yes, agreements being compounded by a testing new weapons, a qu into fact 2 x defacto co in pakistan. we explain, interviewed him, run gun before he was jailed. and we've had these really ministry admit to nuclear weapon the use of or these possession by israel. just remind us in the, in the context of all of that your work reminds us about your work on nuclear threats. yes, we've been concerned for a long time about the devastating impact of having a nuclear conflict. not just between the silver powers, the russian united states and, or any trace of china. but also between we're nuclear states like india and pakistan. and i am at the moment there are about 9 thousands of nuclear weapons on the planet that are either way or is some sort of storage. there's also several 1000 more literally just some have all those

$9000.00 weapons as about a 1000 times more energy and then all the bombs drops in the 2nd row or so there's a devastating amount of energy there. and that can be released in person. and usually around goes office i bring, you know, piece of the sun with the ground because that's how this time generation slide just by nuclear process is and if they are fusion. so the 1st thing that happens airport is a bright flash of light from the bomb going off, which can burn people in considerable distances and start fires. then there's a shockwave that comes from the explosion of customers, radiation, and radioactivity. the turbulence are, can be distributed over rate justices. so all those things can kill people, luckily. and so we estimate to have water between india and pakistan.

safety to a $150000000.00 people would be killed out right by the explosions. and there's a range there because we don't know the oldest of the weapons in india and pakistan . and india tested it with nearly 15 kilo times 1998. but most i, rather than this, you're probably at that time smaller, but we don't know exactly where the revenues are in the united states and russia, britain and france with their weapon deals are, it shows a have treaties, at least between russian united states. i recognize the ninety's, something percent of the nuclear weapons on the planet. and they're only about 200 a season rusher with more than a 100000 people. there's only about 300 cities in united states for more than

a $100000.00 people. in between them, they have 9012 months, so it goes out every city and those 2 countries with age are more nuclear weapons and only need one to clear weapon to destroy a city of the average g o, the nuclear weapon and the russian us items about $250.00 times. 8 a yield of the original bomb dropped in japan, which destroyed a large segment of the russian estate angel, the tons. so they're trying to clear away weapons are much more than 10 times our eliza russian ball. well can i just did draw up there and ask you then, and i, i want to get onto the, perhaps you have some estimates about israel. we don't have any information really about what they have. but in the context of what you just said, we saw in the u. s. press while the ukraine comes like this, going on and lists quite to cooley saying,

tactical nuclear weapon use in western europe is a, is something that we should assess and things they could move on from the use of the men. talking about it in quite a matter of fact, way it seemed, what did you think of that? were you taking it back? i think that a lot of people have your think that in a world between united states and russian of the united states and russia wouldn't be the only people only countries or damage that's almost certainly not true. so russia sought to have a 2000 tactical nuclear weapons. and those where is many would be used against target slave ships or as mines for some reason. there's like a lot of the would probably be used against military targets in europe. i and i found about $650.00 or so artist. i think the russians would attack i. some of them are

hobbies like military bases, needy bases, air force, base and things like that. and also attack of nuclear storage facilities. and there are several nuclear, several countries in europe, and store us into your weapons and of respirators and frances, substantial parcels of their own. and they're also target is the same time using intact and ukraine. things like power plants and oil refineries. the lord yeah is, is a tactical nuclear weapons and that was spoken about as battle field, munitions, like a tank or something in the context of the work you've done showing us the devastating well, environmental impact, long lasting environmental impact of nuclear weapons. yeah, so i mentioned that there might be hundreds of millions of casualties in the us and russia from the border between those countries and in europe. so

those casually, they're pretty big. but when you use a nuclear weapon bird is the city that is being attacked or whatever the target is . and that's no cyrus to produce a huge amount of so which we're going to be around this year and black sunlight. who did our calculations, we find that a wholesale work for united states and russian would like so much sunlight in january when we get to the ground to be just like by the sun goes away, gets cold just like winter. the sun is diminished, it gets cold, i sheets for him. so we find that nuclear winter would occur in wishing would be daily meant home temperatures, beloved freezing every day and it let us use for several years. we predicted that in that case, and then the deaths in china, russia, united states, canada, most of your would be about more than 95 percent of the population at the end of

the 2nd year in the conditions and even got to their worse at the end of the same year to juan for several more years. beyond that in the middle east we think uh 75 percent or more that people might die. and um, places like a rack and b, u e and or such countries. um that would be some confusion overall that wouldn't be so badly affected like argentine in australia. new zealand. as others are widespread depths tired on nuclear weapons are often confused by people. and some of them are made to be used in battlefield conditions, like attacking or re um, or attacking tank or gauge or something like that. some of her work hillary shells are, are there have been par tillery shells tested deals the same as originally from here when you have a little bit entire same with one of them with one artillery show,

we don't know what the deals of the russian tactical nuclear weapons are united states in europe, and they to have only a few 100 tactical nuclear weapons made me launch and drop by aircraft and rushes or to have like i said, 2000 of them. and so they'd probably be used wine and widespread way across your why do you think, why didn't you, joe biden sent a nuclear weapons to these, to mediterranean, over the guys, a village cause of genocide. i mean, these and masses of nuclear capable equipment. they across carriers, warplanes and submarines. i believe the united states has no nuclear weapons on any year wraps carriers at this time. and most of this aircraft are not nuclear cable or certainly don't have definitely a weapons associated with. and i used to be an inferior aircraft carriers,

nuclear power. the aircraft carriers didn't have their weapons. but the engine pres, uh there were allies, which is japan and south re, um, australia objected to having nuclear of arms brought into their country from the ship to visit. so they were removed from all the ships. as far as i know, there are no need of your main navy ships, except for some reassuring icbm has their charity, nuclear weapons befalls, and all of the old kasteel anyway. but the, he also sent the submarine. and bizarrely the pentagon announced it, which is usually, you know, people keep submarine move in secret in this world. why would he, why do you think you did that? i don't think the submarines are have nuclear weapons on that either let me play a pound submarines but i mean the so little is known as you said about the yield of some tactical weapons about the movements of those. do we know anything about israel's nuclear weapons?

program off to we now have an is riley minister who said the vision you guys meeting and in fact, what's being widely known by the international community for years. yeah. so it was really this, i've been very quiet about as nuclear weapons program. and one person who was involved in a decades ago that provided some information about it is thought that they have somewhere between 80 or 90 nuclear weapons or to a few 100 nuclear weapons. and nobody knows anything about their yields. it's possible that israel tested in nuclear weapons during the carter administration along with south africa summer, and i'll be in the ocean and is controversial as to where the design usually runs. explosion are now storage intact. and so the carter administration denied that it was a nuclear test at the time, but a lot of people think it was i'm so we don't really think about much about the it's

really weapons mean very bad to have nuclear proliferation in the middle east. it's obvious that there are gun the problems between the various factions, leesburg, when the other different religious groups there. well i the 0 saying they shouldn't me in for the operation anywhere anyway, but uh, and that was a pod types of africa. you were referring to. why is it the i a, a is so carefully monitoring one iran is always said, is a civilian at nuclear program. and they've said it was on his allow me to have a nuclear weapons program. well, what is the role of the i a and trying to prevent proliferation? i'm new to weapons given. i don't see anything about the i a a going to tell of eve any time soon. i don't understand the interaction between them and israel in general, they try to uh, monitor countries and have agreed to um,

international agreements about proliferation of nuclear weapons and to monitor them to see if they are actually doing what they said they would do. but there are a number of countries that are never agreed to the, to the nuclear nonproliferation trees. why you don't want to get it as an entry image of it man is name somebody that they're sell, what country have a degree to that? and so they're not subject to inspection by the, by the united nations. no, i might, of you were in a really bad situation world wide here, because uh, china is rapidly building up is arsenals. indian vaccine are building up, there are. so those are 3 is building and it's our schools, united states is really doing, it's ours. and it was, you know, to rush into developing a bunch of new weapons that are some of which are credibly scary like drums and

raising parked outside of harbors. more of the cities i'm so this is a very bad trend of the world. it is. you know, we're just lucky that we're not having accidents of her that lead to a nuclear file. let's get onto the accident in part to professor ryan to and i don't know whether the echo we sound they are coming from colorado is because you're in a bunker, but we'll get onto the mistakes and find to thank you so much for now. more from the professor, atmospheric, and atlantic sciences of university of colorado boulder. after this break, the in the 2nd half of the 1940,

the powerful european armies were losing their colon. one of the 1st to start collaborating was the dutch empire. on august 17 1945, the declaration of independence of indonesia, a former judge colony was proclaimed the liberation movement westlake by the national hero of the indonesian people to gardens, however, amsterdam had its own plan, which was to defeat the revolution. moreover, they were supported by great britain. the colonial troops setup control over the main cities in the country, but the countryside remained in the hands of the rebels and the resistance continued growing. in 1946, the british left indonesia, whereas the dutch did not want to lose power and switch to the tactics of total terror. in december 1947, the royal troops committed a massacre of the inhabitants in the village of robert got a 431 civilians were killed. all in all the lives of 100000. indonesians were on the conscience of the dutch colonialists and their allies, mass executions,

and regular bombing did not help the netherlands. their troops blocked in the cities, the world community demanded to put an end to violence. and the empire started in negotiations. in 1949, the head round table conference was held and the kingdom of the netherlands was forced to recognize the independence of indonesia. a sovereign muslim state appeared on the world map and became one of the most powerful countries in the islamic world. the welcome back to going underground. i'm still here with the professor about this very good understanding sciences of university of colorado boulder professor bryan june. so we were talking about the, the chances for mistakes of i'm a get them trigger the triggering. i'm again, you know, we, we have the more on con, on this row just before he was jailed in what a municipal school,

who he was very careful when i mentioned the security of nuclear weapons as a no, no, that kept very securely. what do you see? i mean, people know anyone who has a laptop knows they make mistakes on their computer. what are we talking about in terms the public abilities of mistakes, admits tad's regular operation of these nuclear devices. there are several different types of mistakes. it could be made between united states and russia. the main theories is somebody will detect a launch which isn't actually occurring and then the other side to respond to that . for example, in the united states, the american president has already, john walsh and nuclear weapons by itself. any if he says lawson id, they'll be a loss. and so is his job. i thought with the, with a 30 minute. yes, it is a small gap there. and so there's always a, is there been a numerous incident state in detection is

a launch is in the past. and unfortunately the world is developing weapons that even takes less time to arrive, for example, or signing missiles showing warning times. and the russians are developing nuclear power, cruise missiles that would just fly around the amis for all the time would be directed to, to united states. at any moment. we're forgetting basically no warning. and so that makes things more dangerous. and also mation worry, the military will turn to artificial intelligence computers to decide if there's been a tag or if there's a license as well, that would be durable. my computer doesn't work and you know, millions and millions of people are running these things all the time. and they're selling word, but i certainly wouldn't want to depend on artificial intelligence. i, we're going to look at your work, other types of problems,

get it for the community and back assume a numerous, serious conflicts when times terrace really blew out the parliament in india. originally, a parenting sessions or not many people were injured, but nevertheless, india moved from sort of the border and pakistan's original country compared to india. it has a population like russians is not very de india's got a huge population, a 1000000 person on army. so if you're a dagger stand, you get a fairly overrun very quickly by the indian army. so that might be 2 years ago. you had to launch your nuclear weapons quickly to protect them so that they weren't just uses 5 by close of have a big population to compared to say, a western european country. but going on to what you're saying there about mistakes as opposed to the fear of threats. some things done is i've had to of one of the people that the russian do you officer who prevented armageddon on the 26th of

december 1983. and there are other cases of these officers who don't follow and is, and that's why we're all alive now to tell the tale. but do you deal with the nuclear? biologist will tell you that eventually to narrow, misses that even kind of add, since you mentioned you agree about that shows how successful they fail, saves the operation organizational structures to continue to really afraid nuclear weapons would presumably be the argument of all the people making billions of dollars of money out of this nuclear weapons as creation and formulation. yeah, we've been lucky so far, doesn't mean we're going to get to be working in the future. you know, the, the other aspect of this is just a waste of money. i mean, i say spending a tray in dollars or something like that to you much and metal in the ground that will never be used for anything and making a bunch of submarines or screws around the same the oceans and do nothing. we can

take that trillion dollars invested in education and educating our show rooms are providing healthcare for everyone as a lot of the better things to be used with it. it's very clear that countries is spend their time in spite of each other and just never profit from that, which i mean sure gets me on to the question. they've given you a pioneering research and to new day winters as the drawing to tax the effects of a nuclear weapons even in small affair. it is what is the, what is the response from the biden blinking, lloyd austin sullivan. these characters that visit places all around the world, talking about the need to protect the united states from the perceived threats of russia, china, ron, and i don't know who else moment there is a us national academy of sciences panel studying the idea of nuclear winter. and seeing whether they believe that is um,

i got a good sized backing behind it. i would say in the past, in the military doesn't want to talk about it. and the political establishment doesn't want to talk about it and in a or doesn't want to talk about it. how do i know roger? does i talk about it when they want to talk about it? because it gets rid of the whole idea of the drawer. and so, you know, you can't have much attorneys if you attack somebody else and then comes back to then show your population, which is what happens is the clear winter is you know, and this is why you're saying the bomber administration dismissed your research. and you need a winters on every administration uses a k. gorbachev and reagan, the 1980s did not dismiss that. they took it very seriously. and because of that, they started to build our nuclear weapons, has been going on ever since then. so right now and there, there's only a small fraction of the number of weapons that there was in the 19 ninety's,

early 19 ninety's. and so every american president on every russian president, since reagan and gorbachev has reduced nuclear arsenals. some of them by accident, i don't think trump to do it on purpose that you still reduce it. i know other countries of stop still there to clear robin. so we have a long period of time or a written in france and russia, united states, you to reduce ourselves or captain caution here, including china. so we're just now on the start of a new build up into your web and a actually inside of this, the trump who's leading in all the opinion polls from to become president of your country. next year, he raced over to meet kim jong and i assume because of given the diaries and what we hear from the trump presidency, was shocked to hear that the united states con, protect itself from a single genius for war and nuclear attack from north korea, which can only take 30 minutes as i'm thing to hear that le, let me say,

i mean with a trump presidency, perhaps some, some reasons were up to him. isn't that he understands it better than joe biden and others because he was just so shocked at this is the stage of play as regards how close we are all to death video re american president at least since clinton is trying to find some way to deal with north korea to get them to not feel that they're threatened to agree to get rid of their nuclear weapons. yeah. so is madison nuclear waste in the 3 and need and police was always threatening or 3 us. i was also really threatened, obviously by sanctions and they can only go up there since a britain in the united states killed 20 percent of the population in the korean war created where it was obviously a terrible thing that happened in the past. and that has induced officially, which is very unfortunate, and in my view in north korea is

a good example of the stay on the stage. which has a single family who's trying to take all the money and starts population and keep it under control, whether military data or sure, and well, i mean obviously that, that is the argument used to say, well, in the united states, these are projecting so with other nuclear weapons divorced the turn, but as for the rich in this world who are benefiting out of uh, the proliferation of nuclear weapons with their defense stocks. so you see the popularity amongst the very rich of uh, building bunkers to protect themselves as someone who may even be, be involved in lobbying for more nuclear weapons because they realize the probability is rising of a nuclear 1st use or 2nd use. well, i don't know what a life ridgefield, you're in colorado, that's very rich. people go to a holiday. i know that. yeah. but i don't sense any trend to

the united states to be concerned about a nuclear war. i don't see people i'm building bunkers or any other thing to protect themselves at the end of the cold war and early 1990 in peace broke out of the world. and the nuclear weapons are starting to be built down. you know, i think everybody assume that we're going to start solving our problems, assuming negotiations and talking to each other instead of threatening each other. you know, that was the re positive or world wide development. it'd be better to return to that. instead of going through each other with things and you know, i'm, you know, i mean, lots of people from all over the world and everybody pretty much was the same thing . they all went, their families to be saving their children to be prosperous. and, you know, they're, most people don't care to be rich and famous or something like that. they just want to have a nice life and have their family be happy. and, oh, lots of going to be rich and famous. we have to be in a bunker. ah,

give me just finally. what about the impact all of the industry, the defense secretary, which is so big, of course, in the united states on academia or in academia research. i don't know how rich boulder, colorado, colorado university of colorado boulder is per se, but obviously mit and all the big loads of big us academic institutions have huge funding. a link to the pentagon is that of texting people's understanding of the dangers or nuclear weapons. i don't detecting the american universities that there's really much military involved. that is true that son or universities don't ask for teacher already and i had weapons parts of the university went um, rather trying to help the military, probably a spin off from the 2nd floor in earlier times branch. i don't see a lot of military research in universities, and uh, you know, the los alamos and the department of energy laboratories, in general have shoes,

human society just or have come from university of course, and are working at those places on military tasks. you know, it's a natural, apparently human behavior to want to have the military to protect the country that you live in. and so like, i can see that. so that's probably not going to ever change. it's a human thing to feel like you want to protect yourself and your family. but i obviously, you know, these are human conversation out that 3 and militaristic, really, you know, i realize it looks that way. a lot of the time when you're looking at the news, you see american troops going places. but you know, the general population, i don't think is all that excited about the words. they would rather not have it even worse. they'd rather not have to go and get in the middle of everybody else's wars. and you know, it's uh, even now you can see in the congress there's a lot of concern about the ukraine war and continuing to support that conflict. and

likewise, we're not very happy about the i'm us and the middle eastern problem going on with israel. and most americans would rather see a 2 state solution to that. and a peaceful resolution between the israelis and palestinians, and other groups in the middle east to solve their problems in some way. they didn't get ball finding each other. there's nothing to be gained by these words. i mean people lose from that. i mean, is having a word exemption, people making the money arguably progressive trying to thank you as well. and that's it for the final show of this season. we'll be back with a brand new episode on saturday, the 20th of january, but until then we'll be broadcasting some of your favorite shows of the series. meanwhile, you can keep in touch, right? all social media, if it's still extensive in your country and then to our channel going underground tv hon, they'll come to a new and old episodes of going underground. see very soon and happy new year.

the look forward to talking to you all that technology should work for people. a robot must obey the orders given it by human beings, except we're so shorter is that conflict with the 1st law show your mind. and just in case we should be very careful about our personal intelligence, and the point obviously is to place a trust rather than fit the various jobs. i mean with the artificial intelligence, we have somebody in the team and the robot must protect this phone existence with alexis, the

headlines on oxy as gaza is becoming on in habitable. that's the soft warning from the us. if the war rages on the instrument during age struggles to reach those people to get an absolutely flooding the streets and a big show of solidarity with the palestinians and estimated 2000000 people across a nation wide demonstration of the ronnie and the city of cut them out in the public mullins, the 8 before people killed in twins, sarah bloss earlier, we have discussed the details and describe the largest at microsoft to 5 pm here in most go. we all 0 again on the world's major hotspot.