their and their own nation was there, the bar, very colonization of america, which went down in history under the name of kentucky that lasted for more than 100 years. in 1521 care design, cortez is kind of due to doors captured and destroyed the capital of the aztec empire. daniels practically massacring the local population. following them, francisco pizarro is gone. keeps the doors destroyed the inc. i am fired as a result of spanish aggression. the ancient maya civilization collapse, suppressing the resistance of the indians. the invaders carried out mass executions . the horrendous genocide was aggravated by the diseases that the europeans had brought to america. the number of the indigenous population decreased at 16 times from 25. so one and a half 1000000 people from keystone became one of the largest demographic good diocese of mankind, and remains an indelible bloody stain in the history of the european colonial

empires. framing an contextualize, the israel palestine conflict has always been politicized. and even webinar today, this is on full display and it is polarizing beyond the mass civilian casualties. speaking the truth about the complex as essentially been criminal, i the, is it possible to get lost in time? well, come to come chuck and see for yourself. here. several unique ethnic groups are remaining in their own bubble of sorts, surrounded by these beautiful landscapes. we've come to see how the natives of

rushes, far, far east lives and preserve the ancient additions and culture. and if we've come this far, we know that it's going to be worth the journey here and me. and so one thing that i've come to learn here in contract to is it really is a true melting pot, many different cultures coming together, but the edelman were believe to be the 1st people to come to contract that you yourself are you? tillman. and where do you come from?

usually it's not good up the street. we don't know from where the it to him and came to come shatka. there are several theories, but none have been proven. one hypothesis says it's woman sales here from hawaii. another claims we tried from mongolia. some say we originate in america. however, the it's women call themselves the people living here long. yeah, that's what it tillman literally means. a local field archeologist proved that the it's woman has been living here for over 8000 years. they were here before the cory x, the cheek, she, the evens and the alley. to do this, before ancestors had spread across these parts, before their arrival. they works for the land they fish ton to the sea, mammals gather, did woodwork and grass for etc. and we, their descendants continue those traditions. so the german

scientist george stellar, he was also a traveler. he has a theory that and you've already touched on this a little bit. the edelman and the north american natives are the same. people that you've been to canada, you've been to north america in the states. what's your thoughts? what's in just were often told that we look like the theme get the turkey, etc. look you, nobody at the but i see differences and they see them to our language as are different. and so our, our cultures dance, for example, our traditional activities are not the same either. sure. there's a similarity when you visit one of their villages. you look like you could easily blend in, but the clothes are different, traditions and culture as well to time. so i think we're different from them in that we're indigenous to construct. they have their own tribes and us nest cities with their own rich cultures. and traditions. you mentioned earlier that, uh, you know, men are believe to come here to contract to 8000 years ago in that 8000 years. are

there still traditions from them that you still have in your daily life, in your daily routine? the yes we do have these traditions. we still celebrate the implemented ritual festival of all light. like our ancestors we chase evil spirits away. all our women get together and make all faces and scream their heads off until evil spirits the car to leave our homes and our families. we still dance till we draw because we still love to have fun seeing her deal us and dance like our ancestors. that boredom was a major send for them, having fun, enjoying life, feeling happy is one of the most important pursuits for the it's woman to be a great to me and you and we still respect this tradition of ours. you to look for those we. so we've gras baskets using c, we'd towards the end of august we go to the pacific shore to gather see we will use

it to cover our typical it's omen dwellings. take houses and buy la guns with them while ago. and then there's fish, of course, where the fish is our livelihood. we stole fish, dry fish ro we'd dry. you cooler, a fish meat that it comes from, salt guys, simon, chums and, and co host simons. we make a lot of preserves for ourselves. and for our dogs, we pick berries for us. if you don't go foraging, then it's like you haven't lived that year. as soon as berries come out to you. feel this urge within you. you want to go and pick them. and i'm not talking about picking raspberries and strawberries in the garden. i'm talking about cranberries blue, honeysuckle, and crowd berries. in a sense we modern it's women still follow the traditional life style of our forefathers. we talked to the earth spirits, negotiate with them, and thank them during specific parts of the year. exactly when our ancestors did

the same. one of the traditions that you have in the abilities that you have, i would say, is being able to cook using wooden pots without an open fire. for me, that stressed seemed impossible. how do you do that? there's our ancestors didn't use iron. this is a steel knife, but in the past tools would be made of obsidian or stone. these days we cook like everyone else and it's the women who do it. in the ancient times, however, men were in charge of the cooking. they would heat stones in a fire and put them inside would in pots with water and pieces of fish by replacing cold stones with hot ones from the fire. they would simmer the fish to it's really delicious. our traditional, ancient way of cooking is much better and preserving all the whole some properties of fish with but they didn't use salt, i'd suggest to give it

a try. it's a physically challenging process, so how to solve it to them. you get hot standing next to a fire and they would strip to the waist and sometimes even remove their pens is but suddenly cooking would be done inside the pit house. they had special wood and tools to help them pull stones from the fire, dropped them inside the pots, and put them back. i want to ask about the raven. i know that it's very important to the gentleman culture, but it's also important in ireland, the irish and goddess of war. what it on it is also surrounded by raven, she appears as a raven, the scandinavian god. quoting also is surrounded by ravens. why do you think that this icon of the raven is so important to the people in and across many different indigenous cultures or not? so you could have the corey x and the chip to also believe that could kenya code the rave and created come child good and gave birth to the cory act. and that you 2

people in the tillman believe that the court, the raven, together with his wife eat home, created the land of come chattanooga becomes human. we see this differently from the cory x and the troops cheat for whom this land was a rock lifted from the depths of the ocean. for us, this land is a living thing. once upon a time, the quotes and a home that were flying over these parts, and all they could see was an expanse of water. they landed and the raven was able to stand. but his wife sang to her chest and there she gave birth to their son seems to come in, which means or then we can include the raven made him become land, which means we walk upon the land of quotes and the homes 1st son seems getting good when we call to the spirit of the earth, it seems cut in we talk to what we say seems good in. thank you, please help us. later they hadn't our children end. at some point, the tillman came into existence. is it a coincidence?

such many consider the raven to be there for father, a wise bird, or some kind of an important character in our story. i don't know. what i know is that the raven holds a lot of symbolism for russians as well. it's symbolizes wisdom, a sort of intellectual force that sees every thing for someone with it's a hard question to answer, but i like the fact that we share some characters, be that metaphorical representations are actual spirits. we believe in the unify us . it means humanity used to be one. it just means tribes split apart at some point and went their separate ways. the raven, however, remains that link which still binds us together. just the news. i'm sure that at some level our cultures have something in common in your push, the way we see ourselves and perceive our connection to nature. the road is my understanding and we've talked about this a little bit already in this conversation. the dance is very important to the

gentleman culture. but in the past dance was a uh, asking for a good hunt or maybe asking for good health. does dance today have the same type of meaning for you or is it more just a tradition? nip? no, our chances are also rituals. you enter a sort of trends during the it's a men festival of how i lie. we hold the russian traditional dance championship for the indigenous people of come shatka, where we dance for 17 hours, non stop there we share energy, communicate with our tribes, the earth, and the spirit, the, the, the,

it's an unforgettable experience. each indigenous dance is a story, a way to get in touch with higher powers and the energy that surrounds us. air, water, earth fire, and the spirits of animals which we sometimes also invoke in our dense, many years ago the gentleman used to dance, so they literally dropped from exhaustion over generations and generations of different ethnic groups. we've income truck a, has mixed. is it safe to say that the cultures and traditions of the different groups have mixed to become a unique contract a culture can years we're going to use it. certainly the traditions and cultures are mixed. and traditionally gloria command and women never dense close to each other. they dance their separate dances each and their own bible. the implement are

very different. the always i see a man, you should get the issue because she's a woman means and we go the the, the story to the doctor, this dance practice now the to condense together and have fun. there's a cross pollination of cultures. on the one hand, it's beautiful on the other. it's becoming more difficult to make. the distinction is and figure out what austin took it to him and culture is an example. there are

no more pure it tillman. tillman. families are all mixed with other ethnic groups. the 1st of all, i want to thank you for bringing us in here to have this look into your life, into your culture. it's fascinating. thank you. i guess i want to ask 1st uh, what does it mean to be claudia? where do the critic people come from? and what does it mean to you? not only do it, there's a distinction. you to go there. a coastal could access the new one and 200 correct . the just to them who heard reindeer fedex. they're known as rich folks because

they have huge herds and reindeer are highly prized by c. r grandmas who raised and taught us and the village would always say that the correct main treasure were a large family, a really large one under heard of dear kids. that's why people took good care of their families. of no reindeer reindeer, maybe even took priority as they were essential to life. like sure, all our clothes, everything. we have everything our ancestors had. it all revolved around reindeer. when they made clothes or a reindeer meat, they used to say that the animals lived on with them. we where its skin live, the life goes on. you can see that we're surrounded by ranger hines, and i can see that they're working specifically on making these beautiful clothes that you're known for. but it seems to me that it would be incredibly difficult to make all of these clothes and by hand. do you have specific tools that you use to

to make your clothes that was in? so yes, we do. uh well for the for civilization came to us so to speak. there were these old tools are, these are the tips for the connection? yeah, they were created naturally. i think a love, they're very old. that's a kind of with this rock is used to carry leather and what if the sun with this is the best traditional tool to think its own instead of individual kitty corner? so here's a more modern version from the time when we began using iron throughout the course, google one, boston which is sharper than stone. most i've seen that when my grandma had me tana hyde was the iron tool, and she didn't gives me a high quality piece because she knew i would rip it from you. so she gave me anything that wasn't valuable for renewals. can you show that we just do what we

use to use this board for tanning? will you place it like this style and put the deer skin on top of it? of the image and not i'm not going to press hard now because this piece has already been attend school. otherwise i would be going like this at best to put your arms get really tired of these. but that's how you build muscles and become very strong in the sector it's so we remove the top layer, we grease the hide with deer mock several times 3 or 4. so it becomes soft when it's soft like this, we can further process it using our hands. okay. how much time does it take for you to make a specific piece of closing? let's say a coffee uncle for a, for code, for example. regarding how long it takes and it isn't much depends on what the craft artist plan is,

how detailed and beautiful she wants this piece of clothing to be. there is also burial clothing. it is our custom to have that ready when people are still alive. today it would be very unusual, but our people have destroyed us and then you know, we made our own burial clothes. it would take 3 or 4 similar pieces to make a complete set for a woman my size of the touch and feel how soft it is. are very cool. now i understand that you decorate so beautifully while you're closing with bands and symbols. are they just decorative or do they have meaning? it's just you just said i'm in your room because all, i'll show you a piece so you can compare these ornaments are called sun. today, we call them your google and cut ax, meaning moons. you correct? still use the lunar calendar for seasons based on the lunar faces. the correct

people know how to get their bearings using the moon and stars. well, not our ancestors were really good at finding their way like this for so i kind of back a visa or nimble up with, you know, beads were brought here and exchange for local products. we didn't have beats before that. and local craft women took a liking to them once new because they added beauty to the traditional needlework patterns and brought out there also intensity. we knew i'm talking about the traditional moves. our ancestors used to embroider on their quotes without beads. they made beads of their own from natural materials like fish bones, shells into your hair. just one book here, i'll show you. it did a question to you. this is an authentic codec son pattern, or a movie, as we call it. so can you tell me a little bit more about what the symbols and bends me and specifically i am in the cracks, display their lifestyle in these decorations, hitting you want to know some of the most important thing for them was the deer

versus the waterlines. so most often to pick deer antlers or mountains volcanoes or tree branches as the coastal corrects. also called lawns lived along the coast. so they had these wave patterns. as for the colors they used, there weren't as many color options as today. they mostly used red, black and white, and they're ornaments. elizabeth, what the most because my grandma used to say when we decorated my for jacket on the good news that you need to take inspiration from the ground. black or brown represents 1st. yeah. green is for grass. we didn't have green or light blue, for example, on the choice of colors was limited to the basic or black, red and white. white is the color of sanctity purity, red as the color of defense, it gives you protection. that's it. a back in those days are crossed,

swimming also made carpet switch, told their family stories, see if there was no writing system. so ornaments told stories you could tell from those pictures the families occupation. the even tragic incidents were depicted from when someone died or was killed away from home. family history was passed down an ornament of the there's a legend about a new man who room to the earth with his reindeer. when the animal google's and weary, it turned to his master and said, kill me, drink my blood, and we will become one. my soul will come back to earth and giving birth to a new ranks of reindeer people. we are now headed across the tundra of contract to meet the descendants of those very people, the evans, the so you're out here with no signs in the middle of nowhere, no communication. how do you know where to go?

this model we have special routes, so we can't go beyond certain limits because that's outside. i'll post you. so we pay for the right to keep our animals in certain areas and for hunting the land of the climate fact as to it's very hard to do a gift. there's a lot of snow on the account get to the most. so we need to move to another place with less snow up to 50 centimeters. how many ranger do you have in your heard here? and so, is it difficult to control them with this 2000, including the cough? so the number of fluctuates as some do you have become sick or full prey to other animals, including 2 legged ones, most people are afraid to just to fully explore. some stuff is low up on the it's not easy to control. lorraine data. it depends on the pulse you'll end or if you stay in the same place all the time, you will destroy all the mos. it takes up to 25 years for new most to grow. you need at least 15 years for some of to appear. so we can't stay in the same spot. we need to keep the rain the a moving. i'll be looking for areas where there isn't

a lot of snow or ice. when you're out here in the nature, when you're with the ranger, what do you feel? what isn't it for you to fulfill the journey? and besides, i feel free out here cuz it's not folded by walls of anything else. that civilization doesn't get in the way, but it's a no radio though. it's only comp listen to the news that goes. so find things out later, but just to just put it in to ask for anything else about the dog footing as a very special place in the life of the indigenous people in come chunk of what seems like entertainment for some was once a crucial method of survival in extreme whether this american family is now reviving these ancient traditions the

now that is impressive and very all right. so let's get right to and i've heard the rumors that your children before, they can even walk are already in a sled. what is flooding to with these dogs? is it a sports, is it's a way of life. is it an ancient tradition? talk to me about that? no, go through what they say that most. my wife participates in dunc said races even when she's pregnant, most competing by police. just like let's go with our kids. are in the sled with her or did sir? i still do. i'm sending for us is on live life in the forest with dogs close to nature because even just through the time we pass culture tradition and emotion this down to our children. that very perceptive read that will cause they grow up surrounded by this strong healthy and learning from us being i think we think that they do, doug setting on their own and collect and i can tell your whole family is involved

. so what exactly is a musher and what you have to have in your skill set to become one that you're the marshal call you is dedicated to his dogs and he lives with them. is the most that drives the dogs? that team pulled up? i would call in the boss believe everything depends on the marcia the entire life of his team. okay. inside. now do you become a marcia? people usually start with one dog and then the team starts growing with the 2nd side. now you do anything special to train your dogs to run, or is this just in their genes? yes, the women prepping for a raise isn't like any athletes and we dropped a plan and tried to stick to it for me, which i believe these particular dogs have it in that blind. so we don't need to make extra efforts to brent, but don't just letting you just put it into the harness. it will get up to this lad, an office goes. i noticed an interesting phenomenon when they were getting ready to

be hooked up the entire group of them all started housing at once. what does this mean? is this a segment? is this a rally cry that they're getting ready to go running? or they, it's a very interesting question. yes. and you know, i don't remember anyone giving you a comprehensive answer to it. no, i think my housing, they express the unit. see, and eking this to run is a lot. yeah. this date will show examples once it will starts housing, the whole pan copies install it down and see. but the same is happening here with the dogs and place the manifestation of teams. where is how this might seem like the most basic of questions, but how many dogs are there to a slab? is there a limit, or is there a set number that have to be there must be used between 6 and 16 dogs for one said, depending on what's required from a good take killer run. well, if it's a long distance, it's in 1500 to 2000 in columbus is best we would use as many dogs as we can up to 16 by so i give it to show it to run. uh,

68 or 10 dogs have plenty. mm hm. now you know that different dogs have different roles on the sled, which implies the fact that they might have different psychological traits as well . how do you choose which specific dogs go where on a slide to monitor? that's what we see right from the start. and when the dogs are still pump these right here that kept in the kennel, and as they grow older, we start walking them, go. we take the mother on the lease and go to the forest for a walk using them we can wash the pumps and see the account which is right away. i need some opposite rank. they have a not afraid to run ahead. we. we mark them as potentially dogs who will stay of the team. that's what i mean. other bob so less active and only stay behind the brain of a one to see if they will go in the middle of the dog team on campus there. and some only staying close to, you know, going round your legs, but they will run away while you have to. they are afraid to fall out of the rest of the team. the best to assist these dogs,

you'll be harnessed in the rear of the team running directly in front of the sledge . the wheel dogs exist. that's how they'll grow. so determined let an initial stage before the day. so when you still in training, the dogs of the abilities will manifest themselves best. uh, is there ever a case where there's a dog that just isn't suited for run thing and what happens to that does that happens was sometimes a dog is afraid to run in the harness with the team. it starts to slow down or going to even lie down. you can't use dogs like this. again, they're usually very good companion, so walks in the forest because they never run away. we have many such dogs here, and they remain part of the family and stay here with the rest of the team. the

we've traveled the breadth of the contract to peninsula taking it to mesmerizing landscapes and people the they live in some of the harshest conditions. no demand for wind and snow, the even making their homes um its fire breathing volcanoes to get here. there's total harmony between nature and people preserving the unique culture and identity, the to framing and contextualize the make. israel palestine conflict has always been politicized. and even webinar today, this is on full display and it is polarizing beyond the mass civilian casualties. speaking the truth about the complex as essentially been criminal like

the bike. now it is very heavy fighting happening on the grounds. in addition to also an air strike on that off, they both south city here is because the split palestine says at least a 109 people have been killed and dozens know, engine admitted renewed id. so on the concept is, well, the cues, it's a mass of violating the truth which expired on friday morning as problems, way down all across because of some of the 5 is it said that i was asleep when i heard the sound of folding stones after that i heard my students voices, then i heard people starting to dig, i don't know what happened to my sons and daughters. i rushed out into the street without even putting on my clothes. this is the nature of these. were they all mean? what more can i say.