the, the, it's unlikely any one knows more about volcanoes here than alexi or is that he's the chief, broken all just didn't come chuck the flesh and thanks for coming up here with us. this is a fascinating issue for sure. so here in come check out there are about $300.00 volcanoes. they say 30 of them are believed to be active. why such a concentration of volcanoes here and contract that you see that kind of jim categories. one of the most effective places in the world is to media, and he has a 7000 big small and medium sized volcanoes. here, you know, 2 roughly ups of 300 of them, a big cones. and so the are active volcanoes that they're renting. now you've got

the food around or have her up too long ago that's come. jessica also has full super active volcanoes that are guaranteed to erupt. every yeah. hi michael, i'm super ok knows. they are 6. if you look at the whole kind of groups of school, you volcano, the whole gun, one still store busy on the over the academy and ski by them as a competitor is a cross section of how fully volcanic activity pushing way to produce that. because a 150 kilometers east of here in the oceans going near the pacific tectonic plate is the sinking onto the, your region tectonic plates. we have john's get. what you want to use. that plate is about a 100 meters thick, more as it goes down a few 100 kilometers and down the it releases hot liquid because of the water rolling around it got to it, but that's what fluid melts. the rocks cutting them into magma, but all the magnet, which is the surface and come check the pacific plate under contract, co rethinking is 10 centimeters. every. yeah, but we've got some very fast. you have to go right to the speed. the more magnet was produced and ultimately released to instead we have multiple tales that are

relevant more frequently. so you mentioned that we are right here on the ocean, specifically the pacific ocean, the contract the peninsula projects out into it. what is the pacific ring of fire and what role this contract to play in that range? if those who kind of show up with us, that's a very good question. it's a very important question. store the pacific ring of fire to humanity is the most expensive geological structure that exists on the planet to have a c, it's 80000 kilometers. it's huge. got to it. accounts that 80 percent of the active volcanoes on of course, induced 80 percent of us quakes on us. the and 89 percent of the tsunami is i could also impact 35 percent of the people on our planet, and that's more than a subsidy. see? so even from these broken calculations, presto, you can see that this is a very important structure for humanity doria. so yes, it is a ring of fire and come jessica is one of the most active segments within that ring . your breakdown, skolnik i. so what about looking inside volcanoes isn't safe to say that looking

into a volcano is like looking inside our earth. and what's the most important thing that a volcano can tell us when we take that looks the whole time. ok now is like a window into the depths of our plan is the way you can have a look that it's a whole complex of things that we can understand and see what's going on inside the us. it's the 1st of all, tell me the melted rock window, standing on this solidified meg, that comes from literally thousands of kilometers onto the surface, which that's where it's produced was meant for. the 1st thing we can do is study this material being wherever it came from. you see how it goes here, so it probably devolved and what's inside it. all right, so that's one of the most important things for us or jump on. yeah, the next thing we can do is understand the root system of ok noticed that he's the overlying row, i've called on those are the overlying rock is located in the water here. so g assemble stream fields can form that. so we'll kind of these geothermal stream fields are a source of green energy, which is becoming more popular with every year. and of course you more necessary. in fact, we really should worry about the state of a planetary numbers,

right. another very important factor that's also related to volcanoes is guess you like i'm sure gas is released by volcanoes into the atmosphere and help create the conditions that allow us to breathe and live showing the one of the most distinguished scientists. if he has time, you worked at the institute of bulk and all the d and the size, momentary and contract, uh, was doctor. you have given him a few minutes to also the scenery of life on us evolved thanks to volcanic activity on. well, they helped form the general conditions on us. that's clear. yeah. he believes that volcanoes made it possible for life to of old on us. the view is 0. it required some very specific conditions. some of the combination of the right temperature gas is the water, electric discharges, and so on, as it might be at some point to something close to life, begin to evaluate them as and relate to split, the process continued on its own. so i'm up with you. now i've heard you mentioned a couple times during our conversation that there are different types of volcanoes and i've also heard you say the volcanoes are like people. uh,

they're. busy different uh, can you tell the different volcanoes around here from their personalities? yes. of course. that's sketchy. well got it. ok. and it was even sleep in different way, but it has no. a good argument to that is and the way they are wrapped is also a completely different salem. on the whole, we can divide volcanoes into a few times. it's going to keep of use by site, and we will there a bustle, 12 k. notice that's the deepest material i noticed when it comes up to the surface, switched to it practically doesn't change it. don't see where it flows and beautiful lama streams. this is always visible. and one, the media always shows us because everyone loved watching them with ideas. there are others the media if the magma was held on the ground, we did composition changes, crystals form and dizzy through them, and it turns into and the citric magma, media group. i tend to sit, take them back, but practically doesn't flow a tool. did you do? it just explodes this way. it's very dangerous and unpredictable and this year and,

and just to take them back. well, well, i do not know isn't one of the most famous and pacific magnet volcanoes is mounts and highlands and busy me in russia. it does me on the hook, i'm sure if you look and think so that you currently need. those of these volcanoes have a different competition for reason when they are wrapped, photographers have little chance of capturing them because they explode in seconds and destroy amber things. and that's why we rarely see them who use this use any other sheet than the other type. so they thought it was, and right, like volcanoes got off the phone, big caldera by then. so one day they said these are depending on the condition of the material and depending on whether it's best, so the side and roll or right lie to exec, then based on the magnetic system involved in, you know, kinda corruptions can be completely different send than you before the issue of war, then take into account the volcanoes age in height, the amount of times and it's a loss direction. it's that simple and you can see there are huge differences there . um that i think each year, but i have to ask which is your favorite volcano and why?

you would ask me said you were the 1st time i visited them. ok. and it was a student in the instigating collection of fantastic, beautiful volcano adult level. then i worked on the go to the volcano after which erupt it, but to me, cuz then when i go to a job at the institute of technology, yes, i began working at the fantastic, i'm just going volcano, which erupt quite often. well, in america, i mean on the cute, a way of volcano in hawaii. now i collected love a samples that were like bombs. i mean, some of them to get everyone wanted how it was possible to belong better than i was in and talked to go in japan and they had to put in here working on trivial to be then miss me on a girl. and they got a huge number of ok those. yeah, they're all different instances and i like each one of them is quick on use like constantly with ton took the chips going of course by fluids. you have written a book about it. and so again, to answer your question seriously, really well, i can say that my love for volcanoes is multi faceted high level volcanoes, but typically is always special to me. i get a new one. yeah. okay, perfect. all right, i know that we're in the middle of

a bunch of volcanoes right now, but there's other places that we need to get to look at to them. of course, the volcanoes erupt, income, childcare, almost every day. it shall village and busy me on even for the aquinos, had explosive your options. just recently, an engineer and focused ologist victor full of was caught right in the thick of it . the thickness, thanks for bringing us out here to civility your area as a special expertise. when most of us think of a volcanic eruption, we think of lava, but what's really happening behind the scenes when a well kennel erupt. what's the process like, what's what it was, what is actually happening? nobody knew the serial, which i will go, okay, find me, reflect to see the sure. the volcano that you can see right here is an example of the movies you would expect to see. there's a big,

tall mounting with red hot lava flowing down the side and you are in the middle. that's what you never see you, but she built me much real good though. you might see some red hot rocks rolling down at night for glowing and the dogs. but that's what you might see for on your website is proud of getting gas and as shooting up as 20 kilometers. and then falling over at lodge area. no more that nobody manager with the most recent to rush or no need for the level of this. yeah, but i'm looking at my team and i witnessed the are spreading over an area about 200 by 400 kilometers and that you through this. but that's not even seeing the huge area that covers a large part of central and northern. come, jessica, come to us. can you were here. you saw it with your own eyes. i wouldn't even have to go as far as to say, you experienced it. uh, what was that like? or if somebody did not show it will start at about 70. it was so so you can find the rupture and started that 1 am going to watch a new one. notice the wireless smell, but then it was doc remove hard to see anything in the inside sylvan here, we've got a call from our driver who said no,

there's some sort of loud thunder of that stuff. the guy walked out and saw snow falling with. so we thought he was a storm we're recording for still dark floor to use flushed mike and saw these with the full lodge leak. scrolling down my foot, when we tried to catch them, i understood we'd notice to us gree, ask us our pitch donkey up a new line to go and remain down to the osh. kept funding for 4 hours for him. it was always the 1st summer that route to the clouds about mid day. but those annual slip dock. oh as if someone switched off the sun, they start to see women, you couldn't see your own. had it all the flush, the people and the the supplement. that's located 4 to 5, killed them at the south of ok. michel to had a little flash 8.5 centimeters. take out the full kennel slopes and it will, could layer of a match was between 12 of switching sentiment that speaking about this model, which for you, then all of this happens within the very short time of the less than 24 hours. lots of ash, lots of fun down here for us as cloud drops,

it can also trigger likely and so the 50 kilometer. so what one of the mostly sounded like a cardboard trailer was running through the village, was incredibly loud. the boys in payment because of yours annual kennel eruptions offered and distributable slow called huntington national at charlie. the mortgage clause, which was kenny jack asher. now it's up to 20 kilometers how i would have to do it still because she village here to see the always capable of a seat before the late april this yeah. vision. yeah. you don't nationally, we're that over the head killing because high or so. this is dangerous because we're kind of anxious to meet of tiny particles of glass. no. can you just let us the glass has moved edges from being ruled in water for a long time. the boy clinic now she has very sharp edges and says he can really said if you didn't have any up or how do you eyes leg there are helpful to all kinds of air crime because the disrupt, the engine you back in april or we had a few snow miles away using and 3 of them and broke down. and after just a few days where the overall report is, what kind of cash can do

a level fund for the business. but it's a pretty aggressive substance. first of all in terms of people's health, but also in terms of missionary units and forth, the ash is also heavy and large amounts of it can damage groups to the flaw. so it's a good top of the russian that, that actually helps news educational drugs. i put them with the now sometimes the rule very while ago gave them the bigger and stronger than before, the ruptured way to that so. so in a way to actually sit for, to live for local files to go ahead. it's a review observable can for many years in a row and for, and then we will see that for us a little kind of an interruption destroys everything that grew on that. and if so, we're about 5 to 10 years. they don't include that will be much take out and big a for us going there again, some through. so volcano is both destroyed and support lice through the

alexi. we're a little bit crazy. we're standing on an actual lava flow coming in was absolutely fascinating because you can see some thermal vents still letting off their steam. i guess i have to ask, we hear about volcanoes being dormant. this one was that one. what does it take for a volcano? actually to erupt in, to become active again of what kind of us and you have with that. ok, those don't go anywhere. those somebody possibly can always wake up because there's always a thermal flow beneath some of the generates and you'll maxima know as soon as a certain quantity of magma builds them. there's practically no other way for it to go. when it reaches the surface of teaching that a fantastic eruption takes place for us to approach ebony, it's only a matter of time of life. the quantity of magma generation is not sufficient. house, nothing to sleep. intervals alone. and here's the loss of magma builds up quickly. the end tables a shield. now i've heard that one in every 10 volcanoes that erupt happened right here and come chuck, is that true? yeah, by boy. oh,

no opinion. more or less. we know that some volcanic eruptions can be predicted, but some not. we know that there's also that there's a lot of interesting research in this field and new information that is coming forth. um what makes the difference in terms of when we know when, when we don't know if those are you guys have with us? that's one of the most important questions in both analogy. you, what we've noted the whole volcanoes are different and as not always of ok now has interrupted for a long time. and all of a sudden the mag, my begins to rise closer to the surface and that, you know, you might breaking its way through the wrong and that data and we get to a volcanic us quick. is it? what do you see? no, yes. any kind of, if there's a root out for the meg, my already well established with a blank with the coach of scully volcano. that's american. that's quite comedy flows to the surface. now we'll discuss quakes and proceed. interruption rarely felt and see if, if people, so it heavily depends on the type of volcano and they wanted structure because that was not how long it's been since interruption in the area using. this is more of

a question for my mom. are we safe? is it possible for a volcano to her up right now before our eyes? yes. do you sound that especially if your mom gog, when you own a volcano with an expert vulcan ologist who kind of like them, you'll be fine. and so at least you know, yes, we've been without one. yeah, there's no guarantee in terms of the age of all pianos. how old is the volcanoes that were standing on right now? and they've got the order which has not for the love of that you are now standing on dates back to 2012, 2013. if the young love us human would be, these are all young volcanoes, but that's, we always put a particular focus on study in young volcanoes. he will come, that's my job. so i love study in young volcanoes because this place is a work in progress as it will be the process. it's very important to have access to the process as it occurs. know guys, the media like geology and a science studies 3 states of matter. gas, gas, it's liquid in solid wood volk analogy is distinguishable from older wrist. one of

the shape is your zip game. is it also studies liquid matter? i believe this liquid? yes, i mean 10 years ago. i think that that brings me to another question about the force of a volcano. is it possible to predict how strong interruption is going to be? for example, there's this mess or an idea that if it's been dormant for a long time and then it goes to a lot and it's going to be more powerful interruption. and then what is the store on the whole? it can be possible, but not always the does a method gold which african knology i was to. what do you want, which is very important for understanding how powerful interruption of a volcano will be used. that way. we have them, as i said, definitely you would take a layer of the ash deposit. i'd love the study, the lava study of the process is study the volcanoes depth structure. so moves them avenue in louise and then we reconstruct the history of the volcanoes. it already exists. there's just that he has to those nice stories and accordingly, if we can make predictions about the future processes that may take place. yeah.

yeah. like the sense of studying the geology and use the to for chronology into the lava. you know that y'all a g n g of physics easily and then gave easy to a lot of complex research that, that might show us how a volcano will function. but actually i'm gonna ask you to look into the future to be a clairvoyant. if you don't mind, when do you use and the next big eruption is going to happen here in kentucky? yeah, the more yeah. issue. i hope i'll be young and strong enough to witness the interruption . celia potters from this that i, any of my institute is still going to be strong for us to do a good job studying it is what she, what kind of for you. and that will be able to predict whether this option will be dangerous for people who haven't come jessica, as well as for plains and everything else and no one. by the way, the boy did, i use the c. so i hope it will happen in the near future. i'll say the 102030. yes . i mean, yeah. look, that's not a long time and geology. one more step in just to your intuition here. what about the next bigger epson in the world?

no, i know exactly for sure. well, it will definitely happen and we already have a huge number of problems in the world. and they've got a huge number of volcanoes on they got used to work on. if you didn't come jessica, who are your nice little and the philippines you need be are also on the water volcanoes. yeah, i wouldn't try to guess. now you have only said it would be better to do this if you ever was that light and all these conflicts between countries and unite the countries around the pacific ring of folio, i'd say we didn't have all the scientists to work together using different methods to predict the very extreme subset ominous events. the definitely awaits us with the that would be great. let me check it. it's like say it's been a fascinating conversation. thank you for bringing this out here. now we gotta get out of here safely. huh. does lash the know how it works or so whenever you are with me, so you'll be fine. the it is impossible not to mention our pilots here. this is one of the most difficult places on earth to navigate and is

considered that some of the most experienced pilots are here and come chuck if get any kind of chance was ours. we can do the story without talking to the pilots because we've seen some amazing flying with you guys here. so thank you for that. i guess i have to ask, what is it like flying these conditions around volcanoes? is it exciting? is it scary? is it just normal truck inside of the oceans? it is. there's a lot of fun flying around. come check on the said 1st, when i just started watching it was a little intimidating about before, but eventually it grew on me. i've been faxed off to come check out any other places, especially with no mountains to fly around. so you confirm jack has become a 2nd time to me. i know that he can actually change the dynamics of an aircraft. and in this region, there's lots of thermal zones where there's volcanic activity. how does that affect your flying is? is it dangerous? that should come from the charge to the chain when to budget corrupt shapes. over

that, we flew about the law of a river and the planet had a hard time with the heavy comp technician, because on zeros and we kept losing altitude because of the heat. and so it was really dangerous when she was also a situation in go, or any volcano we went, the with a team of all can ologist possible from across the crate or the volcano is quite small. and so the guys went down with me. they had a rescue with them whose job is to make sure they can make it back up using roku roku, but something went wrong and they got stuck and i was annoyed was really dark and we had to think of a way to get them out. so we for the trouble down slowly into the crater when picked the mountains of that, it was something else to twice a story. so whatever, thank you very much. it's been incredibly interesting flying with you and we appreciate the work that you do appreciate it. let's see what it's not just the volcanoes that give come chunk of this and worldly landscape called arrows, and geysers are some of nature's unique creations. here and come shatka, there's

a whole valley of them. this is where we will speak to you. we have full of the geologist, an expert in these phenomena. julia, this is kind of a landscape from a different world. thank you for bringing us out here. um, before we get to this, i wanna ask you about the colors. we know that they're related to volcanic activity, but what exactly are the guys? the caldera is a very large structure, measuring many kilometers in diameter, july, it emerges as a result of a mass of interruption, starts when a large amount of magma burst out of a pool located close to the surface, causing a big explosion. fire after that. as the mag a muscle empties this of the land caves in forming a large recess like a vast aggression or a volt, confined by fault. an example of that is the was in guides, are called there, where we are standing now. whether it's, if you look over there, you will see the edge of an ancient caldera that was formed tens of thousands of

years ago. so when we're flying over here, we saw this beautiful lake molly is in the uh, it was beautiful in terms of its color. its been called green lake, but now it's blue, but it's not really water down there. is it? it's something else. perhaps we wouldn't want to go swimming there when we ma is demolished. symbiotic volcano and the lake at the bottom of its crater are 2 absolutely unique phenomenon when you called. they are unique because the water in the lake is extremely acidic with a p h level below one. essentially is this to sion of sol sherik acid, what the hydro, clark acid, and even a little hydrochloric acid, a very strong mix. up of the volcano ologist, i went to explore the lake and a rubber boat and barely made it back to the shore. as soon as the aluminum fours that they were using to row had nearly dissolved with the so the lake is absolutely unique to here need. why similar ones can be found in japan, indonesia,

and can you feel it? they are extremely rare in the world around sure. and come child got this is the only lake lake that the volcano go to only used to have a lake like this before. but that one disappeared after interruption in 2010. so we're left with just this one was in fact the volcano is getting more active now. the water level in the lake is rising and something dangerous may happen soon. the crater wall may collapse, letting all of this drawn aggressive a city water flooded the surrounding area. so you, it's a good thing. nobody lives around here. let's talk about geysers. and we know that they're very rare. and we know that they are connected to volcanic activity. what are they? visors are very rare phenomenon called darrell hundreds and thousands of thermal springs in the world with standard very few guys are almost every one of them has a name and its own temper. so, how does it work? you?

this area of the valley of geysers is the edge of a large caldera, who's in guys are caldera, which acts as a giant water reservoir, through sub surface rocks of crags, and then, and water filters down through those cracks to the body of magma close to the surface there, the water is heated, up to $300.00 degrees, will get saturated with the gases, and then this hydrothermal flow starts rising towards the surface. what about the difference between the hot springs and geysers? um, i know that you wouldn't want to go swimming and one of these briefly tell me the difference between those i this spring is boiling and bubbling all the time. sometimes they call it a pulsating spring. essentially it's always active, whereas a guys are shoes, water periodically, and it can goes to the island for hours sometimes days on, depending on the guys or so that's the key difference that you have distinct hydro

dynamic behaviors on here really? well the most of the water itself is just wonderful. and if i could, i'd go swimming in a guys or after this trip i would. it's sodium chloride water with a low mineralization, a neutral to sub alkaline compositions, and contains some nice elements like source, like acid and bar on that. all of that is really good for your health. i'd go take a bath like that any time of the day, but there is just one small problem. geothermal springs can be cold, warm, hot and boiling, and a geyser is a type of a boiling spring, which says that all these shipments are imperfect creatures. we cannot debate and water that's heated up to 90 to 100 degrees celsius. you claim that said, there are some hard core organisms and nature, so they can actually enjoy geysers. because you may have noticed the colorful rock formations around the gaze or blow holes. these are

a thermos feel like micro organisms does the satellite show more will do, like both the near boiling water and the extreme p h condition. they also like mercury, antimony, and other elements. so those are the kinds of amazing creatures we've got here. and one more thing i did this thermal files are the reason the guys are right is painted in such a vibrant and saturated colors by itself with the guys right is gray and unimpressive. but thanks to thermos to look organisms. we have all this stained glass like the artwork to enjoy and thank you for taking the time to speak with us . it's been incredibly interesting and can we to learn more about the

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