or to october the 7th and accept what these real was doing in this region. once we get that understanding, then we can have a, you know, a logical conversation. but to look at october 7th, moving forward and say, well is real, scott, it's right to defend itself is simply uh, pretty much an i'm educated comment to, to be honest. i'd like to notate international christy. i has the latest episode of the cost of everything with us, with warnings instead of the weather manipulation, practices like cloud cd have been used by many countries in order to boost agricultural output or spare visitors from rain during large gatherings, however, is known to have caused severe droughts and abnormal weather patterns and

neighboring countries. and i'm christiane, you're watching the cost of everything we're today. we're going to be analyzing the costs of whether manipulation is, is technology only within the grass of large, wealthy nations. and who will be responsible for the negative consequences of tampering with mother nature. the more than 50 countries in bards on whether control programs in 2017 as artificial rainfall has the potential to mitigate drought that cause famine and political instability. now as a number of natural disasters per year continue to rise economic losses from these events have average about a $170000000000.00 per year over the past decades with emerging countries in asia, africa, and south america bearing the brunt of the damage. what used to be out of the control of humans is now possible. we can now boost rainfall prevents hailstorm

even enhance snowfall and dissipate unwanted rain. the most common practice is called cloud seating. this concept is very simple, but the technology involved is quite complicated. the idea is to just shoot thoughts and silver iodine crystals into the atmosphere, and this creates heavy clouds and expedite condensation that leads to rainfall. it is literally like planting seeds in the cloud to make them heavy enough to form rain. now, there are a few different methods of cloud seating employed. the most common method is to use aircraft or groans in order to inject the particles into the clouds. other methods include round generators, shooting salts into the clouds, from the ground, or injecting titanium dioxide. now, particulates coated salt crystals into existing convective clouds to the price of conducting cloud seating can vary greatly, but on average,

for our operation that sees $24.00 clouds would cost around $5000.00. last year, the u. a. e did 1000 hours of cloud cd, costing $1250000.00 a year. but the extra re help to protect the country from extreme heat and replenish water sources over in china project. and then one was developed in 2021 as part of an ambitious weather modification plan. being aimed to cover 5500000 square kilometers with his artificial precipitation program by 2025, which would make it one of the largest such projects in history. thailand also has made whether modification a top priority ramping up his budget in this field by 30 percent in the last 5 years. e. c o b o also conducted a demonstration of cloud seeing technology in order to boost agriculture. the ball, the u. s. has also expanded its cloud seating program as well cover in large swats

of the western states. so as global warming is on the rise, major seasons such as summer, winter and monsoon season across the globe are getting more and more irregular. extreme weather conditions and large storms are expected to become a common occurrence in the coming years. so environmental researchers have now come up with a viable solution in order to control the weather. but because the technology is still quite new, many critics have raised ethical concerns about the uncertain side effects of tinkering with the weather and the serious risks of environmental damage. if used indiscriminately was their modification may have long term impacts over the atmosphere if used any continuous manner. so now we're joined by professor jim fleming, officer of and then to atmosphere excise and breaking through the clouds to so jim klaus eating has been used for decades now. but we haven't really heard about it

much in the media. why is that? well, it depends on the what you're reading and what you're listening to the person that the it was much more prevalent in the 1950s when it was more experimental. and it's not prevalent today in the u. s. at least not federally funded. around the world. there's countries doing cloud savings, so you'll hear about it in different venues like like mainland china, the united arab emirates, you'll hear about it elsewhere. but in the 19 fifties and sixties, it was part of the cold war. and so there was an attempt to in a way, militarize cloud seating. use it for military advantage. also. uh, it's really not very reliable. you can't make the clouds ran on command. and so the different players are involved. our nation usa doesn't have any federal program on

it, but the, the, they used to, they used to. and what are the primary reasons behind employing such methods and what are the expected outcomes of these interventions? well, i think is widely known that there is a world wide water shortage. there's rising population, there's water pressures for either drinking or for agriculture. there's water, migration of people drilled the ground water, which is limited. people try it at the solid ice, the ocean which is expensive, and some people think about what they call sky water. there's. there's rivers of abundant moisture above our heads, but we just don't know how to tap. it really is not reliable in the and then there's, um, there's people that does it. usually there's a difference between the scientists and they want to discover how nature works and

bureaucrats to what nature to work for them and their agendas. so there's, there's different players and there's different agendas and, and the typical bureaucrat would, would say something like make it rain and he would order the technicians to go out and make rain. well, the, the scientists would not particularly like the kind of approach and, but it wouldn't be able to provide the, the rain on demand hole actually decides on when and where, and how much cloud, speeding to do and how does it impact neighbouring jurisdictions? well, the, it can become a trans boundary jurisdiction issue because the weather doesn't know where the boundaries are. and it's been used strategically. there was a, a, a general in the us air force in the 1950s. he said, if you control the weather, you can control the world. it's like controlling information today, but they said we control the weather. and you can also do uh, sort of

a surreptitious attack on another country. is food supply, or maybe you could the fog in their airports and there was an attempt to do similar things in the vietnam or where they cloud see that over the whole human trail. and they attempted to reduce the north vietnamese ability to migrate their to infiltrate the south. so who decides it could be a military general? so in the past, i don't know if there's any military efforts right now. it could be a water managers, ski resort owners. it could be, you know, and the really the, to the laws surrounding it or not codified, once and for all there, there's an international agreement not to use it for, for military purposes and scope in mont. trudy,

there are local managers that would like to use it and it will side to many restrictions and using it. and they do get on a cold mountain side. they can get about a 10 percent increase in snow statistically. so it's very encouraging for them to continue to said no matter what the weather conditions are. so who decides it's different. uh, there was a controversy trans boundary where the, when the butcher noble, a nuclear power plant and mailed it down, the russians decided they would try cloud ceiling over. beller is to try to get the radioactive rain out of the clouds before it got to moscow. so you know, it's like we're going to make you suffer so we don't suffer. and there was a controversial like that there was also a lot of suspicion about the about stealing people's right. you know, if you're

a farmer in the west, you can go to war over water, right? so, and the river and they were very violent activities that went on in the, in the american west, back. and the people would shoot at planes thinking that they were seating the clouds. and i, i was involved in a project in colorado where we were trying to study a cloud using a glider with no engines. and we're trying to be unobtrusive. and, and the local site we were stealing their water down stream, so they, they burned up our lighter this was the national center for atmosphere research lighter was one of the most dramatic and kind of saddest days of my life to see that bladder being taken out of service and so it does generate some filing the motion so it can be a trans boundary issue. who are the main entities responsible for a cloud cd and weather modification programs? and are these efforts, primarily undertaken by the government or private organizations or

a combination of both? yeah, i think i addressed a little bit of that. the, uh we were, we would guess of the chinese major logical agency in beijing. they have a whole department of their, their sort of mini city as a city within the city of a meteorologist and they had their own building dedicated to weather control. they tried to make the beijing olympics better for people. they, they should, they, they fired the canons that rockets at the clouds with different chemicals. and the thing that actually work the best was just shutting down the industry in traffic and letting the air clear out because there are some, there are some fresh air sources in north evasion in the mountains. and that's what made the olympics a little bit better. i think was just to get some of the pollution of the in other countries. i mentioned the united air air river, it says a gigantic funded whether control they want to make it rain in the desert and

i, i've been uh, consulting with them. my opinion is you need to have some water to get the water to come out of the clouds. you can't make a, make it rain without any having. ready moisture, so those those cases are federally funded in the us there's a lot of power companies that one of them have good hydro power coming out of the mountains. uh the. ready is there a gauge and groups, there's irrigation, but it's not federal, it's, it's state and local. and, and i also mentioned the, the vietnam case. there was another case and in rapid city, south dakota, when the when uh, they tried to make uh, make it rain in the, in the sort of in the texas, oklahoma region. and they got a big flood up in rapid city because the weather doesnt of a boundaries. so the answer is very, very then nobody has proven that it actually works to make it ran on demand.

uh, there's a case since in the washington state that the one company was trying to make it rain for the chariot sherry farmers, the orchard people. another company was hired at the same time to keep it dry to protect the people making. ready and there was competing weather control companies, private companies. one was, it was called over stating the clouds to make them uh, confused, and not ran. and the other was trying to make it right. and so you can, you can, you can bust up a cloud, you can, uh, you can uh interfere with the cloud, but you can't control the cloud. clouds are too complex. thank you so much professor, what, please stick around. professor and author, jim fleming will stay with us right after the break. and when we come back, what are the risks when meddling was mother nature with calls eating and whether

manipulation? what are those well, have more after the break. the in 1492 this evening, christopher columbus reads the bahamas and discover the new world for europe. the wealth of america and its fast territories. cosby envy of the europeans, especially the spaniards and the portuguese. they sought, after taking over these lands. however, there lived indigenous peoples with a high culture and their own nation, who was there, the barbaric colonization of america, which went down in history under the name of con deece that lasted for more than

100 years seen 1521 care design, cortez is kind of due to the doors captured and destroyed the capital of the aztec empire, daniels practically massacring the local population. following them, francisco pizarro has gone case the doors destroyed the inc. empire. as a result of spanish aggression, the agent, maya civilization collapse, the pressing the resistance of the indians. the invaders carried out mass executions. the horrendous genocide was aggravated by the diseases that the europeans had brought to america. the number of the indigenous population decreased at 16 times from 251 and a half 1000000 people from keystone became one of the largest demographic disaster fees of mankind and remains an indelible bloody stain in the history of the european colonial empire are

there can be many unintended consequences from metal a with mother nature. in 2018 china is ching dial city experience a pro long spell of heavy rain that many has linked to the government's use of chemicals. shortly before to disperse clouds for summit conference. and well klaus eating is practiced in many regions. it can still be difficult to steer in the desired direction when china announces whether modification plans over the depending plateau media and india called it a serious threat that could lead to international conflict. to bet is a source of asia is most important rivers including the in this dangers from up to her and more flowing through china, louse, me and martin, the paul india, pakistan, and bangladesh. the rivers are the lifeline for nearly 3400000000 people. since the plateau could be considered a shared ecological frontier,

a change over the fragile eco system would have severe ramifications, not just in india, but a neighboring south and south east asian countries as well. do engineering, experts have also cautioned that the artificial manipulation of whether to produce rain in one area could have unintended consequences, such as low rainfall elsewhere. so more rain for china could me less for india creating routes. a ron aust, also accused israel, especially is water by using cloud seating that reduced rainfall over its own territory. but it is difficult to prove and there are questions over which international framework is best suited to control it in the context of climate and security. and meanwhile, in the u, a without the cloud stating generated rainfall, it would see less than a 100 millimeters of rainfall a year. undoubtedly the man made rain has significantly helped the region in ensuring water and food security. but another potential side effect from relying on

cloud seating is the risk of respiratory illnesses caused by an increase concentration of small particles in the air. all know, there are no long term studies yet. there are worries that it could be to iodide ism, which is a type of poisoning caused by iodide. this has severe effects on people such as skin rashes, headaches, and running noses among other symptoms. other risks include erratic changes in rainfall patterns, excessive rainfall and flooding in certain areas. so for this and more, let's bring in again, professor an officer, jim fleming. so jen, cloud series impact or weather patterns can have far reaching consequences. are there examples of cloud seating, leading to unintended weather events or disruptions and how the scientist manage these potential risks? okay. but you know,

it can also disrupt the political equilibrium, not just the atmosphere when they were cloud sitting during the vietnam war. and senator clayborne tell i basically caught on to that and brought it up with the senate and then it came to the united nations. and this was 1974 just about the time that the that richard nixon was resigning from office. and so there was a tremendous turmoil the, the russians, the soviets, at the time they, they pushed the resolution that was banding environmental warfare. we had the agent orange, we were using, we had the fully ation of the vietnam jungles. and we had the, the cloud saving them, and that was all seen. this is kind of similar techniques to, to fight with nature against people. so the cloud state and can destabilize the

politics as well as the, as the atmosphere. now, critics argue that cloud seen in 10, disrupting natural ego systems and create an equitable distribution of water resources. so how do you close reading programs address these concerns about the potential harm to local environments and communities? you know, i've been, i've been in the field for quite a while, and i don't think they do a good job of addressing those issues. and lots of them are enthusiastic. scientists think they have a technique. they think they know how to control a cloud that goes way back and and then the ethical training of scientist is not very well advanced. so that, uh, that those kind of issues are usually not considered in the, in the, in the run up to an experiment. let's try it. you know, i've got an idea, let's give it a try that that's, that's one of the ideas we have that there are. there are other groups. there's

a national academy of sciences and there are some, some more responsible the human this. and that this is thinking about this issue, but like i said, i think it's a, i think our, our situation is this. they sometimes call us a part of a grant grant g, a physical experiment. and i think we're also part of the grant geo political experiment. what we're seeing. busy can be acceptable by humanity and the emphasis or not in the the lead. while research, st. cloud stating is ongoing. how do need a urologist and environmental scientist collaborate to improve our understanding of the impacts of weather modification? it's not a highly funded it's, it's, it's active in some meteorology, departments is active when some governmentally funded groups are not in the u. s.

and, and it's often seen as a sidelight of what i, what i, what is actually called cloud physics. and so the site is what i understand all the, you know, you see that the big climate system is one thing, but each cloud has a micro physics. it has tiny particles that are interacting based on their moisture . and the temperature is a very complex little dance at the very small level with possible big consequences at the very large level. and, and that's the real puzzle is how does this, how does these different scales of interaction work together or not? and, and can you really predict the weather if you just get bigger computers and faster computers? and then one of the answers is no there, there's a theoretical limit to predictability. so there are really important puzzles in cloud physics and all of those, most of the techniques were developed in the 1940s, the silver iodide seating and ideas about collecting snowflakes and

and so the main stream is more now digital computers and space observations. and not so much on the weather control, the ethical and legal aspects of weather manipulation are quite complex. what on the regulatory framework? so our international agreements for guiding cloud seating practices and how donations balance their interest with potential global consequences. well, i mentioned the you and environmental treaty and environmental modification is covered in mud the treaty on not using environmental techniques to wage harmful activities. it goes to another country. countries you know, there is never been enforced. there's never been a, a security council meeting because of any violations that that treated. but there could be and, and i would like to see

a little more teeth and that i'd like to see it renewed. it's still in force, but it's, it's never been enforced by any parties of the u. n. now, some countries have implemented cloud seen as part of their water management strategy. can you provide some examples of successful cloud seating programs that have positively impacted water resources and agricultural practices? i haven't seen it. i've seen the people sincerely trying. i've also seen the what you might call charlatans, trying to sell their services to desperate farmers. part of the history is uh, is uh, is the proprietary sales of cloud. see they made, they used to sell them at the county fair. you, you'd hire somebody to go, shoot some rock and sylvia field. and if you do anything long enough, anything if you pray long enough, if you dance long enough, it will rain to. so you can just be persistent about doing some kind of secret chemical thing and, and, and eventually it will rain. you can take credit for it,

then that's in a nutshell, that's part of the longer history today, there's claims that really just can't be substantiated statistically. you can't say i'm going to see that cloud and make it rain over there on that farmer's field. so the net benefit is not been proven, although there is always hope and there's always some funding for it. there was a there's a group in laredo, texas city that they were claiming to have as a sort of a secret technique to, to direct the energy beams into the clouds and make it rain in the dry area, mexico, texas. and it turned out that there was really nothing to it, and it was not, it was not secret of a, but it was proprietary and that some people are making some money. but the, the low county, they, one of the governments. so those cities that were suffering from drought to pay for it, and so it didn't become much of anything. thank you so much,

professor of jim fleming for all your time today. and it has been a monumental step for humans to be able to control mother nature. but perhaps control is too strong of a word metal and tweak mother nature for the time being. countries that need to boost agricultural production or improve the living standards of the people would absolutely benefit from clause eating. it could improve food security, we do sprouts and even potentially stave off natural disasters. but on the other hand, mother nature is a tricky beast, attain, and she could retaliate with unintended consequences. long term, the chemicals produced during cloud seating will be present in the water and sol deposits getting into the eco systems through the animals and plants. mostly this applies to plants which depend on the contaminated rain to produce food, so we still need extensive long term research in order to fully understand the

implications that come with clauses eating. i'm christy. i, thanks for watching and we'll see you right back here next time on the cost of everything. the, [000:00:00;00] the

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