[000:00:00;00] the we are in control, the land of fire breathing volcanoes. volcanoes vividly capture the imagination and they define our lives much more than you would expect. so what are they capable of and what makes contract as volcanoes stand up? the is unlikely. any one knows more about volcanoes here than alexi, or he's the chief,

broken all just didn't them chuck the flesh. and thanks for coming up here with us. this is a fascinating issue for sure. so here in come check out there are about $300.00 volcanoes. they say 30 of them are believed to be active. why such a concentration of volcanoes here and contract that you see that kind of jim categories. one of the most effective places in the world is to media, and he has a 7000 big small and medium sized volcanoes. here the 2 roughly ups of 300 of them are big cones. and so the are active volcanoes that they're renting. now you've got the food around all have a ruptured long ago. that's a come. jessica also has full super active volcanoes that are guaranteed to erupt every year. right. michael and super volcanoes. they all and 6, if you look at the whole kind of groups of school in volcano, have several governments to start as me on the over the years. and i'm cutting ski by them. and so come, child care is

a cross section of powerful kind of activity pushing way to produce that because a 150 kilometers east of here in the oceans going near the pacific tectonic plate is the sinking under the arrangement tectonic play t. hey, john scan, what you, what i see is that plate has about a 100 meters thick. more so it goes down a few 100 kilometers and down the it releases hotter liquid because of the water roll around it. got to put that thought fluid melts, the rocks cutting them into magma by the bag, which is the surface and come chop go with the pacific plate under contract, co resisting kings 10 centimeters. every. yeah, but we've got some very fast. you have to go right to the speed, the more magnet was produced and ultimately released. so instead we have multiple kain, those that are reputable frequently. so you mentioned that we're right here on the ocean, specifically the pacific ocean, the contract peninsula projects out into it. what is the pacific ring of fire and what role as contract to play in that range? you thought you kind of show up with us. that's a very good question. it's

a very important question. so the pacific ring, a file to humanity, is the most expensive geological structure that exists on the planet to have a seat to 80000 kilometers. it's huge. got it accounts for 80 percent of the active volcanoes on the voice induced 80 percent of us quakes on us, the and 89 percent of so now i'm is i could also impact 35 percent of the people on our planet. and that's more than a subsidy. see, so even from these broad calculations presto, you can see that this is a very important structure for humanity doria. so yes, it is a ring of fire and come. jessica is one of the most active segments within that ring. your breakdown scolding the card. so what about looking inside volcanoes isn't safe to say that. looking into a volcano is like looking inside our earth. and what's the most important thing that a volcano can tell us when we take that looks the whole time. ok now is like a window into the depths of our plan is the way you can have a look at it. the whole complex of things that we can understand and see what's going on inside the us. it festival tell me the melted rock window,

standing on this solidified mega comes from literally thousands of kilometers onto the surface, which that's where it's produced within the whole you see. so the 1st thing we can do is study this material being where it came from. how it got to. yeah, so it probably devolved and what's inside it. all right, so that's one of the most important things for us or jump on. yeah, the next thing we can do is understand the root system of ok. noticed that he's the overlying real, i've called on the video of a line rock is located in the water here. so g assemble stream feels can form that . so we'll kind of disease geothermal, stream fields are a source of green energy, which is becoming more popular with every yes piano and of course you mo, necessary. in fact, we really should worry about the state of our planet and numbers, right. another very important factor that's also related to volcanoes is guess like i'm sure gas is released by volcanoes into the atmosphere know and help create the conditions that allow us to breathe and live to only one of the most distinguished scientists took his time. you looked at the institute of bulk and all of the inside apology and come jessica was dr. you have given him up team in a school,

off of the theory that life on us evolved thanks to volcanic activity on. well, they helped form the general conditions on us. that's clear there's, you mean? yeah, he believes that volcanoes made it possible for life to of old on the view is what is required some very specific conditions. some of the combination of the right temperature gas is the water, electric discharges, and so on, as it might be at some point to something close to life began to evolve it. and as it relates to the process continued on its own, some up with a bit. now i've heard you mentioned a couple of times during our conversation that there are different types of volcanoes. and i've also heard you say the volcanoes are like people. uh, they're. busy different uh, can you tell the different volcanoes around here from their personalities? yes. of course. that's sketchy. well, got it. ok. and i was even sleep in different way. but as number a godaddy mission that is on the way they, a rock, is also

a completely different salem. on the whole, we can divide volcanoes into a few times. it's going to keep of use by site that we will there a bustle, 12 k. notice that's the deepest material i noticed when it comes up to the surface, switched, it practically doesn't change it. don't see where it flows and beautiful, loveless dreams. this is always visible. and one, the media always shows us because everyone loved watching them with ideas. there are others the media, if the amendment was held on the ground, it composition changes that crystals form and visit the room. and it turns into the citric magma media group. i tend to sit, take them back, but practically doesn't flow a tool way. hm. it just explodes this way. it's very dangerous and unpredictable, and this to you and, and just to take them back. no, well, i do not know isn't one of the most famous and pacific meg, my volcanoes is mounts and highlands and busy me in russia. it does me on the whole country of yellow and so that you currently need. those of these volcanoes have a different competition. reason when they are wrapped. photographers have little chance of capturing them because they explode in seconds and destroy amber things.

and that's why we rarely see them. oh, here's this, you'll see the other sheet then the other time. so they thought it was done, right? like volcanoes got off the phone, big caldera by then. so one day they said these are depending on the condition of the material and depending on whether it's best. so the side we're right, lie to exec, then based on the magnetic system involves us annual kind of corruptions, can be completely different send than you before that the issue was then take into account the volcanoes age, but in height, the amount of times and it's a loss direction. it's that simple and you can see there are huge differences that i think each year. but i have to ask which is your favorite volcano and why? you have you ever said you got the 1st time i visited the volcano? it was a student in sky. fantastic, beautiful volcano, adult level. then i worked on the go to the volcano after which erupt it, but to me, cuz then when i go to a job at the institute of technology, yes, i began working at the fantastic, i'm just going volcano,

which erupt quite often. well, in america, i mean on the cute, a way of ok know, and how i, you know, i collected love a samples that were like bombs. i mean, you have to use my thing to get. everyone wondered how it was possible to move on better than i was in and talked to go in japan. but in here, working on trivial to be, then there's me on a group that got a huge number of okay, those. yeah, they're all different instances and i like each one of them is quick on use like constantly with ton took the chips going of course, bye for you. so you have written a book about it. and so again, to answer your question seriously, really well, i can say that my love for volcanoes is multi faceted, high level volcanoes will, but coach ethically is always special to me, i get a new one. yeah. okay, perfect. all right. i know that we're in the middle of a bunch of volcanoes right now, but there's other places that we need to get to look at to them. of course, the volcanoes erupt, income childcare, almost every day, special village and busy,

meaningful aquinos had explosive your options. just recently, an engineer and focused ologist and victor full of was caught right in the thick of it. the thickness, thanks for bringing us out here to civility your area as a special expertise. when most of us think of a volcanic eruption, we think of lava. but what's really happening behind the scenes when a low candle erupt. what's the process like, what's what it was, what is actually happening? nobody knew the serial, which i will go up if i'm a refractory, she felt sure the volcano that you can see right here is an example. the movies you would expect to see. there's a big, tall mounting with red hot lava flowing down the site and you are in the middle. that's what you never see you, but she built me much real good though. you might see some red hot rocks is rolling down at night. it's glowing in the dogs, but that's it. what you might see from and your option is proud of getting gas and as shooting up as 20 kilometers,

and then falling over at lodge area. no more that nobody me to do with the most recent to rush or no need for the definitely this year. but i'm open to my team and i witnessed are spreading over an area about 200 by 400 kilometers and that you through this. but that's not even seeing these huge areas that covers a large part of central and northern. come jessica contrast can you were here. you saw it with your own eyes. i wouldn't even have to go as far as to say, you experienced it. what was that like? or if somebody did not show it all started at 70, it was so so you can find the rupture and started at 1 am. you know, i feel like no one noticed a lot of smoke, but then it was doc move hard to see anything in the inside. sylvia. we got a call from our driver who said no, this some sort of loud under how that the girl walked out and saw snow falling with . so we thought it was a storm recording for still dark floor to use uh, flushed light and solid, decent with the full lodge leaks falling down my foot. when we tried to catch them, i am stuck with notice to us. greet you pitch. doctor, you up

a new line to go and remain down to the osh, kept funding for 4 hours for them. i was always the 1st somebody that ruled through the clouds about mid day rentals annual. so the whole as if someone switched off of this honest, honestly it went on, you couldn't see your own had it all the flush, the people and the settlement that's located 4 to 5 killed them at the south of ok . michel to had a little flash 8.5 centimeters thick volcano slopes and it will cause their of mash was between 12 of switching sentiment that speaking about this was for that. then all this happened within the very short time of the less than 24 hours. lots of ash and lots of fun down here for us as cloud drops. it can also trigger likes me and so there are 50 kilometers. so what i want to move with was sounded like a cardboard tray and i was running through the village. you will see collectively allow the boys in payment because of yours and you can only rupture this offer. and distributable slow called huntington national at charlie, the mortgage clause, which was kenny jack asher miles up to 20 kilometers high,

would have to do with dean cuz she village here too. so they always capable of a safe spot for the late april this year, raising. yet you don't actually wear that over to them because high or so. this is dangerous because we're kind of anxious to meet of tiny particles of glass and health conditions. less heat loss has moved ages from being rude in water for a long time. the boy clinic now she has very sharp edges. and since you can really search, if you didn't have any up or how do you ice level, there are helpful to all kinds of air crime because the disrupt, the engine you back in april. we had a few snow miles away using and 3 of them broke down and after just a few days where the overall report is, will kind of josh can do a lot of fun for the business. but it's a pretty aggressive substance. first of all in terms of people's health, but also in terms of missionaries, if it's improved, the ash is also heavy and large amounts of it can damage groups to the flaw. so it's a good chance of the russian. it's actually helps new vegetation drugs like put them with the now sometimes will vary why that will give them the bigger and stronger

them before the ruptured way to that. so. so in a way to actually sit for, to live for local files to go ahead. it's a review observable can for many years in a row environmental, you'll see that for us a little kind of interruption destroys everything that grew on that. and so we're about 5 to 10 years. the to include that will be much take out and big a for us going there again, some through. so volcano is both destroyed and support life through the alexi. we're a little bit crazy. we're standing on an actual lava flow coming in was absolutely fascinating because you can see some thermal vents still letting off their steam. i guess i have to ask, we hear about volcanoes being dormant. this one was that one. what does it take for

a volcano? actually to erupt in, to become active again of what kind of us and you have with it. ok, those don't go anywhere. those gonna be the best and they can always wake up because there's always a symbol slo been nice, some of the generates new maxima, know as soon as a certain quantity of magma builds them. there's practically no other way for it to go. when it reaches the surface of the teachers and a fantastic eruption takes place for us to approach ebony, it's only a matter of time of life. the quantity of magma generation is no sufficient house, nothing to sleep intervals alone. and here's the river. lots of magma builds up quickly. the end tables a shield. now i've heard that one in every 10 volcanoes that erupt happened right here and contract. is that true? yeah, by boy. oh, no opinion. more or less. we know that some volcanic eruptions can be predicted, but some not. we know that there's also that there's a lot of interesting research in this field and new information that is coming forth. um, what makes the difference in terms of when we know when,

when we don't know if those you guys have with us, that's one of the most important questions in both analogy. you know what we've noted the whole volcano is a different and that's not always of ok now has interrupted for a long time and all of a sudden she mag, my begins to rise closer to the surface and that, you know, would you mind breaking its way through the wrong and me that, that, and we get to a volcanic as quick as unit d. c. no, yes. so you cannot, if there's a root out for the meg, my already well established with a blank, with the coach of sky volcano, that's a meg most quite calmly flows to the surface. now this task wakes didn't proceed, interruption rarely felt and see if, if people, so it's heavily depends on the type of ok, know, and they wanted structure because that was not how long it's been since interruption in the area using this is more of a question for my mom, are we safe? is it possible for a volcano to her up right now before our eyes? yes. do you sound that especially if your mom gog, when you are one of ok, you know, with the next bud vulcan ologist who no, i go, you'll be fine. and so at least you know, yes,

we've been without one. yeah. there's no guarantee in terms of the age of all to knows how old is the volcanoes that were standing on right now. and they've got the order which has not for the love of that you are now standing on dates back to 2012, 2013. it will update to young love assuming that these are all young volcanoes, but that's we always put a particular focus on study and young volcanoes. he will come, that's my job with this. i love study in young volcanoes because this place is a work in progress as it will be the process. it's very important to have access to the process as it occurs. know guys, the media like geology and a science studies 3 states of matter, gas, gas. it's liquid in solid wood volk analogy is distinguishable from all the wrist starting of the j issues. it is it also studies liquid matter? i believe this liquid? yes i agree 10 years ago. so you know that that brings me to another question about the force of a volcano. is it possible to predict how strong interruption is going to be?

for example, there's this mess or an idea that if it's been dormant for a long time and then it goes to a lot and it's going to be more powerful interruption. and then what is the store on the whole? it can be possible, but not always the does a method goals which are for chronology i was to what do you want, which is very important for understanding how powerful interruption of a volcano will be used. that way. we have them this device, it different. you take a layer of the ash deposit. i pleasure you study the lava study of the process is study the volcanoes depth structure as you move wisdom avenue in louise and then we reconstruct the history of the of ok and is it already exists? there's just that vs through those nice stories and accordingly, perfectly can make predictions about future processes that may take place. yeah. yelling expensive studying the geology and use the to for a chronology is the trilogy and geo physics. you see and then gave easy to a lot of complex research that, that might show us how a volcano will function. but actually i'm gonna ask you to look into the future to be a clairvoyant,

if you don't mind when do you use and the next big eruption is going to happen here in kentucky? yeah, the more yeah. issue. i hope i'll be young and strong enough to witness the interruption. celia potters from this that i, any of my institute is still going to be strong for us to do a good job studying it is what she, what kind of for you. and that will be able to predict whether this option will be dangerous for people who haven't come jessica, as well as for plains and everything else and no one. by the way, the boy did, i use the c. so i hope it will happen in the near future. so the 102030. yes. yeah . look, that's not a long time and geology. one more step in just to your intuition here. what about the next bigger epson in the world? no, i know exactly. it was, well, it will definitely happen and we already have a huge number of problems in the world. and there was a huge number of volcanoes on the lease to will kind of the government come jessica, who are you nice lentil, and the philippines you need be are also underwater volcanoes. you have, i wouldn't try to guess. now you have only said it would be better to do this if

you ever was that light and all these conflicts between countries and unite the countries around the pacific ring of files, i'd say, really didn't have all the scientists to work together using different methods to predict the very extreme subsided, ominous events of the definitely awaits us. with that, that would be great. let me check it. i thought i'd say it's been a fascinating conversation. thank you for bringing us out of here. now we've got to get out of here safely. huh. does lash the how it works in your so whenever you are with me, so you'll be fine. the it is impossible not to mention our pilots here. this is one of the most difficult places on earth to navigate and is considered that some of the most experienced pilots are here and come chuck. if the any kind of chat of was hours the. we can do the story without talking to the pilots because we've seen some amazing flying with you guys here. so thank you for that. i guess i have to ask, what is it like flying these conditions around volcanoes? is it exciting?

is it scary, is it just normal? and the construction inside the ocean city is there's a lot of fun flying around. come check on the said 1st when i just started watching it, it was a little intimidating, of course, but eventually it grew on me and fax off to come check out any of the places, especially with no mountains to fly around fields to confirm jack has become a 2nd time to me, i know that he can actually change the dynamics of an aircraft. and in this region there's lots of thermal zones where there's volcanic activity. how does that affect your flying is? is it dangerous, efficient enough from the georgia to the chain when to budget corrupted? so for that, we flew up the law of a river and the planet had a hard time with the heavy comp technician, because on zeros and we kept losing altitude because of the heat. so it was really dangerous when she was also a situation in go, or any volcano we went, the with a team of bolton ologist possible from across the crate or the volcano is quite

small. and so the guys went down with me. they had a rescue with them whose job is to make sure they can make it back up using right to know for me. but something went wrong and they got stuck in our mode was really dark and we had to think of a way to get them out. so we for the shopping down slowly into the crater when picked the mountains of that, it was something else to twice a story, sort of a thank you very much. it's been incredibly interesting. flying with you and we appreciate the work that you do appreciate it. let's see what it's not just the volcanoes that give come chunk of this and worldly landscape called arrows, and geysers are some of nature's unique creations. here and come shatka, there is a whole valley of them. this is where we will speak to you. we have full of the geologist, an expert, can these phenomenon julia, this is kind of a landscape from a different world. thank you for bringing us out here. um, before we get to this,

i wanna ask you about the colors. we know that they're related to volcanic activity, but what exactly are the caldera is a very large structure? measuring many kilometers in diameter to light emerges as a result of a mass of interruption starts when a large amount of magma burst out of a pool located close to the surface or causing a big explosion to fight. after that, as the mag a muscle emptiness of the land caves in forming a large recess like a vast aggression or a goal. and i can find by phone. an example of that is the was in guides are called there, where we are standing now. so what that is, if you look over there, you will see the edge of an ancient caldera that was formed tens of thousands of years ago. so, when we're flying over here, we saw this beautiful lake. molly's chic uh, it was beautiful in terms of its color. it's been called green lake, but now it's blue, but it's not really water down there. is it?

it's something else. perhaps we wouldn't want to go swimming. there wouldn't be. ma is the molly sim, yatchuck volcano, and the lake at the bottom of its crater are 2 absolutely unique phenomenon. when you call, they are unique because the water in the lake is extremely sick with the p h level below ones. esentially is this to motion of sol sherik acid was the hydro, clark acid, and even a little hydrochloric acid. a very strong mix. up of the volcano, ologist. i went to explore the lake and a rubber boat. barely made it back to the shore. as soon as the aluminum force that they were using to row had nearly dissolved with the so the lake is absolutely unique to here need. why similar ones can be found in japan, indonesia engine, you view it, but they are extremely rare in the world around sure. and come, child got this is the only lake like that. the volcano goody, only used to have a leg like this before. but that one disappeared after interruption in 2010. so

we're left with just this one whistle. in fact, the volcano is getting more active now. the water level in the lake is rising and something dangerous may happen soon. the crater wall may collapse, letting all of this strong aggressive, acidic water flood the surrounding area. you. it's a good thing. nobody lives around here. let's talk about geysers. and we know that they're very rare. and we know that they are connected to volcanic activity. what are they? visors are very rare phenomenon called darrell hundreds and thousands of thermal springs in the world with standard. very few guys are almost every one of them has a name and its own temper. so how does it work that? are you, this area of the valley of geysers is the edge of a large caldera, who's in guys are caldera, which acts as a giant water reservoir, through sub surface rocks of crags, and then, and water filters down through those cracks to the body of magma close to the surface seems to go there. the water is heated,

up to $300.00 degrees will get saturated with the gases. and then this hydrothermal flow starts rising towards the surface here. what about the difference between the hot springs and geysers? um, i know that you wouldn't want to go swimming and one of these briefly tell me the difference between those i this spring is boiling and bubbling all the time. sometimes they call it a pulsating spring. essentially it's always active, whereas the guys are shoots water periodically and it can go silent for hours sometimes days on, depending on the guy's or. so that's the key difference that you have distinct hydrodynamics behaviors on here really? well the most of the water itself is just wonderful. and if i could, i'd go swimming in a guys or after this trip i would. it's sodium chloride water with a low mineralization. a neutral to sub alkaline con positions and contains some

nice elements like source like acid and more on that. all of that is really good for your health. i'd go take a bath like that any time of the day. but there is just one small problem. geothermal springs can be cold, warm, hot, and boiling. and the guys there is a type of a boiling spring, which says it all he's a humans are in perfect creatures. we cannot bait and water that's heated up to 90 to 100 degrees celsius. that said, there are some hard core organisms and nature so they can actually enjoy geysers. me because you may have noticed the color for rock formations around the gays or blow holes. these are a thermos feel like micro organisms, the satellite. so mobile, they like both the near boiling water and the extreme p h condition. they also like mercury, antimony, and other elements. so those are the kinds of amazing creatures we've got here. and one more thing, these thermal files are the reason the guys are right is painted in such

a vibrant and saturated colors by itself with the guys right is gray and unimpressive. but thanks to thermal select organisms, we have all this stained glass like artwork, to enjoy and say, here's a time to speak with us. it's been incredibly interesting. and can we to learn more about

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