future, but they won't be any like by co would but it by called fuel instead. so here's my question about the earthquakes. we know that that happened all the time around here because of this continental risk. we know that in 1959, one of these earthquakes deepens the lake by 20 meters. we know that recently there was just another earthquake. do we expect any more big clicks to happen here? regularly? uh bacon. my call is constantly growing. so as quakes here, daily gases, every day we have dozens of them. good. but we would just the only if you have a stronger earthquakes happen every few months. if we had one just this week it was

magnitude 5. you and we all felt it or didn't somewhere, right, really was if you aren't afraid of a little shaking. so we don't expect any massive earthquakes because by col relieve this, a symmetric pressure go up by them. it doesn't accumulate here. no massive energy release is going to happen on the bus to go. instead, it's gradual. we've adjusted to this with his center. they have have a scholarship, definitely check. a cool. let's take a walk and see what else we can find around this great big lake. the selection, if you take a piece of bike call ice is astonishingly clear. uh, why is that? i mean, in some places you can see up to 40 meters through the ice, but almost a by kindly, by that what you choose to the water is pristine. and by call, me know, realize ation here is under 100 milligrams, police super which is extremely low. okay, it's super fresh water,

super close to distilled here on the 30 few again, it components are dissolved in it on the it's not just clear, it's simply a that you can drink it and you post it. so when it freezes, the ice is as transparent as glass, so it's been built before the mystical. so obviously not here, but there are some famous bubbles and cracks that we can see under the ice. what are those cracks? what are they made of? move for me, i'm to guess is frozen and by call have different origins. festival fuel the simple smo me saying other gas sources at the bottom of the lake, in places where the concentration is high cavities image and the ice pool is sometimes so big, or you can phone into one already. but they usually say he does up on the ice is very strong. it can hold people, it can to hold trucks that can hold massive vehicles. but at the same time, we see fissures and cracks all over the lake is this day for us to be out here?

a new grand? yes, the new show. in some places you must watch a stem of the, the on places where the ice is constantly moving, by giving us some cranks always move when the ice sheet is foaming through creating cavities that are in fact good for local, for not the seals. and by call used them to survive under the thick layer of ice, and i was looking at it in general. but the lake is quite safe during certain periods, like in february and march, when you can walk and even drive across the bike, how freely before and after that. you have to be very careful and that's what these as i understand it by colleagues, home to about 3500 endemic species, unique to bye call, which is more than any other like in the world. why is it so special? here? is it because of the size of the lake? and the other one is the other words who's i'd say is the age to baker by kyle is not simply big. it's ancient, of course, and, but it's based on is over 25 to 35000000 years old,

or is that i make over that time the phone has evolved greatly at some point ancient, warm biome animals lived here. and then ancient code biome animals and their phone, a lot has happened over at sloan history, which affected the bio diversity of the lake view. then there's it's sheer size by kyle is simply so big. that unique space is conform in different parts of the lake episode thought of some little closer to the surface. some live at the coast line, some like in the extreme depths, like 1.5 going to meet this down by call is 1642 meters deep. if it were, even though the deepest points because of a unique life forms exist, that'd be to go in the spaces and those biomes. another like with the and the more varied habitats you have, the mode of the phone uh, color it and that, that's the reason. so many species exist in the lake and we suspect the surface has barely been scratched. but the conservative estimates suggest only half of all life

forms in the lake have been discovered most uncompleted. while optimistic estimates suggest only attends unknown to us. please disagree with this task. and so we hear about environmental crisis here. and by call from time to time, you said that the weight can actually clean itself. how does that work? uh, let me go ahead and when we talk about the environmental prices around by account there was, we have to understand the bike. how is it joy again, take like look here, its surface area is comparable to that of many european countries mug of you. so we cannot say that the home of like by college and crisis, but you can or that there is no crisis a tool to use and you know, some areas have real problems with it. and especially those affected by human activities, new towns, villages, and tourist facilities. you still look for your 99 percent of bike is a self cleaning eco system to do anything that lands then naturally, any organic substance when blown dust and debris is quickly dissolved in the water

due to the low level of mentor. all eyes ation. i just shared the water and bind. com is almost distilled hook up though to kind of what remains is consumed by the local micro organisms or the. so there is very little organic matter and like bike, how so the competition between the many and demick species is this sort of, that everything gets eaten up really. so bunco has a system of biological self purification needs to be able to that's what this is, why the lakes won't his state uniquely pure the millions of years in some areas. however, yeah, human influence has exceeded the system's ability to purify itself to the leading to various crises, just through this mostly affect shallow arms or isolated parts of the lake on it. but thank god, so far by call has managed to mitigate all the problems. humans have created to the popular to a climate change. it's a big trigger for a lot of people. how does climate change affect life here and bye call.

that was cut off the guys, but global warming is a funny thing to talk about when you read like by called in winter, you see one account is a territory with a strongly continental climate. the so the negative effects of global climate change. i felt here more than anyone else come on, we'll see more climate anomalies. we've talked to some of those encoder winters. more winds and storms unusual. really just, it's a, it's all because the relative balance of the climate is being upset on a bike. how has its own story to tell about global climate change if we'd be monitoring the lakes, wanted temperature for more than 75 years? and we know that the average annual surface temperature is being rising in 70 years . it has risen by more than one degree, which is a lot for like as cold, as by capa. changes in surface water temperature have a direct impact on so called primary production. that is,

is the population of microscopic, all guy that live in the surface last and produce organic matter when it is stupid to be a co driving l guy decreasing number. he said, while warm loving spaces increase your price. if you have this leads to fundamental shift in by cost eco system, the serious, i feel it's hard to say how this story will end up. the cool, on the one hand, like mike, how has undergone numerous climatic changes for you? it used to be a tropical, they have not taken over and then it was covered in ice, completely different. but each of these changes brought dramatic shifts in the composition of the eco system. so the biological characteristics were the throughout his existence, human kind has witnessed the lake and one state. the state it is in today. if, if the state changes, i'm afraid that neither society know the economy around bike, how will be prepared, especially if change happens quickly, but it's gonna let you know. so what research is need to do is find out what's

happening for them and what to expect. you to give me some things that i wanted to ask you about, that you have a specific expertise in is uh some of the species here and by call might be able to help scientist and medicine discover new antibiotics. tell me more about that. but i think you guys could bike, how has unique, deep water phone on the deep building spaces of lake bike are an interesting phenomenon of what do you see there is not much food down there. so you said the boss of organisms, because gavin just don't have any other options, but to feed on decaying biomass, such as dead organisms. i use the all from the source of various infections as a, as a result and people, there are thousands of scavenging organisms living at the lakes. both of them come to produce antibiotics to combat various infections. they get with food. if you go in and you got the antibiotic substances, they use a concentrated effectively,

me system, no one has ever looked into this before. no one has ever had access to these thousands of spaces with the highly effective via protection mechanisms against infections. so we picked this area far as that is about them. but once we started, we immediately came up on a vast number of potential anti microbial compounds and even describes a new class of antibiotics. units like color masons, i believe many more groups of anti microbial compounds produced by, by calls organisms and having potential for pharmaceutical applications will be found in the decades to comic. even though it's a long way, of course, from the discovery and 1st characterization could be to the pharmaceutical market a medical use um, but still on the bi, california from is a valuable source of potential bio active compounds to come in with an anti microbial effect rigid okay, so i have to ask um almost as a novelty, but it's a really cool uh by cold ice case. they're not found anywhere else. so why do we

find ice case on this lake? by going, by the years me a break. the world is it by call a very low bottom, and there's always something happening either due to strong, humid wins or to the movement of the waves running into the shoreline and destroying its uh, video version of the lake shore. it is continued disjunction results in the formation of deep caves, primarily. so in the autumn when bind cost us to freeze over when ice is full and it's usually the season of storms on by call of the middle. the caves is showered with water from storms forming the breast, taking the beautiful ice cortez famous on bye call. whether it be due to the unique or dyslexic value in the caves are fascinating, tourist attractions because i'm one of my calls. i conduct landmarks the you have to see by cause eyes k, o c to at least one to send your lifetime. you know, it's an app, so it must be. they are really beautiful. i thought you go through the

sound you here is lake by call. actually breathing, the bike call is enormous. it's as big as a european country, like belgium. and i bet you're wondering how deep it is. exactly. well, it's more than one and a half kilometers deep at some points. to put this into perspective, you could measured with 2 birds, cody foot, 3 and a half at patrol his towers, and about 12 great pyramids of keys up to discover what's under the ice of bye call . we're going to be joined by you go to canada. if he is a professional diver and scientist, and he is actually down there right now, when it comes back, he'll tell us the secrets of the depths of by called the

beaver. thank you very much for taking the time. i have to ask, it's cold, it's dangerous. it's, are you seeing by the nature of it? and why do you do it? knows and issue those stuff? well, humans are made in such a way that they get used to. and the thing is, what, let's say to you when you feel the cold for the 1st 30 seconds with a minute of most of the cold bends you'll face. but everything else fails, but the normal you start feeling cold. if you don't move enough underwater gradually. so you barely start freezing off the spending, so if you're 40 minutes down the phone, you liquid. speaking of how dangerous it is, the code itself isn't the main thing just to there are other factors that shouldn't

be overlooked. well, for us to finish looking at each level a jack install and his famous team, they even did their diving in by call in the winter time. what can you find under the ice during the winter that you can't find in the summer issue at the festival? once you find the areas clear rice, it's amazingly clear uh that which when the ice isn't covered with snow, just you have a dive of floating underneath a meet a thick layer of ice, go up and can see the face of a person standing on the ice clearly, every feature that you do for that person lives face down on the ice, only the diver will even be able to see the color of their eyes. so you need the diameter of the pupils. simple. you're supposed to now imagine coming from smooth ice to an area full of pressure ridges and cracks with ice piling up to 10 meters thick, both on the surface and onto the water, imagined moving among all those massive structure of some shape, some a device be and they're all transparent as the right to the ice sparkling and playing and bright sunlight. to be up to control. nick,

we check you with the good i choosing where to dive is a big deal and it takes a lot of preparation. what goes into picking your spot and maintaining it, and how do you decide where you're going to die? that we do? we shift the window in the, during our dive. this time i showed a goal was to pick, sponge loving, which would appear in great quantities at this time. if you have seen a lot of with that in mind, we picked an area with the depth of 110 to 70 meters, and move towards the shore, starting at the low adapt. what are you new? so it's all determined by the goal of the dive. the wind, for example, we can dive in an open lake when studying underwater entrust ation. now, now it's cold. yeah. so the layer of ice keeps going stick up by several centimeters each day. but virginia would, one step process slows down the bottom side of the ice. immediately it gets covered by a colossal amount of very, as don't have to homeschool it's, it's like walking among vegetable patches in a garden crush. the only in this case they are above you,

even on the bottom surface of the ice, we need to see what kind of equipment does it take to keep you safe and to keep your drive down there and warm. it's like really great news. here's the kind of good we can use for diving in bunkerville. it's very seldom that we went suits here, so it dried diving suit is a must have a not the most is a double regulate the valve that we're going to need to lift those without them. and that's all because of the cold water, the gonna which suit you one class more than 15 to 20 minutes of this time. if you can let me know, i'm going to use a dry suit which with as much layering as possible underneath. ok to keep my body warm for a long time, but you a but they say why to recognize a valve for us to mux you in cold water like this, a valve comstock free flowing at any moment that is leading around so that another thing it can just cut off my air, one of a sudden i'm one of the tv, so i have to be alone and always ready to close the faulty valve and switch to the other one. so we always use double valve scuba,

southern doesn't bike health physically. are you ever scared? do you ever get frightening to from being down there? i mean, if something goes wrong, you're trapped under some pretty sick ice ocean and is this the, the thickness of the ice doesn't really matter here with weather the ice is this thick. well, this the kind of thing, so if you come to boat, you a, don't even go up to the surface at any moment anyway, between the the biggest challenge here is the close space. of course you can see what, which guys, many people the moment they lose sight of the hole in the ice in the moment they can't see it. they still have to panic, it would go. and as you see here, we've done with a safety rope attached and then you go. number one for the deliver is not getting tangled in the row continues to commit to a person for the past. manning the safety rope, and the task is to keep it taught so that he can feel the person on the other end of the road with the shift with the has to be a constant connection with the horseman with another factor is the lack of life for whatever the situation, you must be able to find your bearings under warranty. you must know where the hole

in the ice is not even if you can't see it. that's it. so, do you have a dream to go into the deepest spot of by call? i mean, if you could, i mean as a diver, it's difficult, but what would you find if you went to the absolute deepest spot of the lake? you think i've never been there? look, see my level, what is the my deepest dive to the bottom of bike go in? amend mirrors of muscle was at 1580 meters. lots of data c, d porter. dumping missions are incredibly interesting, especially for a biologist like me. go with them, i'm a biologist to fix the on a test. and my main objective study is the code to dia and scope ends in particular . and it's fascinating to observe. absolutely have were things such as how the various organisms adapt to complete darkness. an extreme pressure, remember that you and you have, there are cases when i've been sick fish, those which west on the sea floor and you can adapt in open water studying the

hydro. logical profile is also fascinating. he does gas emissions, for example, the overall landscape that may seem to be as barren as the surface of the moon. and you have is thriving with a life fuel. if you look closely at it with you and that's under extreme pressure with the direct line is extreme adaptation capabilities from living organisms to that can mostly as, as to ask you about the same as black circles that appear on by call. some people think that they are us flows or from extraterrestrial origins. oh, so what are the circles in reality? and um, how does a form in the that's a most fascinating phenomenon here on lake bike. how if any, more than you and you brought, and that's not just here, say, because it can be observed from whole bit. and satellite images have been taken of those enormous, fascinating rings. you know, the explanation is actually quite simple on one hand. and you should get on to the other. there's this unique ecosystem within like bikes. do you know what me saying is? yes, yes. respect,

gas hydrates are released through fractures in the lake bed. uh me, saying hydrates on a solid compound is lighter than water and goes up to the surface of then solid. me things your turns into a gas. so if you have a piece of methane sediment, this small quote, it will cause contains churning of water at once. it reaches the surface on your close to going up like the gas kept as large quantities of water from the bottom along the way. now let's think logically, the gas carries a lot of deep water would be. water temperature under the ice is close to 0, or maybe one degrees celsius of most would be knew what the temperature would great . the depth is constant at around $3.00 to $3.00 degrees celsius. so when the woman water goes up, it's evenly distributed in circles and smells the ice brace. good morning and we hear a lot about environmental concerns about by calling that a lot of pollution keeps coming into the lake. when you're down under the ice, are you seeing the effects of this pollution is the of the game you have to meet

your researches of registered high concentrations of phosphates, fos for us, and nitrogen in the areas of human economic activity. in these places, the, under most a picture of change is brand new, no states, i just need to and realizing that all this is happening right in front of you and you can't do anything to stop, it can be really hard. i'm not a utopian. i'm an optimist. i'm showing that in the long run. we'll come to the realization at all levels. but it comes go on like this. changes will follow. but once again, you don't think that lake by colors entire ecosystem is effective and usually that's not true. i'll give you a finger 23000 cubic kilometers like blank how's voss? quantities of water on capable of undoing the effect of incoming pollutants. but your colleague told us that by called fundamentally cleans itself as an echo system . musician with the will. it doesn't matter if the ecosystem can manage the

negative effects on its own own, not a shift as damage. the balance is upset. we must help blake by cal coat. and let's not forget that the most endemic species, inhabited, narrow stretch along the shore. but as if we see that the endemic forms of life or else did, we must help and do everything we can to reverse the process. and these are, as humans as a civilization that we don't you t thank you very much. it has been very interesting to hear your thoughts. i want you to stay safe and stay warm. okay, you're welcome to read the

b and 1492 this evening, christopher columbus rates to the bahamas and discover the new world for europe. the wealth of america and its fast territories cosby envy of the europeans,

especially the spaniards and the portuguese. they sought after taking over these lands. however, there lived indigenous peoples with a high culture and their own nationhood, their barbaric colonization of america, which went down in history under the name of con, diesel. that lasted for more than 100 years seen. 1521. care to them on cortez is done using the doors, captured and destroyed the capital of the aztec empire. daniels practically massacring the local population. following them, francisco pizarro is gone. keeps the doors destroyed the ink empire as a result of spanish aggression beat ancient maya civilization collapse, suppressing the resistance of the indians. the invaders carried out mass executions . the horrendous genocide was aggravated by the diseases that the europeans had brought to america. the number of the indigenous population decreased 16 times from

25. so one and a half 1000000 people from keystone became one of the largest demographic disaster fees of mankind and remains an indelible bloody stain in the history of the european colonial empires. such a high quality of life to my destination is having the necessary conditions on those particular conditions organized in terms of the number of hours available in a week. full contact can being pretty sure which in, which is why i would say to be conscious of your existence. take is a kind of centralize or existence and would appreciate if you all the adults and you means one thing or what's not going to create them with you purchased it. mean to know that some way. so if the, if you're a stomach or a new toner, you need something else because at o without to see you are essentially a mundane pass of insurance amounts of as well. some of the

are the hi everybody. i'm rick sanchez. you know, i've been doing news now for 30 years to languages all over the world and here in the us and interviewed for president's work that for the u. s. has major television networks been fired by most, hardliners should be honest and direct and impactful. and this is direct impact the here's the question for you. why was one of the most important leaders and all of us politics spending so much time in taiwan recently? look, there she is. that's nancy pelosi back in august. and she becomes one of the.