yeah, hey america, be sure to ask that you can get your cheat toward instructions today. if you call today, maybe they'll throw in a free zalinski figure 8 or one of those signature t shirts. it may cost a whole lot of ukrainians their lives, but hey, it's nothing personal, right? just business. whatever. uh yeah, they know there are lots of reports going around covering the landscape, visit to america just the last week or so. he was there spending century looking for more funding for the consulate in ukraine. a lot of reports about his wife, lot of reports saying that the president has events because watch elaina, she spent more than a $1000000.00 on cost me a jewelry. while she was shopping in new york. when our husband was all the facing from, of funding for the conflict and ukraine, that's american in europe, inspection and money, right? the $1000000.00 on the coffee jewelry. don't you think that's something a

the we are in contract, the land of fire breathing volcanoes. volcanoes vividly capture the imagination and they define our lives much more than you would expect. so what are they capable of and what makes contract as volcanoes stand out, the is unlikely. any one knows more about volcanoes here than alexi,

or is that he's the chief broken all just didn't come chuck the collection. thanks for coming up here with us. this is a fascinating issue for sure. so here in come check out, there are about $300.00 volcanoes. they say 30 of them are believed to be active. why such a concentration of volcanos here? in contrast to that, you see that kind of jim categories, one of the most effective places in the world is to media and he has a 7000 big small and medium sized volcanoes. here, the 2 roughly ups of 300 of them, a big cones, and so the are active volcanoes that they're renting. now you've got the food around or have her up too long ago that's come. jessica also has 4 super active volcanoes that are guaranteed to erupt every yeah. hi michael. im super ok knows they all and 6 if you look at the whole kind of groups have going volcano months to

store business money over the years under contract in ski by someone does have contracts, there is a cross section of how fully volcanic activity pushing way to produce that because a 150 kilometers east of here in the oceans going near the pacific tectonic plate is the sinking under the, your region tectonic plates. we have john's get. what you want us east plate is about a 100 meters thick, more as it goes down a few 100 kilometers and down the it releases hotter liquid because of the water running around it. got it, but that hot fluid melts the rocks cutting them into magma. but all the mag, which is the surface and come jessica with the pacific plate on the concept co rethinking is 10 centimeters. every yeah, but we've got some very fast. you integrate to the speed, the more magnet was produced, and ultimately released to instead we have multiple k, those that are reputable frequently. so you mentioned that we're right here on the ocean, specifically the pacific ocean, the contract peninsula projects out into it. what is the pacific ring of fire and what role this contract to play in that ring?

you thought you kind of show up with us. that's a very good question. it's a very important question. so the pacific ring, a file to humanity, is the most expensive geological structure that exists on the planet to have a c, it's 80000 kilometers. it's huge. got it. accounts for 80 percent of the active volcanoes on of course, and this 80 percent of us quakes on us. the and 89 percent of the tsunami is i could also impact 35 percent of the people on our planet to enter more than a subsidy. see, so even from these broad calculations, presto, you can see that this is a very important structure for humanity doria. so yes, it is a ring of fire and come shatka is one of the most active segments within that ring can scolding that card. so what about looking inside volcanoes isn't safe to say that the looking into a volcano is like looking inside our earth. and what's the most important thing that a volcano can tell us when we take that looks the whole time. ok now is like a window into the depths of our planet. somebody. you can have a look at it, the whole complex of things that we can understand and see what's going on inside

the us. it's the 1st of all, tell me the melted rock window, standing on this solidified mega comes from literally thousands of kilometers onto the surface, which that's where it's pretty, this doesn't mean who do you see. so the 1st thing we can do is study this material being wherever it came from. you see how it goes here. so it probably devolved and walks inside it. all right, so that's one of the most important things for us or jump on. yeah, the next thing we can do is understand the root system of ok noticed that the overlying row, i've called on the video of a line rock, is located in the water here. so g o simile, stream fields can form that. so we'll kind of these geothermal stream fields are a source of green energy, which is becoming more popular with every yes the are, and of course you mo, necessary. in fact, we really should worry about the state of a planetary numbers, right. another very important factor that's also related to volcanoes is guess you like, i'm sure the gas is released by volcanoes into the atmosphere know and help create the conditions that allow us to breathe and live and showing the one of the most distinguished scientists of his time you worked at the institute of elk analogy and

size, momentary in contrast to was doctor you have given him up, came in as google for the scenery that life on us evolved thanks to volcanic activity on. well, they helped form the general conditions on us. that's clear on the media, he believes that volcanoes made it possible for life to of old on us. the view is 0, it required some very specific conditions. some of the combination of the right temperature gas is the water, electric discharges, and so on, as it might be at some point to something close to life began to evolve at them as and relate to split. the process continued on its own, some of which he did. now i've heard you mentioned a couple times during our conversation that there are different types of volcanoes and i've also heard you say the volcanoes are like people. uh, they're. busy different uh, can you tell the different volcanoes around here from their personalities? yes. of course. that's sketchy. well, got it. ok. and it was even sleep in different way, but it has num i got to guide you. internet is under way they erupt, is also

a completely different salem. on the whole, we can divide volcanoes into a few times. it's going to cheaper use by site that we will, the bustle, 12 k. notice that's the deepest material i noticed when it comes up to the surface, which do it practically doesn't change it. don't see where it flows and beautiful lama streams. this is always visible. and one, the media always shows us because everyone loved watching them with ideas. there are others the media. if the mcmurry is held on the ground, it's composition changes. crystals form and visit the room and it turns into the citric magma media group. i find the citric magnet practically doesn't flow. a tool is you tell me it just explodes this way. it's very dangerous and unpredictable. and this year and under citrix magwell. well, i do not know isn't one of the most famous and pacific magnet volcanoes is mounts and helen sun busy me in russia. if it does me on the hook, i'm shiver yellow. and so don't you kindly need those of these volcanoes have a different competition. and when they arrived,

photographers have little chance of capturing them because they explode in seconds and destroy amber things. and that's why we rarely see them who here's this use any other sheet than the other type. so they thought it was, and right like volcanoes got off the phone, big caldera by then, so on that if there's any. so depending on the condition of the material, and depending on whether it's muscle on the side, you will realize exactly then based on the magnetic system involved in, you know, kind of corruptions, can be completely different. send then you before that the issue was in take into account the volcanoes age height very the amount of times and it's loss direction. so simple and you can see there a huge difference is a little bit of an issue. but i have to ask which is your favorite volcano, and why is you have you ever asked me? did you work on the 1st time i visited them? ok, and it was a student in the in sky. fantastic. beautiful volcano, adult level, and i worked on the go to the volcano, often with erupt it, but to me, cuz then when i go to job and the institute of volt and all to yes,

i began working of the fantastic. i'm just going volcano, which erupt quite often over in america. i mean on the cute, a way of volcano in hawaii, but i collected love a samples that were like bombs. and we have seen some of them to get everyone wondered how it was possible. i don't belong fedex to then i was in and talked to go in japan and they had to put in here working on chevy a little bit in this me on a girl. and they got a huge number of ok those. yeah, they're all different instances and i like each one of them click on use like constantly with ton took the chips going. of course, by fluids. you have written the book about it. and so again, to answer your question seriously, i can say that my love for volcanoes is multi faceted, high level volcano as well, but the coach of school is always special to me, you know, mean? yeah. okay, perfect. all right, i know that we're in the middle of a bunch of all candles right now, but there's other places that we need to get to. let's get to them. of course, the volcanoes erupt, income child got almost every day, the she'll village and busy,

and young football aquinos had explosive your options. just recently, an engineer and full can all just victor full of was caught right in the thick of the fixture. thanks for bringing us out here to savannah to your area as a special expertise. when most of us think of a volcanic eruption, we think of lava, but what's really happening behind the scenes when a well kennel erupt. what's the process like, what's what it was? what is actually happening? nobody knew the serial, which i will go up. if i'm a refectory she felt sure the volcano that you can see right here is an example. the girl movies you would expect to see this big, tall mounting with red hot lava flowing down the sides and you're in tomorrow. that's what you never see you. but she built me much real good thought it might see some red hot rungs is rolling down at night. it's a glowing in the dogs. but that's it. what you might, the funny robinson is proud of getting gas and ash,

shooting up as 20 kilometers and then falling over at lodge area. no more to nobody manager with the most recent to russian on april 11th this year. or i'm looking at my team and i witnessed are spreading over an area about 200 by 400 kilometers and that you through this. but that's not even seen these huge areas covers a large part of central and northern. come jessica commtrans can you were here. you saw it with your own eyes. i wouldn't even have to go as far as to say, you experienced it. what was that like? or if somebody did not show it all started like 70, it was so seeing fox, the rupture of started at 1 am until like no one noticed the wireless smell. but then it was dark and move hard to see anything in the inside. sylvia, we've got a call from our driver who said there's some sort of loud thunder out there that the girl walked out and we saw snow falling with. so we thought it was a storm recording for still dark floor to use flushed like and saw these with the full lodge leak. scrolling down my foot, when we tried to catch them,

i understood we'd notice to us gree at us our kicks, doctor you up a new line to go and remain with the doctor said i should kept funding for 4 hours for him. i was always the 1st on that road through the clouds about mid day until then your suit. oh and so if someone switched off the sun, they start to see one, then you couldn't see your own. have i resolved the flush, the people in the settlement that's located 4 to 5, kill them with the south of ok. michel to had a little flash 8.5 centimeters thick volcano slopes and it will cause layer of mesh was between 12 or 14 symptom of to speak about this was for that. then all of this happened within the very short time of the less than 24 hours. lots of ash, lots of fun down there for us. as cloud drops, it can also trigger lights, media. and so the 50 kilometers, one of the mostly sounded like a cargo train was running through the village. you will see reflectively louder. the boys. i'm pretty much because we are a single candle eruptions often and disrupt a local and international at charlie to boise just quietly. just can you check

asher now it's up to 20 cuz i'm at this time i would have to go to a steve cuz she village here to see the always capable of a safe spot for the late april this year. raising the nationally where the oven had killed them because high or so. this is dangerous because we're kind of anxious to meet of tiny particles of glass. no can introduce less heat loss has moved edges from being rude in water for a long time. at the clinic now she has very strong interests. and since you can really said, if you didn't have any up or how do you ice level, there are helpful to old kinds of air crime because of the disrupt, the engine. you're back in april here we had a few snow miles away using and 3 of them broke down. and after just a few days where the overall report is, what kind of cache can do a lot of fun for the business. but it's a pretty aggressive substance, 1st of all in terms of people's health, but also in terms of missionary youth and both the ashes. also a heavy and large amounts of it can damage groups of, of the law. so it's a good top of the russian. that's actually helps news education drove. i put that

much the now for science rule very well. go give them the bigger and stronger them before the rupture to that so. so in a way that actually is it for 2 lines of full local files to go ahead and to review observable can for many years in a row. and finally, we will see that for us and we'll kind of interruption destroys and everything that google and then your so we're about 5 to 10 years. they don't include that will be much take out and big a for us going there again, some through. so, volcano is both destroyed and support lives through the alexi who are a little bit crazy. we're standing on an actual lava flow coming in was absolutely fascinating because you could see some thermal events still loading off their steam . i guess i have to ask, we hear about volcanoes being dormant to this one was that one?

what does it take for a volcano actually to erupt and to become active again? of what kind of us and yeah, for that ok, those don't go anywhere because somebody possibly can always wake up because there's always a symbol slow but nice. some of the generates new maxima know as soon as a certain quantity of magma builds them. there's practically no other way for it to go when it reaches the surface due to that, a fantastic eruption takes place for us to approach ebony, matoney a matter of time. if the quantity of magma generates it is not sufficient or not. in the sleep intervals alone, here's the loss of magma builds up quickly. the intervals the shield. now i've heard that one in every 10 volcanoes that erupt happened right here in contract. is that true? yeah, bye boy. oh, not premium. over this. we know that some volcanic eruptions can be predicted, but some not. we know that there's also that there's a lot of interesting research in this field and new information that is coming forth. um,

what makes the difference in terms of when we know and when we don't know if those you buy the product, that's one of the most important questions in bulk analogy. you know what we've noted that all volcanoes are different and that's not always of ok. now has interrupted for a long time, and all of a sudden the magma begins to rise closer to the surface and that you might, you might breaking its way through the wrong and that, that, and we get to a volcanic as quick as what the seed you know he has to be kind of, if there's a root out for the meg, my already well established with a blank, with the coach of sculley volcano. that's american, that's quite comedy, flows to the surface. now this task awakes and proceed. interruption rarely felt and see if people, so it heavily depends on the type of volcano and they wanted structure because that was not how long it's been since interruption in the area using it. this is more of a question for my mom. are we safe? is it possible for a volcano to a rep for right now before our eyes? yes, you sounded especially if you're on the drug when you're on a volcano with an expert vulcan ologist and we're going to like a, you'll be fine and you have to be sure. no, yes,

leave this without one. yeah. there's no guarantee in terms of the age of all 10 knows how old is the volcanoes that were standing on right now. spell out when they got the order, which has not for the love of that you are now standing on dates back to 2012, 2013. if the young love us, you will not be able to use a rule young volcanoes, but that's, we always put a particular focus on study in young volcanoes. he woke up and that's my job to do this. i love study in young volcanoes because this place is a work in progress as it would be the process. it's very important to have access to the process as it occurs. know, guys, emily, a 1000000 geology and a science studies 3 states of matter. gas, gas is liquid in solid wood volk analogy is distinguishable from all the rest. so another shape is your zip game. is it also studies liquid matter? well, is this liquid? yes i, 10 years ago. so yeah. does that, that brings me to another question about the force of

a volcano. is it possible to predict how strong an interruption is going to be? for example, there's this mess or an idea that it's been dormant for a long time, and then it goes to a route and it's going to be more powerful or options. and what is the store on the whole? it can be possible, but not always the does a method goals which are for chronology i was doing what do you want, which is very important for understanding how powerful interruption of of ok. and it will be used that way. we have to minimize that definitely. so you would take a layer of the ash deposit. my pleasure you study the lava study of the process is to study the volcanoes depth structure as you move wisdom avenue in the ways. and then we reconstruct the history of the volcano that already exists. there is just that to us through those nice stories and accordingly, my perfectly can make predictions about future processes that may take place. yeah . yeah. like the sense of studying the geology, the to for chronology is alum petrol. a g, n, g of physics, you say that again, easy to a lot of complex research that, that might show us how a volcano will function. but actually i'm gonna ask you to look into the future to

be a clara of way. and if you don't mind when do use and the next big eruption is going to happen here in contract, you had the issue. i hope i'll be young and strong enough to witness that are option c putters from this that i in the end of my institute is still going to be strong for us to do a good job studying it is what you have for you. and that will be able to predict whether this option will be dangerous for people who haven't come jessica, as well as for planes and everything else. know, by the way the boy did, i use the i see. so i hope it will happen in the near future. so the 102030 years in the yellow, that's not a long time and geology. one more step in just your intuition here. what about the next bigger epson in the world? no, no executive as well. it will definitely happen and we already have a huge number of problems in the world, and they've got a huge number of volcanoes on the guy used to work on if you have any come, jessica, who are you in iceland? in the philippines? you need be there are also underwater volcanoes. yeah,

i wouldn't. i'm trying to guess now. yeah. most it would be better to do this a few years. yeah. but what is that quite the end, all these conflicts between countries in the united countries around the pacific ring of fire. i'd say we need to have all the scientist work together using different methods to predict the very extreme slips and ominous events the definitely awaits us. with that, that would be great to meet you. i didn't. it's like say it's been a fascinating conversation. thank you for bringing this out here. now we gotta get out of here safely. huh. does lash the know how it works in your so whenever you are with me soon you'll be fine. the it is impossible not to mention our pilots here. this is one of the most difficult places on earth to navigate and is considered. is that some of the most experienced pilots are here and construct if get any kind of a of was hours the we can do the story without talking to the pilots because we've seen some amazing flying with you guys here. so thank you for that. i guess i have

to ask, what is it like flying these conditions around volcanoes? is it exciting? is it scary, is it just normal truck inside the oceans? it is. there's a lot of fun flying around. come check on the chart 1st. when i just started watching, it was a little intimidating. i'm of course, but eventually it grew on me. i've been faxed off to come check out any other places, especially with no mountains to fly around. to confirm jack has become a 2nd time to me. i know that he can actually change the dynamics of an aircraft, and in this region there's lots of thermal zones where there's volcanic activity. how does that affect your flying is? is it dangerous efficient? the charge is the chain when to budget corrupted. so for that, we flew about the law of a river that didn't apply that had a hard time with the heavy comp technician. because on the moon we kept losing altitude because of the heat. and so it was really dangerous when she was also a situation in go, or any volcano we went, the with

a team to vote can ologist possible from across the crate or the volcano is quite small. and so the guys went down with noon, they had a rescue with them whose job is to make sure they can make it back up using roku roku, but something went wrong and they got stuck and i was annoyed was really dark and we had to think of a way to get them out. so we for the trouble down slowly into the crater when picked the mountains of that, it was something else to twice a story. sort of. thank you very much. it's been incredibly interesting flying with you and we appreciate the work that you do appreciate it. let's see what it's not just the volcanoes that give come chunk of this and worldly landscape called arrows, and geysers are some of nature's unique creations. here and come shatka. there is a whole valley of them. this is where we will speak to you. we have full of the geologist, an expert, can these phenomena julia, this is kind of a landscape from a different world. thank you for bringing us out here. um, before we get to this,

i wanna ask you about the colors. we know that they're related to locating activity, but what exactly are the guys the caldera is a very large structure. measuring many kilometers in diameter to light emerges as a result of a mass of interruption. we'll talk about when a large amount of magma burst out of the pool located close to the surface, causing a big explosion. fire after that, as the mag a muscle empties this of the land caves in forming a large recess like a vast aggression or a gold. and i can find by fault. an example of that is the reason guys are called there, where we are standing now, whether it's, if, if you look over there, you will see the edge of an ancient caldera that was formed tens of thousands of years ago. so when we're flying over here, we saw this beautiful lake molly, it was to me, i think it was beautiful in terms of its color. it's been called green lake, but now it's blue,

but it's not really water down there is it is something else. perhaps we wouldn't want to go swimming there when we ma is demolish. tim. yeah. chic volcano and the lake at the bottom of its crater are 2 absolutely unique phenomenon when you called they are unique because the water and the lake is extremely acidic with a p h level below ones. essentially is this to sion of sloth, eric acid, what the hydro, clark acid, and even a little hydrochloric acid, a very strong mix. up of the volcano, ologist. i went to explore the lake and a rubber boat, barely made it back to the shore. as soon as the aluminum fours that they were using to row had nearly dissolved with the so the lake is absolutely unique to here need. why similar ones can be found in japan, indonesia, and can you view it? and i knew that they are extremely rare in the world around sure. and come child got this is the only lake lake that the the volcano go to. ellie used to have a lake like this before. but that one disappeared after interruption in 2010. so

we're left with just this one was in fact the volcano is getting more active now. the water level in the lake is rising and something dangerous may happen soon. the crater wall may collapse, letting all of this strong aggressive, acidic water flood the surrounding area. so you, it's a good thing, nobody lives around here. let's talk about geysers. and we know that they're very rare. and we know that they are connected to volcanic activity. what are they? visors are very rare phenomenon. calling darrell hundreds and thousands of thermal springs in the world to extend a very few geysers here. almost every one of them has a name and its own temper. so how does it work to you? this area of the valley of geysers is the edge of a large caldera, who's in guys are caldera, which acts as a giant water reservoir, through sub surface rocks of crags, and then, and water filters down through those cracks to the body of magma close to the

surface there, the water is heated, up to 300 degrees, will get saturated with the gases. and then this hydrothermal flow starts rising towards the surface here. what about the difference between the hot springs and geysers? um, i know that you wouldn't want to go swimming and one of these briefly tell me the difference between those i the, the spring is boiling and bubbling all the time. sometimes they call it a pulsating spring. essentially it's always active. whereas a guys are shoes, water periodically, and it can goes to the island for hours, sometimes days from, depending on the guy's or. so that's the key difference, that you have distinct hydrodynamics behaviors on here. well the most of the water itself is just wonderful. we and if i could, i'd go swimming in a guys or after this trip, i would, it's sodium chloride water with a low mineralization, a neutral, it's

a sub alkaline compositions and contains some nice elements like source, like acid and bar on that. all of that is really good for your health. i'd go take a bath like that any time of the day, but there is just one small problem that'll geothermal springs can be cold, warm, hot and boiling. and a geyser is a type of a boiling spring, which says that all these shipments are imperfect creatures. we cannot debate and water that's heated up to 90 to 100 degrees celsius. you claim that said, there are some hard core organisms and nature, so they can actually enjoy geysers. because you may have noticed the colorful rock formations around the gaze or blow falls. these are a thermos feel like micro organisms, the satellite show mobile do like both the near boiling water and the extreme p h. condition. they also like and mercury, antimony, and other elements. so those are the kinds of amazing creatures we've got here. and one more thing i did,

these thermal files are the reason that guys are right is painted in such a vibrant and saturated colors by itself with the guys right is gray and unimpressive. but thanks to thermos to look organisms. we have all this stained glass like the artwork, to enjoy things and say, here's a time to speak with us. it's been incredibly interesting. and can we to learn more about the,

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the, [000:00:00;00] the nuclear power plant built by russia is expected to change the face of bung while these. yep, i go this welcome to the 1st deliveries of uranium fuel from russia. it is a key step to get it suppose to have a nuclear power plant up and running that us claims that shot down a took ation strike drone approaching its forces in syria. but an official and anchorage says that you a v wasn't the even under the control of a truck as minutes. right? and the color told us to get rose by a reco or $275000000000.00 in