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the we are in contract, the land of fire breathing volcanoes. volcanoes vividly capture the imagination and they define our lives. much more than you would expect. so what are they capable of and what makes contract as volcanoes stand up? the

it's unlikely anyone knows more about volcanoes here than alexi or is that he's the chief logan all just didn't come chuck the flesh and thanks for coming up here with us. this is a fascinating issue that it, for sure. so here in come check out there are about $300.00 volcanoes. they say 30 of them are believed to be active. why such a concentration of volcanoes here and contract that you see that kind of jim categories, one of the most effective places in the world is to media. and he has a 7000 big small and medium sized volcanoes. here, the 2 roughly ups of 300 of them, a big cones, and so the are active volcanoes that they're renting. now you've got the food around or have her up too long ago that's come. jessica also has full super active volcanoes that are guaranteed to erupt every year. i called them super volcanoes, they all and 6. if you look at the whole kind of groups of school, you volcano,

months to store business money over the years under contract in ski by someone does have contracts, there is a cross section of how fully volcanic activity pushing way to produce that because a 150 kilometers east of here, in the oceans, going near the pacific tectonic plate is the sinking onto the, your region tectonic plates. we heard john skin, what you want to use. that plate is about a 100 meters thick, more as it goes down a few 100 kilometers and down the it releases hot liquid because of the water roll around. it got to put that salt fluid melts. the rocks cutting them into magma. but all the mag, which is the surface and come check the pacific plate under contract, co rethinking is 10 centimeters. every yeah, but we've got some very fast. you have to go right to the speed, the more magnet was produced and ultimately released to instead we have multiple k, those that are reputable frequently. so you mentioned that we are right here on the ocean, specifically the pacific ocean, the contract peninsula jets out into it. what is the pacific ring of fire and what role this contract to play in that ring?

you thought you kind of show up with us. that's a very good question. it's a very important question. store the pacific ring of fire to humanity is the most expensive geological structure that exists on the planet to have a c, it's 80000 kilometers. it's huge. got to it. accounts that 80 percent of the active volcanoes on of course, and this 80 percent of us quakes on us that and 89 percent of the tsunami is i could also impact 35 percent of the people on our planet to enter more than a subsidy cd so even from these broad calculations, presto, you can see that this is a very important structure for humanity doria. so yes, it is a ring of fire. don't come, shatka is one of the most active segments within that ring down school make i. so what about looking inside volcanoes isn't safe to say that the looking into a volcano is like looking inside our earth. and what's the most important thing that a volcano can tell us? when we take that looks a hold of ok now is like a window into the depths of our planet. somebody. you can have a look that it's a whole complex of things that we can understand and see what's going on inside the

us. it's the 1st of all, tell me the melted rock window, standing on this solidified meg, that comes from literally thousands of kilometers onto the surface, which that's where it's pretty this during the winter. what do you see for the 1st thing we can do is study this material being wherever it came from. you see how it goes here? so it probably devolved and what's inside it. all right, so that's one of the most important things for us or jump on. yeah, the next thing we can do is understand the root system of ok. noticed a t p over lying rough quote on those of the overlying rock is located in the water here. so g assemble stream fields can form that. so we'll kind of these geothermal stream fields are a source of green energy, which is becoming more popular with every yes the are. and of course you more necessary. in fact, we really should worry about the state of a planetary numbers, right. another very important factor that's also related to volcanoes is guess you like, i'm sure the gas is released by volcanoes into the atmosphere and help create the conditions that allow us to breathe and live showing the one of the most distinguished scientists of his time. you worked at the institute of bulk analogy

and the size, momentary and contract. uh, was doctor. you have given him up team in the school. also the scenery that life on us evolved thanks to volcanic activity on. well, they helped form the general conditions on us. that's clear, yeah, he believes that volcanoes made it possible for life to of old on us. the view is 0 . it required some very specific conditions. some of the combination of the right temperature gas is the water, electric discharges, and so on, as it might be at some point to something close to life, begin to evaluate them as and relate to split. the process continued on its own, some of which he did. now i've heard you mentioned a couple times during our conversation that there are different types of volcanoes and i've also heard you say the volcanoes are like people. uh, they're. busy different uh, can you tell the different volcanoes around here from their personalities? yes, of course. that's catchy. will got it. ok, you knows. even sleep in different way. but as number i got to guide you,

internet is on the way they are wrapped is also a completely different salem. on the whole, we can divide volcanoes into a few times is going to cheaper use by site, and we will the bustle, 12 k. notice that's the deepest material i noticed when it comes up to the surface, which do it practically doesn't change it. don't see where it flows and beautiful lama streams. this is always visible. and one, the media always shows us because everyone loved watching them with ideas. there are others the media. if the mag mother is held on the ground, it's composition changes, crystals form and dizzy through them, and it turns into an the citric magma media group. i tried to sit, take them back, but practically doesn't flow a tool is you telling me it just explodes this way. it's very dangerous and unpredictable. and this year, and under citrix magma, well, i do not know isn't one of the most famous and pacific magnet volcanoes is mounts and highlands. i'm busy now in russia, it does me on the who comes with yellow. and so don't you kindly need those of these volcanoes have a different competition. and when they arrived,

photographers have little chance of capturing them because they explode in seconds and destroy amber things. and that's why we rarely see them who use this use any other sheet than the other type. so they thought it was, and right like volcanoes got off the phone, big caldera by then, so on that it, there's a visa, depending on the condition of the material. and depending on whether it's bustle, the side and roll or right light to exec, then based on the magnetic system involved. because the annual kind of corruptions can be completely different. send then you before that the issue was in take into account the volcanoes age height. give her the amount of times and it's a loss direction. so simple and you can see there a huge difference is a little bit of an issue. but i have to ask which is your favorite volcano? and why is you have you ever asked me said you're 1st time i visited them. ok. and it was a student in the in sky. fantastic. beautiful volcano, adult level. and i worked on the go to the volcano off to interrupt it. but to me, cuz then when i go to a job and the institute to vote and all to yes,

i began working at the fantastic, i'm just going volcano, which erupt quite often. well, in america, i mean on the cute a way of volcano in hawaii, but i collected love a samples that were like bombs. and we have seen some of them to get everyone wondered how it was possible. i don't belong better than i was in and talked to go in japan and the but in here working on trivia look be then there's me on a girl and they got a huge number of ok those. yeah, they're all different instances and i like each one of them click on use like constantly with ton took the chips going. of course, by fluids. you have written the book about it and so you have to answer your question seriously. really? well, i can say that my love for volcanoes are using multi faceted high level volcano as well, but the coach of school is always special to me. i get a new one. yeah. okay, perfect. all right. i know that we're in the middle of a bunch of all kennels right now, but there's other places that we need to get to. let's get to them. of course, the volcanoes erupt, income shatka almost every day. the show village and busy me on info chinos. had

explosive your options, just recently, an engineer and full can all just victor full of was caught right in the thick of the fixture. thanks for bringing us out here to savannah to your area as a special expertise. when most of us think of a volcanic eruption, we think of lava, but what's really happening behind the scenes when a well kennel erupt. what's the process like, what's what it was? what is actually happening? nobody knew the serial, which i will go, okay, if i'm a refractory she belt. sure. the volcano that you can see right here is an example of the movies you would expect to see. there's a big, tall mounting with red hot lava flowing down the sides and you're in tomorrow. that's what you never see you. but she built much real good. the might see some red hot rungs is rolling down at night. it's a glowing in the dogs, but that's what you might. the $400.00 option is proud of getting gas and shooting

up as 20 kilometers and then falling over at lodge area. no more to nobody manager with the most recent to russian on april 11th this year. or i'm looking at my team and i witnessed are spreading over an area about 200 by 400 kilometers and meet you through this. but that's not even seeing these huge areas that covers a large part of central and northern. come, jessica, come to come. you were here. you saw it with your own eyes. i wouldn't even have to go as far as to say, you experienced it's uh, what was that like, or if somebody can and not show it will start at about 70. it was so seeing fox, the rupture of started at 1 am until like no one noticed the wireless smell, but that it was not hard to see anything in the inside. sylvia, we've got a call from our driver who said, no, there's some sort of loud thunder out there that the girl walked out and we saw snow falling with. so we thought it was a storm recording for still dark floor to use flushed my and saw these with the full lodge leak. scrolling down my foot, when we tried to catch them,

i understood we noticed to us gree ask us our pitch donkey up, a new line to go and remain with dr. kevin osh, kept funding for 4 hours for him. i was always the 1st on that route through the crowds about mid game until then your fluid. oh, and as if someone switched off with sun i saw you see when you couldn't see your own have i resolved the flush, the people in the settlement that's located 4 to 5, kill them with the south of ok. mitchell to had a little flash 8.5 centimeters thick volcano slopes and it will cause layer of mash was between 12 or 14 symptom of to speak about this was 40. yeah. then all of this happened within the very short of time of, of less than $24.00 and lots of ash, lots of thumbs down there for us. as cloud drops, it can also trigger likes, media, and so the 50 kilometers. so what one of the mostly sounded like a cargo train was running through the village, was incredibly loud, the boys and even longer because we are a single candle eruption as often and disrupting

a local and international at charlie to boise just quietly. just can you check asher now it's up to 20 because i'm at this time i would have to go to a steve cuz she village here to see the i was capable of a seat before the late april this year, raising the nationally where the oven had killed them because high or so. this is dangerous because we're kind of anxious to meet of tiny particles of glass. no. can you just let us see? gloss has move ages from being rude in water for a long time. the boy clinic now she has very sharp edges. and since you can really said, if you didn't have any up or how do you eyes leg there are home for the old kinds of air crime because of the disrupt, the engine. you're back in april. here we had a few simple miles away using and 3 of them and broke down, and after just a few days where the overall report is, what kind of cash can do a lot of fun for the business. but it's a pretty aggressive substance. first of all in terms of people's health, but also in terms of missionary youth and both the ashes, also a heavy and large amounts of it can damage groups to the flaw. so it's a good top of the russian that's actually helps knew that you tissue drove. i put

that much the now for science rule very well. go give them the bigger and stronger them before the rupture for that so. so in a way that actually is it for, to live for local files to go to, to review observable care for many years in a row apartment, we will see that for us and we'll kind of interruption destroys everything that grew on that. and if so, we're about 5 to 10 years. they don't include that will be much take out and big a for us going there again from those. so volcano is both destroyed and support lives through the alexi who are a little bit crazy. we're standing on an actual lava flow coming in was absolutely fascinating because you can see some thermal vents still loading off their steam. i guess i have to ask,

we hear about volcanoes being dormant. this one was that one. what does it take for a volcano? actually to erupt and become active again of what kind of us and yeah, for the whole trainings don't go anywhere because somebody possibly can always wake up because there's always a symbol slow but nice. some of the generates new maxima or no, we'll assume there's a certain quantity of magma builds them. there's practically no other way for it to go when it reaches the surface of teaching that a fantastic eruption takes place for us to approach ebony, matoney a matter of time. if the quantity of magma generates, it is not sufficient or not in the sleep intervals alone. here's the loss of magma builds up quickly. the intervals the shield. now i've heard that one in every 10 volcanoes that erupt happened right here in contract. is that true? yeah, bye boy. oh, no opinion over less. we know that some volcanic eruptions can be predicted, but some nods. we know that there's also that there's a lot of interesting research in this field and new information that is coming forth. um,

what makes the difference in terms of when we know and when we don't know if those you buy the products, that's one of the most important questions in bulk analogy. you know what we've moved to the whole volcanoes are different, and that's not always of ok now has interrupted for a long time. and all of a sudden the magma begins to rise closer to the surface. and that you might, you might breaking its way through the wrong and that, that, and we get to a volcanic as quick as what the seed, you know, he has to become that if there's a root out for the meg, my already well established with a blank with the coach of sculley volcano, that's a meg must quite comedy flows to the surface. now we'll discuss quakes and proceed . interruption rarely felt and see if, if people, so it heavily depends on the type of volcano and they wanted structure because that was not how long it's been since interruption in the area. so using this is more of a question for my mom. are we safe? is it possible for a volcano to a rep for right now before our eyes? yes, the sun is especially fee on the gog. when you are on a volcano with an expert vulcan ologist, and we're going to like a,

you'll be fine if you are. can you should know? yes, leave this without one. yeah. there's no guarantee in terms of the age of all to knows how old is the volcanoes that were standing on right now. spell out when they got the order, which has not for the love of that you are now standing on dates back to 2012, 2013 in the young love, assuming that these are all young volcanoes. but that's, we always put a particular focus on study in young volcanoes, and that's my job. so i love study in young volcanoes because this place is a work in progress as it would be the process. it's very important to have access to the process as it occurs. know, guys, emilia, move geology and a science studies 3 states of matter. gas gas, basically liquid in solid wood volk analogy is distinguishable from all the rest of the day. it is your zip game, is it also studies liquid matter is liquid? yes. i mean 10 years ago. so you have does that that brings me to another question about the force of

a volcano. is it possible to predict how strong interruption is going to be, for example, there's this message or an idea that if it's been dormant for a long time and then it goes to a rep and it's going to be more powerful or options. and what is the store on the whole, it can be possible, but not always the does a method goals or to for chronology more. so if we do more, which is very important for understanding how powerful interruption of a volcano will be used that way, we have them. as i said, the you would take a layer of the ash deposit. i'd love the study. the lava study of the process is to study the volcanoes depth structure as you move wisdom avenue in ways. and then we reconstruct the history of the volcano that already exists. there is just that to us through this nice story. and accordingly, we can make predictions about future processes that may take place. yeah. yeah. like the sense of studying the geology. so the to for chronology is a love, the trilogy, n g, a physics, you see, and then gape easy to a lot of complex research that, that might show us how a volcano will function. but actually i'm gonna ask you to look into the future to

be a clara of way. and if you don't mind when do use and the next big eruption is going to happen here in contract, you had the issue. i hope i'll be young and strong enough to witness that our option c putters from this that i in the end of my institute is still going to be strong for us to do a good job studying it is what you have for you. and that will be able to predict whether this option will be dangerous for people who haven't come jessica, as well as for plains and everything else and no one by the way to avoid the i'd use the i see. so i hope it will happen in the near future. so the 102030. here's the yellow. that's not a long time and geology. one more step in just your intuition here. what about the next bigger epson in the world? no, i know exactly. well, it will definitely happen and we already have a huge number of problems in the world. and they've got a huge number of volcanoes on the guy used to work on. if you have any come, jessica, who are you in iceland to and the philippines. you need be are also underwater

volcanoes. yep. i wouldn't. i'm trying to guess now. yeah. most, it would be better to do this a few years. yeah. but with that quite in all these conflicts between countries and unite the countries around the pacific ring. a file i'd say we need to have all the scientist work together using different methods to predict the very extreme send ominous events. the definitely awaits us with that. that would be great. let me check it. it's like say it's been a fascinating conversation. thank you for bringing this out here. now we gotta get out of here safely. huh. does lash the know how it works or so whenever you are with me, so you'll be fine. the it is impossible not to mention our pilots here. this is one of the most difficult places on earth to navigate and is considered that some of the most experienced pilots are here and construct. if the any kind of a of was hours the we can do the story without talking to the pilots because we've seen some amazing flying with you guys here. so thank you for that. i guess i have

to ask, what is it like flying these conditions around volcanoes? is it exciting? is it scary, is it just normal truck inside of the oceans? it is. there's a lot of fun flying around. come check on the said 1st when i just started watching it was a little intimidating poor, but eventually it grew on me. i've been faxed off to come check out any other places, especially with no mountains to fly around. so you confirm jack has become a 2nd time to me. i know that he can actually change the dynamics of an aircraft. and in this region there's lots of thermal zones where there's volcanic activity. how does that affect your flying is? is it dangerous? efficient the from the charge to the chain when to budget corrupt shapes. over that we flew about the law of a river and the planet had a hard time with the heavy comp technician. because on the moon we kept losing altitude because of the heat. and so it was really dangerous when she was also a situation in go, or any volcano we went, the with

a team of all can ologist possible from across the crate or the volcano is quite small. and so the guys went down with me. they had a rescue with them whose job is to make sure they can make it back up using roku roku, but something went wrong and they got stuck in our lord was really dock and we had to think of a way to get them out. so we for the shopping down slowly into the crater when picked the mountains of that, it was something else to twice a story. so whatever, thank you very much. it's been incredibly interesting flying with you and we appreciate the work that you do appreciate it. let's see what it's not just the volcanoes that give come chunk of this and worldly landscape called arrows, and geysers are some of nature's unique creations. here and come shatka, there's a whole valley of them. this is where we will speak to you. we have full of the geologist, an expert, can these phenomena julia, this is kind of a landscape from a different world. thank you for bringing us out here. um, before we get to this,

i wanna ask you about the colors. we know that they're related to locating activity, but what exactly are the guys? the caldera is a very large structure, measuring many kilometers in diameter, july, it emerges as a result of a mass of interruption, starts when a large amount of magma burst out of the pool located close to the surface, causing a big explosion. fire after that, as the mag a muscle emptiness of the land caves in forming a large recess like a vast aggression or a gold. and i can find by fault. an example of that is the, was in guides, are called there, where we are standing now, whether it's, if, if you look over there, you will see the edge of an ancient caldera that was formed tens of thousands of years ago. so when we're flying over here, we saw this beautiful lake molly is in the uh, it was beautiful in terms of its color. its been called green lake,

but now it's blue, but it's not really water down there. is it? it's something else. perhaps we wouldn't want to go swimming there when we ma is demolish, tim? yeah, chip volcano and the lake at the bottom of its crater are 2 absolutely unique phenomenon. when you call, they are unique because the water and the lake is extremely acidic with a p h level below one. essentially is this to sion of sol sherik acid, what the hydro, clark acid, and even a little hydrochloric acid, a very strong mix. up of the volcano ologist, i went to explore the lake and a rubber boat, barely made it back to the shore. as soon as the aluminum fours that they were using to row had nearly dissolved with the so the lake is absolutely unique to here need. why similar ones can be found in japan, indonesia, and you feel it. they are extremely rare in the world around sure. and come child got this is the only lake lake that the the volcano go to, only used to have a lake like this before. but that one disappeared after interruption in 2010. so

we're left with just this one was, in fact the volcano is getting more active now. the water level in the lake is rising and something dangerous may happen soon. the crater wall may collapse, letting all of this drawn aggressive, a city water flooding the surrounding area. so you, it's a good thing. nobody lives around here. let's talk about geysers. and we know that they're very rare. and we know that they are connected to volcanic activity. what are they? visors are very rare phenomenon called darrell hundreds and thousands of thermal springs in the world with standard very few guys are almost every one of them has a name and its own temper. so, how does it work? where are you? this area of the valley of geysers is the edge of a large caldera, who's in guys or caldera, which acts as a giant water reservoir, through sub surface rocks of crags, and then, and water filters down through those cracks to the body of magma. close to the

surface there, the water is heated up to $300.00 degrees and it will get saturated with the gases . and then this hydrothermal flow starts rising towards the surface here. what about the difference between the hot springs and geysers? um, i know that you wouldn't want to go swimming and one of these briefly tell me the difference between those i the, the spring is boiling and bubbling all the time. sometimes they call it a pulsating spring. essentially it's always active. whereas a guys are shoes, water periodically, and it can goes to the island for hours, sometimes days on, depending on the guys or so that's the key difference that you have distinct hydrodynamics behaviors on the well the most of the water itself is just wonderful. we and if i could, i'd go swimming in a guys or after this trip, i would, it's sodium chloride water with a low mineralization, a neutral, it's

a sub alkaline compositions and contains some nice elements like source, like acid and bar on that. all of that is really good for your health. i'd go take a bath like that any time of the day, but there is just one small problem that'll geothermal springs can be cold, warm, hot and boiling. and a geyser is a type of a boiling spring, which says that all these shipments are imperfect creatures. we cannot debate and water that's heated up to 90 to 100 degrees celsius. you claim that said, there are some hard core organisms and nature so they can actually enjoy geysers. me because you may have noticed the color for rock formations around the gays or blow holes in. these are a thermos feel like micro organisms, the satellite show more like both the near boiling water and the extreme p h condition. they also like and mercury, antimony, and other elements. so those are the kinds of amazing creatures we've got here. and

one more thing do these thermal files are the reason the guys are right is painted in such a vibrant and saturated colors that are by itself with the guys right. is gray and unimpressive. but thanks to thermos to look organisms. we have all this stained glass like the artwork to enjoy and say, here's a time to speak with us. it's been incredibly interesting. and can we to learn more about the,

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the the i'm action redundancy and welcome back to going underground, broadcasting all around the world from the u. a. in a week where both of us and russian are conducted in nuclear war drills in britain safety drill, perhaps one for british politicians and their bunkers. but it is russian president vladimir persian 1071. nathan nations began war exercises in northern scotland, presumably training against russia and china. let's go straight to the us capital in order to hide us, maureen cool, connell and former pentagon official. he's now senior advisor v international