coming back to school on and done, we're going after they die, their bodies break down into a number of biogenic components. when you buy it and you do things provide feeds of primary food chains, fine to blanket and soup clinton, which in turn saves us food for others. so the parents desk gives life to the air off spring. that's it in a nutshell. now i've heard that all life, not just the bears, but all life income track a revolves around fish. why is that the official, the foundation of life here? what's your mainly it's food, you know, there's really a lot of it looks good. as i said, like being around fish all my life, it's mind boggling. the latest data. if at this he shows that about $400000.00 tons of in court so far. it's huge credit and you see that there's no plowing or selling just like well, if it's nature which forms the backbone of the real economy and sustains the animals and people who live here with it couldn't be any other way back to the bears. how much fish can it bear actually eat during this time period?

when they're getting ready for winter? there were several studies by us and the canadian scholars did show, and adults back and eat up to 30 or 45th, about 60 kilograms a day. instead of going to win a salmon run begins, if they're hungry they eat the fish whole buick later when the batteries are full, to get picky and sometimes just eat the best bits towards the end that just filling up what space they have left. so they switch to pine cousins, mushrooms rather than berries, and so on and with a good faith. she has that staple. now we've been told all our lives to stay away from bears, and we've got one coming up close to us right now. are we faced? yes, we also got used. he's the that was very interesting. okay. so a bears quiet. it can run incredibly fast. it is strong, it can crush a car like

a tune can. um so what do we do like if a bear comes to us? like, how do we not provoke the bear? oh, i'm sure there are certain rules. that's the minimum safe distance. when he approached us, that was almost too close of the americans have strict standards than we do with them . they believe the minimum safe distance is 80 yards. just now we are much closer than 80 yards. each of these animals live in a place where encounters with humans are extremely rare instances. but i think that instinctively, they feel that humans a higher beings, and i don't know if they realize that i have a gun, but their main job right now is just to eat and gain body fat as lounge animals. and another concern they have is to expend as little energy as possible. what's the model that they need to acquire food in the most energy efficient way? so when no top priority for them right now is moving, they have their own business to take care of what needs to happen for

a bear to attract human. but i think it's almost always the human soul, so that when you break a rule, intrude into the mass space. and then the most dangerous situation is an encounter with a female. they haven't come because she instinctively protects children. you don't want to be anywhere near the cubs whole between them and the mother that would be very dangerous. so you keep your eyes open and be aware of also don't humanize stomach step, very dangerous, wild animals that can be unpredictable here. think it would take them seconds to cover the $20.00 to $30.00, meet a distance at all in case i wouldn't even have time to raise my gun. the best in each animal is different. i've been watching this good for over a months now. you got to know them a little bit bigger than that they will have different patterns of behavior. i know which ones to keep away from somebody as are easily scared. other sounds. it can be

quite brush. you need to analyze every situation separately. it is said that um uh, bears their own behavior has been changed by humans. uh, what does that mean? like the bass must have no contact with human smells or human food. so they've got some good the idea that it can be easier to obtain the natural number one hand, it's a must corporate as soon as a bad taste, something that's easy to get from. so it comes begging for more than one be understanding the boot or something it looks like we wish, as bad as like old other animals need to eat all the time. so they always choose the easiest and most convenient way to get nutrition for that huge mass of meat and muscle cumin. garbage is of costs, so it's very convenient for that. but most of you there, you've been at this for a while. your experience has ever been a time where you've come face to face one on one with a bear and you were scared in that situation. how did you handle it? tell me about it. let me know if you know my time of living in places like this one,

i've had thousands upon thousands of their encounters. there have been situations where i probably made mistakes and i found myself literally face to face with a bath, but um length. but you know, one of those cases, the best suited best to go away. i've never had to use a gun. no screening device. well here for sure, if i think i've been careful enough, but such a count as are on avoidable when you are living in the wild, especially on pause. and in places with shrubs or tool draws. it's a fact of life. so but then again, there are certain rules you should make a lot of noise when you'll walk in. although then there's a chance you may not hear a better approaching approval. so in count as a highly likely, but you should try to avoid them. some people, including some of my colleagues, say beds and there was of, of thing, dressing collision because i think they all very dangerous. that treacherous, unpredictable ended up dangerous animals. but i've been lucky sofa as well. thank

you very much for taking the time to speak to us out here. it's been fascinating conversation and i just want to say stay safe. let's see. thank you. the majestic brandwell is one of the oldest mammals on our planet. one saved from the brink of extinction. scientists are trying to learn more about the 3 wheels, roaming from john, because shores. dr. alexander, board dance is a marine biologist working as a criminal nature reserve. first of all, thank you for coming out and bringing us to this beautiful location. so we can learn about wells. and i'm gonna ask about all the bank. it's set to be the most important part of the nature reserve. why is it so important to the

reserve and what role do wales play in that echo system? even though where to go? basically, if it's because gray whales come to olga by they migrate from the waters of mexico along the pacific coast of north america. all the way up to own good, but it was all through a few days here. they go to another feeding ground near stuff eileen in period 2. and they both olga bay and peel tuned by our central feeding grounds for gray wales . because that's where mother's nursing their cars come, your way, need to be feeding all the time and sees here like the waters of mexico and along the pacific seaboard, a basically a wireless cafeteria where they spend most of that time around 7 to 8 months skilfully for migrating back south to makes can legos, where they made and give us a detailed this. you mentioned this idea of a solo or, or cafeteria. that's very interesting to me. so like,

what brings them specifically here and to this day, like what do they feed on and how many of them are actually here? looks fairly hit. if the gray way always the only bends of age among why it will supply you. the only space is that feeds on been so. so organisms that live on hold onto the surface of the sea floor. nothing good. that's why. oh good by. is it perfect feeding ground for them? well, well, spend quite a lot of time easing is a break. just one more minute. so i think it's interesting that re wells are coastal creatures. they prefer shallow waters. why is that? the average feeding depths of great wiles is about 5 to 10 meters. sometimes even the breaking waves on the service or in the battery. seeing however, they go to depths of 70 or 80 meters because the organisms they would choose to eat dwelling coastal areas near. now very well is also considered this area, i guess rest area maybe before they go on their big, long journey of about 20000 kilometers. how can they take on such a big swim?

and how long does it take him to make that the journey will differ? stablish of the track south takes about 8 to 10 weeks pulling in your ride. it's about 10000 kilometers. one way. this is done, gray whales, travel this distance pretty quickly. it takes some 10 days to read, so i lean from olga bay, which is about 1000 kilometers. what about your job? i know that you carefully study which wells are which should tell them apart, identify them. uh, how do you do that? and why is it so important? we run a photographic identification program and maintain the catalogue of the gray whales . so adding photos of new ones every year when we encounter them, most people we've been able to identify as many as 340 gray whales here and stuff. and in so far so we know what each of them looks like. we give them the names that we keep monitoring those who show up here on that stage. you know, for example,

if any pregnant females or like chasing females, beautiful malnourished wells that need more food thing to use radio tags or any other mechanisms to keep track of them. laser with we've been using satellite tagging to track them. tanks were applied elsewhere, not here. i regret to say that our program has benefitted through collecting all sorts of data about the gray whales migrating from mexico to cycling to olga by you know, blood videos quickly, believe me of them. what about the relationship of the grey wells themselves? with each other? do they travel in groups? how do they take care of their little ones? what's that like? a pivot redwells, travel alone as a rule and you know, so we often observe them in groups of 2 or 3 a naturally females travel with because it's in a females teach the young whales to find the feeding grounds. and they remember them as long as they live the which explains why wales keep returning to the same place the whole life long time was such as northern. so having an olga bay city and

now it's my understanding that very wells were once known as the devil fish, because they put up a fight against the people who are trying to hard putting them. now, the pacific ocean is coming to get us, but now they actually have changed their behavior a little bit. they're more friendly, they're known to interact with people. what can we say that this change of behavior is attributed to the main reason this, the green whales are no longer hunted in such large quantities as before. their attention images established and updated by the international wayne and commission in the i w. c. because they go to the i w. c. capes monitoring the population of wells and make sure annual cash limits. we can't do any home to is who or what would you say is the biggest threat to re wells and their last impact lation

on you? well, the major threat comes anyway from humans, as i already mentioned, gray whales migrate over here for the sake of the feeding ground. so as to when, if humans in to see it in any way we can in binds on the feeding woochie. and that can be harmful for the animals. video watch is also highly of actively developed oil fields. so human activity is quite intense. the size make exploration works on the way the ships and helicopters in the area, pipeline construction activity, and so on. and the new site owners showing it just the life of the wireless that they haven't been any tragic incident so far. the blue gray whales are some of the oldest animals on the planet. they've been around for about 30000000 years, how they've been able to stay here for so long and how they change. if they've changed i doubt they've changed much individual. the gray whales is the species that has no competition in the animal kingdom. steve illusion positive grey

wales means they can find food anyway in shadow coastal waters that have signed on much people in this. yeah, they have no competing spaces on this explains how they stayed around for so long video. the we are on our way to cape zillow, need not only to take care of this for us, taking scenery, but to speak with tatiana keep convention as part of the far east rush out work on project. the janice, thanks for bringing us up here. so we can see where you work. it's

a fascinating place. i want to get right down to it. the social structures of workers is kind of unique kind of strange. my understanding is that they always stay with their mother as a family throughout their entire life. is this normal? yes it is. it's normal for fish eating or cuz both male and female to spend their entire life with their mother more than that, any or goods born by younger females also spend their entire life following their grandmother. grandmothers are the founders of a klein, if you like, and the org is have a very well developed social networks. other types of orchids have a social structure that's a bit different, isn't always the mother or a female, at least that is in charge of the pon flores laska. it's very hard to say what kind of relationship they have between them, but it appears it is indeed a female orca who is the founder of her family and leader of the group. as a matriarch, a mother and a grandmother, it is the oldest female,

such as some kinda what are the relationships like within the group itself. so i understand that the children help the elderly, they take turns and caring for each other. sometimes even they share their food. talk to me a little bit about that. mm hm. cosette org is do share their food and so the adult females share food with their children even when they are full grown adults. female or cars are known to share food with their adults, male descendants from to more often though, foot sharing occurs for the benefit of younger cubs. the truth is there's still not much we know about the relationship between or cause and how they take care of each other. was one thing we know is that the survival rate for male and female, or cuz if the mother orca dies is different when a female or could dies for male descendants to start dying to day as well. her female descendants carry on seemingly unaffected, like we know this as a fact for it, but we still don't know the reason behind it. it's just an easier for me. now you've been watching carefully over the wheels locally here and i know they're not

wells, but uh i you know, the families and you can tell them apart individually. how is that possible? talk to me like how you can do that. process, look us up. it's possible to identify individual or caused by the shape of the sparks on their back and scratches on their skin like the shape of fins and scars. i can identify about a 100 or codes. i know they're individual numbers. we give them all numbers and names. uh, yeah, i've been monitoring what happens to them since 2002. mm hm. what about the language? i understand that different groups of workers have their own dialects. i guess when you see oregon, families that use similar dialects for communication related. there are also families with the different dialogues, and that means they are not related to the same. we consider them belonging to different plans. it's a meeting most often occurs between orcus from different clans. it's possible that they're dialects help them choose preferable meeting partners. mm hm. do you have

the ability to decipher their language? can we understand them? the truth is we can we, we can't understand them and it's very challenging research and technical terms. and now the, i mean, it's very hard to report underwater. the sounds produced by individual or cuz the hydrophone, we use records all the sounds in the ocean around it. and i think we're still waiting for break through and technologies that would enable us to record the sounds made by or cause more efficiently. so can i get our cars dialect are part of their culture. they are passed down from generation to generation. and that's not something they're born with. it has to be learned. and it's the focus of present day research. but we don't know what the individual sounds they make need. that's hard to know or for us to find out. as far as i know, the workers are predators, and they do things as a group. they hunt as a group. in fact, they even have the ability to coordinate complex movements,

which is chilling in some cases. talk to me about that and like how they're able to organize. so good question. when you, i'd like to know the answer to it to is in line. i'm not sure how they do it. i guess they communicate, acoustically. maybe they use other methods besides sounds. sometimes we see different groups in the water keeping their distance and staying silent. suddenly they all turn simultaneously and begin moving in a different direction. so they communicate, but we don't know how. it is amazing how coordinated their actions can be at times when or cause hunt a well or fish together. so it is very impressive. i the me now i know that they have this massive dorsal fin. it can go up to 2 meters. i also know that in captivity it can bend over. why do they need this fan and why is this particular body parts so important? um, it's a foreclosure only male or cars have this long fan that can be up to 180 or 200

centimeters. females have shorter since it probably has to do with sexual de more system. when males and females look different. this means there is competition, sexual selection on the males compete with each other for a female, right. and that's why meals are generally bigger. with larger pictorial fins. 40 i guess the bigger male when's the female during meeting? but this aspect hasn't really been research. yes, they've been to their friends in captivity because they can't move fast. the time you go to workers are really fast. definitely. and their blood circulation. props up defense. here we have an orca called willy, and his friend is also bent. that's how torres to boat captains recognize him is i guess he got sick at some point and now he can't swim as fast. that's why his van is bent. interesting. now i know that, um they show signs of intellect, but can we say that or does have an intellect? are they truly intelligent creatures? do they have emotions?

do they think uh, talk to me, what are your thoughts on that? yeah, i don't doubt the fact that they have an intellect and experience emotions like many other animal, what it is a difficult aspect to study because they don't have typical physical expressions. when we look at monkeys or dogs, we can see some external attributes that show emotions, regression, joy, etc. it is much harder with or cuz we like we know about golf instead, when they flap their tails. this signals irritation, aggression. yeah. so this is something that we will have to research, but they definitely experience emotions. when i from orchestra for a drone, i see how they hug, tap on each other's bodies with their friends. there is affections there. um, something that i have to ask about considering has gotten the world's attention around spain and portugal or cars are going and playing maybe. but i was thinking

boats are taking off the rudder. but also scientists have noticed that this behavior starting to spread around the world, is it possible that the workers in spain are telling their friends, hey, you have to try this? this is fun document. what do you think about this phenomenon? look back a call, a substance or cause are very social breaking ships is like a cultural tradition for them. now, maybe a couple of or cuz tried it 1st. they liked it and spread the work, talk off with them. there might have been some exchange between groups. we'll see you soon, but they're so called the cultural traditions can be spread from one oregon to another from perfect for thoughts can. thank you very much, spending incredibly interesting conversation and i look forward to seeing them out here. that's good luck to you and to us. so thank you. the

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the rabbit collapse of the ottoman empire gave the arabs hope for independence. but the colonial power saw their future differently. great britain and france agreed on the seizure of the error of lands under the guise of the so called mandate of the league of nations. this bible play caused particular indignation in a rack, which was to get under the control of the british. in may 1921 rest with claim for independence broke out, both assuming and that she took part in it. soon the rallies turned into a real uprising against the invaders. more than 130000 people took up arms. britain urgently began to transfer reinforcements to a rack and used aircraft where it is war. secretary winston churchill urge the use of chemical weapons against the rebels. and general ser i, owner held a border the destruction of any village where weapons were found. burning

a village properly takes a long time. an hour or more according to size paulding recalls cynically. in his memoirs, the media build girl, the paid off. the result was crush. however, separate his empire had to make serious concessions. in 1921, it recognized bustle. the 1st, as the king of a rag time gave part of the power to representatives of the local population via racket. revolt marked the beginning of the national consolidation of the country and became an important milestone on the weight of final independence. the release of the russian states never is as tight as i'm one of the most sense

community best. most i'll send some of the assistance must be the one else calls question about this, even though we will bend in the european union, the kremlin machine, the state on russia, routing and supports the r t spoke neck, keeping our video agency roughly all the band on youtube tv services for the question, did you say they requested the video staff at the beginning or more?

yeah, that's it. after you go to the flip system. mm hm. that's a to with most of the money, just a little bit loosely to when i put on what you know, she has some issues on how much we get the kids on friday. most me please. and that the school was portraits that were to mostly how much the duplex stuff with on that the

the, the blue one. no, no, not really. no, not for to most of the location of the unit 731 was a unique organization in the history of the world. what they were trying to do was

to simply do nothing short and build the most powerful and most deadly biological weapons program. that the world has every now through, you know, to production with it. so it gives you, or show the great deal to the new. so, new the, you keep on month, the mazda thought dismissed union one of up from the sale. i got another kind of worse than the whole news. i know he didn't look us on more or less than a j o i had to put on with this kind of them of the a party bill because you cannot push the couch. so for those people to deal with a 0, so i want this on this to she, my

a new on it on site can send someone gets entitled to you or not put them out that they give us that the the boss can do i, but to speak with key at the washington state, the bruce, the dealer, my computer is just the phone. i assume that you're supposed to professional that video. people have a list of all of a huge, but they use the

israel, a toxic jobs are from the north to the south. wounded palestinians are treated on the floor, so the enclaves, few remaining medical for service, the scenes from the west banks. if you have jeanine 3 palestinians or killed many more wounded, i mean overnight, the idea rates we understand a level hospital is also a target. medics forced to leave. the facility of south africa's ruling policy says be, is really embassy of the country should be shot down. an old ties with jerusalem should be cut off until the degree.