to have a homegrown policy on richie if we love, and we can bet it out or problems by august says, not doing that is going to bring any gene and bucks on. all the changes which are going to happen has to happen. vision box on bed, the local, local scholars local take because local in production and it's all going to bring in those good policy proposals for to, to have the political event as well because they're going to be homegrown and based on those and then does the economy and the country can process the cost from shipping from the outside. did i really don't understand our economic problems that why have we basically come to that the standing bit. now we're asking them for loans, which are technically kind of for desperate in the voice for loans. it's not economic loans from that sense. it is something that the i'm a full of bank is well known full to often countries, many of whom have suffered a raging chain, just suddenly falls fed a huge loan from the i, maxwell bank so big with such high interest rates. the money can never be paid back

. so what happens? these countries that receive the loans end up selling off the software and national assets to pay you back the i am as well died. yeah, gives you a clearer picture doesn't. it's pretty wiring stuff to those details, waiting for you on line the the, we are in contract, the land of fire breathing volcanoes. volcanoes vividly capture the imagination and they define our lives much more than you would expect. so what are they capable of and what makes contract as volcanoes stand up the

it's unlikely any one knows more about volcanoes here than alexi or is that he's the chief broken ologist in dom chuck the collection. thanks for coming up here with us. this is a fascinating issue for sure. so here and come check out. there are about $300.00 volcanoes. they say 30 of them are believed to be active. why such a concentration of volcanos here? in contrast to that, you see that kind of gym categories. one of the most effective places in the world

is to media, and he has a 7000 big small and medium sized volcanoes. here, you know, 2 roughly ups of 300 of them, a big cones. and so the are active volcanoes that they're renting. now you've got the food around all have a ruptured long ago. that's a come. jessica also has full super active volcanoes that are guaranteed to erupt every year. i called them super volcanoes, they all 6. if you look at the whole kind of groups have school in volcano months to store business money over the years under contract in ski, by the contracts, there is a cross section of how fully volcanic activity, which way to produce that's because a 150 kilometers east of here in the oceans, going near the pacific tectonic plate is thinking under the arrangement tectonic plates. we have john skin, what you, what i see is that blade has about a 100 meters to take more. so it goes down a few 100 kilometers and down the it releases hotter liquid because of the water roll around it got on it. but that hot fluid melts the rocks turning them into magma by the magnet, which is the surface and come check. go with the pacific plate under contract,

co resisting kings 10 centimeters every. yeah, but we've got some very fast. you have to go right to the speed, the more magnet was produced and ultimately released to and so we have multiple k, those that are reputable frequently. so you mentioned that we're right here on the ocean, specifically the pacific ocean, the contract peninsula jump out into it. what is the pacific ring of fire and what role as contract to play in that range? if those who kind of show up with us, that's a very good question. it's a very important question. so the pacific ring of file to humanity is the most expensive geological structure that exists on the planet to have us. it's 80000 kilometers. it's huge. got to it accounts that 80 percent of the active volcanoes on the voice induced 80 percent of us quakes on us that and 89 percent of tsunamis . i could also impact 35 percent of the people on our planet, and that's more than a 30 cd. so even from these broad calculations, presto, you can see that this is a very important structure for humanity. good. yeah. so yes, it is

a ring of fire. don't come. jessica is one of the most active segments within that ring. your breakdown, skolnik i. so what about looking inside volcanoes isn't safe to say that looking into a volcano is like looking inside our earth. and what's the most important thing that a volcano can tell us? when we take that looks a hold of ok now is like a window into the depths of our planet. somebody. you can have a look at it, the whole complex of things that we can understand and see what's going on inside the us. it, 1st of all, tell me the melted rock window, standing on this solidified mega comes from literally thousands of kilometers onto the surface, which that's where it's produced within the whole you see. so the 1st thing we can do is study this material being where it came from. you see how it goes here. so it probably devolved and walks inside it. all right, so that's one of the most important things for us or jump on. yeah, the next thing we can do is understand the root system of ok noticed that he's the overlying real, i've called on the video of a line rock is located in the water here. so g o simile, stream fields can form that. so we'll kind of disease geo, most stream fields are

a source of green energy which is becoming more popular with every yeah, sierra and of course you more necessary. in fact, we really should worry about the state of our planet and up as well. another very important factor that's also related to volcanoes is guess like i'm sure gas is released by volcanoes into the atmosphere know and help create the conditions that allow us to breathe and live and showing that one of the most distinguished scientists took his time. you worked at the institute of elk analogy inside apology and come jessica was dr. you have given him up team in a school. also the theory that life on us evolved thanks to volcanic activity on. well, they helped form the general conditions on us. that's clear. there's, you mean? yeah, he believes that volcanoes made it possible for life to of old on the view is what is required some very specific conditions. some of the combination of the right temperature gas is the water, electric discharges, and so on, as it might be at some point to something close to life began to evolve at them as i'd like to split,

the process continued on its own. so i'm up with you. now i've heard you mentioned a couple of times during our conversation that there are different types of volcanoes and i've also heard you say the volcanoes are like people. uh, they're. busy different uh, can you tell the different volcanoes around here from their personalities? yes. of course it's got you got it. ok. and i was even sleep in different way but as number and i got it down you mission that is on the way they a rock. there's also a completely different salem on the whole, we can divide volcanoes into a few times. it's going to keep up years by site that we will there a bustle, 12 k. notice that's the deepest material i noticed when it comes up to the surface, which did practically doesn't change it, don't see where it flows and beautiful lava streams. this is always visible. and one that media always shows us because everyone loves watching them with ideas. there are others, the media if the mag members held on the ground, each composition changes and crystals form and dizzy the room. and it turns into

the citric magma media group. i tried to sit, take them back, but practically doesn't flow a tool easy to me. it just explodes this way. it's very dangerous and unpredictable . and this to you and under citrix magma, well, i do not know isn't one of the most famous and pacific magma volcanoes is mounts and helen's busy man in russia. if it does me on the hook, i'm shiver yellow. and so don't you currently need those of these volcanoes have a different competitions. we're not even when they are wrapped. photographers have little chance of capturing them because they explode in seconds and destroy amber things. and that's why we rarely see them. oh, here's this, use any other sheet than the other type. so they thought it was, and right like volcanoes got off the phone, big caldera by then, so on that there's a visa, depending on the condition of the material. and depending on whether it's muscle, the side and roll or right light to exec and based on the magnetic system involved is able to kind of corruptions, can be completely different sending you because the issue was in take into account the volcanoes, a huge height, very the amount of times and its last

a rupture. and it's that simple and you can see there a huge difference is a little bit of an issue. but i have to ask which is your favorite volcano? and why did you ever ask, why did you look on the 1st time i visited them? okay. and it was a student in sky, fantastic, beautiful volcano, adult level. and i worked on the go to the volcano after which erupt it, but to me, cuz then when i go to job and the institute of technology, yes, i began working at the fantastic, i'm just going volcano, which erupt quite often. well, in america, i mean on the cute a way of volcano in hawaii, that's what i collected love a samples that were like bombs. and we have seen some of them to get everyone wondered how it was possible. i don't belong better than i was in and talked to you in japan, but in here working on trivial to be, then there's me on a girl and they got a huge number of all kind of. yeah, they're all different instances and i like each one of them quick on just like constantly with ton took the chips going. of course by fluids, you have written a book about it. and so again, to answer your question seriously, really well,

i can say that my love for volcanoes is multi faceted, high level volcano, so, but the coach ethically is always special to me. i get a new one. yeah. okay, perfect. all right. i know that we're in the middle of a bunch of all candles right now, but there's other places that we need to get to look at to them. of course, the volcanoes erupt, income shatka, almost every day. the she'll village and dizzy, meaningful aquinos, had explosive your options just recently, an engineer and full can all just victor full of was caught right in the thick of the fixture. thanks for bringing us out here to savannah to your area as a special expertise. when most of us think of a volcanic eruption, we think of lava, but what's really happening behind the scenes when a well kennel erupt? what's the process like, what's what it was, what is actually happening?

nobody knew the serial, which i will go, okay. if i'm a reset to see the sure the volcano that you can see right here is an example, the girl movies you would expect to see this big, tall mounting with the red hot lava flowing down the site and you are in to model. that's what you never see you, but she built me much real good. there might see some red hot rocks is rolling down at night. it's a glowing in the dogs. but that's it. what you might see from interruption is proud of getting gas and as shooting up as 20 kilometers, and then falling over at lodge area. no more to nobody manager with the most recent to russian. on april 11th this year, the remote part of my team, an eye witness to us spreading over an area about 200 by 400 kilometers and meet you through this. but that's not even seeing these huge areas that covers a large part of central and northern. come jessica contract can. you were here. you saw it with your own eyes. i wouldn't even have to go as far as to say, you experienced it. what was that like, or if somebody did not show it will start at about 70. it was so seeing fox,

the rupture of started at 1 am until like no one noticed the wireless smell. but then it was dark and move hard to see anything in the inside. sylvia, we've got a call from our driver who said no, there's some sort of loud thunder out there that the girl walked out and saw snow falling with. so we thought it was a storm recording for still dark floor to use flushed light and saw these with the full lodge leak. scrolling down my foot, when we tried to catch them, i understood we'd notice to us gree, ask us our pitch donkey up a new line to go and remain down to the osh, kept funding for 4 hours for them. i was always the 1st somebody that wrote to the crowds about mid day until then your suit code as if someone switched off this sunday as long as you went on, you couldn't see your and had it all the flush, the people in the settlement that's located 4 to 5, kill them at the south of ok. michel to had a little flash 8.5 centimeters. take out the full kennel slope here and it will cause their of a match was between 12 of which incentive to speak about this model destroyed is

that all of this happened within the very short time of the less than 24 hours. lots of ash and lots of thumbs down at the airport. as cloud drops, he can also trigger lights, media, and so the 50 kilometers, when one of the mostly sounded like a cardboard trainer was running through the village. you will see collectively louder the boys and even longer because we are a single candle eruptions offered and distributable slow coal mining to national at charlie to boise just close to the just can you check asher miles up to 20 kilometers high. would have to go to a steve cuz she village here too. so they always capable of a safe spot for the late april this year. uh, vision. yeah. and you don't actually wear that over the head killer because high or so. this is dangerous because we're kind of anxious to meet of tiny particles of glass. no. can you just let us see? gloss has move pages from being rude in water for a long time. the boy clinic now she has very shopping interest. and since you can really hurt, if you hate me up or how do you ice level there are helpful to old kinds of air

crime because of the disrupt, the engine you're back in april or we had a few symbol above away using and 3 of them and broke down after just a few days where the overall report is, what kind of cash can do a lot of hard for the business. but it's a pretty aggressive substance. first of all in terms of people's health, but also in terms of missionaries and forth. the ash is also a heavy and large amounts of it can damage groups to the flaw. so it's a good shot to the russian that actually helps knew that you tissue drove. i'd put that much the now for science rule very well. i will give them the bigger and stronger them before the rupture like that. so. so in a way, to actually sit for, to live for local files to go ahead and to review observable care for many years in a row. and finally, we will see that for us and we'll kind of interruption destroys, and everything that grew on that, and if so we look 5 to 10 years. they don't include that will be much take out and big a for us going there. again, some of those, so volcano is both destroyed and support lives through the

alexi who are a little bit crazy. we're standing on an actual lava flow coming in was absolutely fascinating because you can see some formal vents still letting off their steam. i guess i have to ask, we hear about volcanoes being dormant. this one was that one. what does it take for a volcano actually to erupt and become active again? of what kind of us and yeah, for that ok, those don't go anywhere. the rest of they can always wake up because there's always a symbol flow, but nice. some of the generates new maxima, know as soon as a certain quantity of magma builds them. there's practically no other way for it to go. when it reaches the surface of teaching, the defense has to get ruptured and takes place for us to approach ebony. it's only a matter of time of life. the quantity of magma generates it is not sufficient. house, nothing to sleep. intervals alone. and here's the loss of magma builds up quickly,

while the end tables the shield. now i've heard that one in every 10 volcanoes that erupt happened right here in contract. is that true? yeah, by boy. oh, no opinion of the less. we know that some volcanic eruptions can be predicted, but some not. we know that there's also that there's a lot of interesting research in this field and new information that is coming forth. um, what makes the difference in terms of when we know when, when we don't know if there was any visor, evidence, that's one of the most important questions in bulk analogy. you know what we've noted, the whole volcano is a different and that's not always of ok now has interrupted for a long time and all of a sudden he, meg, my begins to rise closer to the surface and that, you know, you might breaking its way through the rock and me that, that, and we get of all kind of goes quick, isn't that the seed? no, yes. so you cannot, if there's a roots out for the meg, my already well established with a blank, with the coach of sculley volcano. that's a meg,

most quite comedy flows to the surface. now this task awakes and proceed. interruption rarely felt and see if if people so it really depends on the type of ok, know and they wanted structure because that was not how long it's been since interruption in the area. so using this is more of a question for my mom. are we safe? is it possible for a volcano to a rep for right now before our eyes? yes, the sun is especially fee on the drag. when you are unable casino with an expert, vulcan ologist who like a, you'll be fine and you are condition? no, yes, the beast without one. yeah, there's no guarantee in terms of the age of all to knows how old is the volcano that we're standing on right now. and that's what it was just now for the love of that you are now standing on dates back to 2012, 2013 in the young love us. you want to be able to use a role, young volcanoes, but that's we always put a particular focus on study in young volcanoes. he will come, that's my job to this. i love study in young volcanoes because this place is a work in progress as it would be the process. it's very important to have access

to the process as it occurs. know, gave the media, knowing geology and a science studies 3 states of matter. gas, gas is liquid in solid wood volk analogy is distinguishable from all the wrist store. another shape is your zip code and is it also studies liquid matter? well, is this liquid? yes, i agree, 10 years ago. so yeah. does that, that brings me to another question about the force of a volcano. is it possible to predict how strong interruption is going to be? for example, there's this mess or an idea that it's been dormant for a long time and then it goes to interrupt and it's going to be more powerful interruptions. and then more of the store on the whole, it can be possible, but not always the does a method goals which are for chronology more. so if we do more, which is very important for understanding how powerful interruption of a volcano will be used that way. me and there's advise that you would take a layer of ash deposit. i'd love the study love a study of the process is study the volcano's debt structure actually move us them

avenue in louise. and then we reconstruct the history of the volcano that already exists. it actually said to us through those nice stories and accordingly, if we can make predictions about future processes that may take place. yeah. yeah. like the expense of studying the geology and use that to for a chronology is a lumber. you know that charlotte g, n g of physics, you say that again, easy to a lot of complex research that, that might show us how of ok. now it will function. but actually i'm gonna ask you to look into the future to be a clara of way. and if you don't mind, when do you use? i think the next big eruption is going to happen here in kentucky. yeah. the more yeah. issue. i hope i'll be young and strong enough to witness that or option celia products from this that i, any of my institute is still going to be strong for us to do a good job studying it is what you, what kind of for you and that will be able to predict whether this option will be dangerous for people who are in come jessica, as well as the planes and everything else and know what are the, what, what do you have? i use the i see. so i hope it will happen in the near future. so the 102030. yes.

yeah. look, that's not a long time and geology. one more step in just your intuition here. what about the next bigger epson in the world? no, i know exactly for sure. well, it will definitely happen and we already have a huge number of problems in the world, and they've got a huge number of volcanoes on the guy used to work on. if you come in to come, jessica, who are you in iceland to end the philippines? you need be there are also underwater volcanoes. yeah, i wouldn't try to guess now. yeah. most it would be better to do this a few years. yeah. but with that quite into all these conflicts between countries and unite the countries around the pacific ring. a file i'd say, reads and have all the scientists to work together using different methods to predict the very extreme subset ominous events. the definitely awaits us with that, that would be great. let me check in. i thought i'd say it's been a fascinating conversation. thank you for bringing us out of here. now we've got to get out of here safely. huh. does lash the how it works in your so whenever you are

with me, so you'll be fine. the it is impossible not to mention our pilots here. this is one of the most difficult places on earth to navigate and is considered that some of the most experienced pilots are here and come chuck if get any kind of chance was hours the. we can't do the story without talking to the pilots because we've seen some amazing flying with you guys here. so thank you for that. i guess i have to ask, what is it like flying these conditions around volcanoes? is it exciting? is it scary? is it just normal? like i'm short, concise, which means it is. there's a lot of fun flying around. come check on the said 1st when i just started watching it was a little intimidating, of course, but eventually it grew on me and faxed off to come check out any other places, especially with no mountains to fly around. feels to confirm jack has become a 2nd time to me. i know that he can actually change the dynamics of an aircraft.

and in this region, there's lots of thermal zones where there's volcanic activity. how does that affect your flying is? is it dangerous? efficient the from the back of the judge to attain when to budget corrupted. so for that, we flew up the law of a river. the planet had a hard time with the heavy comp technician, because on zeros and we kept losing altitude because of the heat. so it was really dangerous when she was also a situation in go, or any volcano we went, the with a team to vote can ologist possible from across the crate or the volcano is quite small. and so the guys went down with me. they had a rescue with them whose job is to make sure they can make it back up using roku roku, but something went wrong and they got stuck. and i was annoyed with reading doc and we had to think of a way to get them out. so we for the shopping down slowly into the crate to when picked them up as a that it was something else to twice a story. sort of a thank you very much. it's been incredibly interesting flying with you and we appreciate the work that you do appreciate it. let's see what it's not just the

volcanoes that give come chunk of this on the world we landscape called arrows, and geysers are some of nature's unique creations. here and come shatka, there is a holds only of them. this is where we will speak to you. we have full of the geologist, an expert, can these phenomenon julia, this is kind of a landscape from a different world. thank you for bringing us out here. um, before we get to this, i wanna ask you about colors. uh, we know that they're related to locating activity, but what exactly are the caldera is a very large structure, measuring many kilometers in diameter, july it emerges as a result of a mass of interruption, starts when a large amount of magma burst out of the pool located close to the surface was causing a big explosion to fight. after that of denied a muscle emptiness of the land caves in forming a large recess like a vast aggression or a gold. and i can find by phone. and example of that is the,

was in guides, are called there, where we are standing now. so whether it's, if you look over there, you will see the edge of an ancient caldera that was formed tens of thousands of years ago. now, when we are flying over here, we saw this beautiful lake molly who sent me out to uh, it was beautiful in terms of its color. its been called green lake, but now it's blue, but it's not really water down there. is it? it's something else, perhaps we wouldn't want to go swimming. there wouldn't be. ma is demolished in yatchuck volcano and the lake at the bottom of its crater are 2 absolutely unique phenomenon when you call. they are unique because the water in the lake is extremely acidic with a p h level below one. essentially is this to sion of soul carrick acid was the hydro, clark acid and even a little hydrochloric acid. a very strong met the volcano, ologist. i went to explore the lake and a rubber boat,

barely made it back to the shore. as soon as the aluminum fours that they were using to row had nearly dissolved with the so the lake is absolutely unique to here need. why similar ones can be found in japan, indonesia, and you feel it. they are extremely rare in the world around sure. income child got this is the only lake like that. the volcano goody, only used to have a leg like this before. but that one disappeared after interruption in 2010. so we're left with just this one was to move on. in fact, the volcano is getting more active now. the water level in the lake is rising and something dangerous may happen soon. the crater wall may collapse, letting all of this drawn aggressive, acidic water flood the surrounding area. you, it's a good thing. nobody lives around here. let's talk about geysers. and we know that they're very rare. and we know that they are connected to volcanic activity. what

are they visors are very rare phenomenon called darrell hundreds and thousands of thermal springs in the world to extend. very few guys are almost every one of them has a name and its own temper. so how does it work that? are you, this area of the valley of geysers is the edge of a large caldera, who's in guys are caldera, which acts as a giant water reservoir, through sub surface rocks of crags, and then, and water filters down through those cracks to the body of magma close to the surface there, the water is heated, up to 300 degrees will get saturated with the gases. and then this hydrothermal flow starts rising towards the surface here. what about the difference between the hot springs and geysers? all i know that you wouldn't want to go swimming. and one of these briefly tell me the difference between those the, the spring is boiling and bubbling all the time. sometimes they call it a pulsating spring. essentially it's always active, whereas

a guys are shoots water periodically, and it can go silent for hours sometimes days on, depending on the guy's there. so that's the key difference that you have distinct hydrodynamics behaviors on here really? well the most of the water itself is just wonderful. and if i could, i'd go swimming in a guys or after this trip i would. it's sodium chloride water with a low mineralization. a neutral to sub alkaline con positions and contains some nice elements like source, like acid and bar on that. all of that is really good for your health. i'd go take a bath like that any time of the day following, but there is just one small problem. geothermal springs can be cold, warm, hot, and boiling. and the guy, sir, is a type of boiling spring, which says it all he's a humans are in perfect creatures. we cannot bathe and water that's heated up to 90 to 100 degrees celsius. you claim that said,

there are some hard core organisms and nature. so they can actually enjoy geysers me because you may have noticed the colorful rock formations around the gays or blow holes in since these are a thermos feel like micro organisms, that's the federal assume they're like both the near boiling water and the extreme p. h. condition they also like mercury, antimony, and other elements. so those are the kinds of amazing creatures we've got here. and one more thing, these thermal files are the reason the guys are right is painted in such a vibrant and saturated colors by itself when the guys right is gray and unimpressive. but thanks to thermal select organisms, we have all this stained glass like artwork, to enjoy things and say, here's a time to speak with us. it's been incredibly interesting. and can we, to learn more about the,

the, the,

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