continued condolences to those bereaved by u. k. u. s. u armed genocide here in the middle east. we'll be back on monday when we'll speak to the founder and director of the switch institute for peace and energy research. daniel against noon for his book, nato secret armies, operation flavio and terrorism in western europe, and you'll then keep in touch, why will i social media if it's not sensitive you'll country and add to our channel going on demand tv on normal dot com to watching you know the episodes of feeling on the grand scheme of the acceptance that i'm here to plan with you, whatever you do, you do not watch my new show search like why watch something that's so different listed of opinions that he won't get anywhere else. welcome to planes or do they

have the state department c i a weapons, bankers, multi $1000000000.00 corporations. choose your fax for you. go ahead. change and whatever you do. don't want my show stay main street because i'm probably going to make you uncomfortable. my show is called stretching, but again, it's not, we don't want to watch it because it might just change the way and say the the number one of the great mysteries and the treasures of the world. and one of the largest deposit, the stuff is right here in the baltic sea. so we are in the clinton god region, trying to learn all that we can about this multi goal

was to meet cool is a geologist and pinion colleges. amber is important to his work and he's the perfect person to give us some perspective. the 3rd one is here. um, i see found some amber. let's get right to it. scientists disagree as to what exactly it is. is it a stone? is it a gym? is it resin? what is amber? exactly. the just need to be inside. yes, i'm a good question. from a dia, logical point of view. you cons. cool number a mineral a minimal. levine or a stone? it's an organic substance. good. fossilized resin or if it's got by most, most of the chemical point of view,

it's an am office frame pull about it's composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. it's literally like most organic substances on us. they can also contain impurities, like sofa and other elements. really means that water is amber. it's fossilized resident for 2 of the fossilized resin from ancient plants. you have the ancient greeks new with them, but i don't get a call region smell of these origin from plants, even you agree to as it does when he wrote about these these, these 2 of the baltic drive that lived in the 1st century id said they collected fossilized residents, which contained remnants of plants, so that was back in ancient greece. and in the 18th century, calling this and the great them if i use them. and also for go to says almost similar tediously to time into the end, but it won't get, i can nature comes from plants to push the number is only found in the leningrad region. there's literally, it's just that there's a lot. yeah. i'll tell you why

a little later. and it can be found in many places around the world. mostly in the northern hemisphere. dominican number is very famous as well as em, but from the move in his boat, my to there's also a lot of amber in the far north. you started in the polar regions moving the tamia to peninsula on suck. eileen near lake bank of steven them. poolside as em, but when you're up in 3 places, i mean you can and around cutting drugs, poland ukraine's roof no region dependent gemini sex. any move in december is old, roughly the same age, but it's very important to december throughout the world. there's a difference of geological ages through the stuff in some places there is geologically young, amber and now those at smaller ancient. but many geologists may consider sucks unite to be true, and bucks, excellent. different types of them, but have different names here. thought she was, this is called such an idea on image that exists here in leningrad. just enrolled in a gland in germany. full arrest found in various parts of the world called amber like

residence. yeah. they differ in their physical and chemical properties. they're less dense, less of biscuits, and really used to make jewelry. last, what's good about all around the same sex united way? what is that? it's actively used in jewelry making. an interesting question is how amber foamed. and when that happens to postpone drug companies, that will see me. scientists have different ways of measuring the age of a amber. so what is the oldest known sample that we have available to us? oh, no. okay, here's the course started, cuz he said, well, of course it's not as old as our planet tool, as we know from the oldest rocks. this is 4500000000 years old. oh, planet was formed around 4 to 6000000 years ago. as well as the moon and the planet system. my system, of course amber is very young and compared to the smaller amber,

like the piece in my hand is around 37000000 years old. it's it's, it's geologically young. well, but there's more ancient amber. i used for example, in burma, who am i am uh oh, it's about a 100000000 years old from the cretaceous period, houses from the pedagogy in period. what does em but gold cocoa, it's very young. 30, a few 1000 years old. you can find it in japan and south east asia, and in the southern hemisphere, you can find coco student argentina. if you wouldn't mind, it's just a few 1000 years old. but how do we know the age of following? if we look at this deposit, what it's a reading deposit from an ancient see if it was, it's the same age as december. is it possible that you can find em, but in them but to a lesser degree must be as low as they were formed in a sea, but not the baltic sea. yeah. the baltic. so you've geologically young? sure. it's 10 to 12000 years old and yeah, because it was formed in iglesia lake. it was with the baltic sea is now. this came

from a melting garcia. it's about 20000 years ago. but before that, this land was dry hunter. and under these calm marine shallow water conditions, a sealed clay and some deposits foamed. what we see here sort of tends to 2 to 3 meters underestimate. there's a different kind of deposit gold with blue, cool, blue ground watching and amber is highly concentrated. precisely in this blue s o m, but reserves can be around in blue with us. it was why do we find amber here on the coast water? because this blue s extends out about 10 meters from the sea bottom, no thought with lips, then we'll see wash it down. the other is lighter than water. it's light. so it ends up on the b triple there and we connected. yes it most of it, right. so about the age of amber, you've talked about that, but how long does it take for the resident to actually become amber itself which

flows one of those that's very complicated because these i'm a ring deposits and performed on land comes from trees. so there are many hypotheses about this. one of the theories is that the was a shallow water see here, and i've also left them the weather's land. the river flowed 37000000 years ago just it was cold, or do i read enough 70 to spend to a forest growing throughout all of this area that produced this residence. the resin fell into the river and here to see where we're supposed it's miles where it fluid into it, like google and all that down. but from the river, accumulated in this marine settlement to set the basis of the chemical physical transformation of resin into m. there is complex and it's still not completely clear how because it's not known how long it's spent in the soil is blue, or if it fell directly into the river. or if it land the ground and was then washed into it. because motor number like cotton or remember it's the kopel that's been

dug off is very brittle. like a typical resin truck. it's not sticky with but very brittle. it's just you. but it sucks and it has a very interesting properties, but it's very hard with a high melting point almost. but it can be found in different colors. and so want to use that tool connected to its origin because we still don't understand what kind of tree produce them. but what's your booth, for example, japanese and, but was produced by the group industries. but what exactly, what kind of like lead us know, currently the main scientific with such points to sign for ease because we find, find twigs in the embassy to spend the japanese umbrella behind. that's also a kind of forestry, but still grows today. it just, it's also, it's not really clear, but i think was that it will eventually show us that comes up on, you know, most the book of what about this place itself. i know you've already mentioned that there are other places around the world where amber is available and you can find it. but it is often said that here in the baltic, it's the best quality,

amber. why? the baltic white here? um look like that pretty well. so if you said a 1000000 years ago, that was a completely different conditions. now it's cold like that, but then there was sub tropical conditions because it was quite warm. will the why the continents learned about the same place as now. but with and talk like it, we had a continental drift until the ticket was connected to us strangely. there was no and optics component current as a friday. there was no ice cap on the optics and dr. go and there wasn't a temperate climate here. how do we know it was warm because sucks, and if there is deposits, have accumulated fossils from life. forms that like the heat is coming to don't live in the baltics anymore. this deposit is gold. is emily a current, otherwise there's electron. there are a lot of accumulated was if you search, you will find some what start to look good or not the 1st find

that the noise to show us history, event and number of which of heat loving animals. and then the minute waste is in the baltic. now let's look right here and we didn't really have see countries or muscles is usually a completely different dynamos. live here on the see bed look start to continue on with also let me see, i can see it. yeah. right here. ok so, so how does it gets here? i mean, we know that for a paleontologist like yourself, amber is a very rich material for you to find history and to learn about our past. and what has been the coolest thing that you've been able to find. uh we're just using well actually it's not only fossils we find in them, but bearing deposits anymore. so didn't the amber itself? there are fossil inclusions. that's very interesting because if the fossil loses,

that structure are continually inclusions because of the tiniest details like inside pads include from a probably until no trickle point of view. that's a treasure trove. what's the truth of new knowledge about the ancient and before is that existed here 37000000 years ago? i think a lot well i went speak to myself, but about the ref. finds you can come across and use it for examples to lizards have been found in both take on the get goes campbell spiders that live in warmer agency. it's you know, the majority of animals we find the number of all for about 60 yeah. small animals that fell into a red and trap and they couldn't get out and just remained to that was but it's rare to find a big around them. it was because bigger animals can escape from the residence. in fact, we very rarely find fleas because flees on them all of our sites and they can jump very quickly. you know, so long ago the had was found from a memo. we've never come across the premium will, for example, in dominican amber, which is more ancient and boy a, there was a famous dinah sol, find the hand of

a small bed like dinah. so what i have to ask a lot of people have seen the movie jurassic park and are fascinated by the idea. in fact, when i telling people about amber, this is the 1st thing they asked me, is this something that scientists are working on to be able to extract the dna and maybe revive dinosaurs or something along those lines? the, just the, that's a good question. this is actually if you look at the inclusions in the amber, you can see find details here, and smart gate does work, but it's on sale. so defense, it's a poly merick substance. yeah, there's a diffusion takes place. come of what we see is the animal itself. it's a sort of animal imprint like a 3 d shadow of the animal itself, for the reason does practically no biological content. the reason the also by both nucleic acid has a quite complicated structure. it decomposes quite quickly over about 500 years ago . so they conducted some experiments, they took residence, today's residence, they put insects and it's just very different. so if i'm trying to sequence the dna,

about 5 years went by with the window results showing that we could completely recreate dna item. and that was only after 5 years, and we're talking millions of years. unfortunately, amber is a poor trap for such organic structures when it comes to dna. okay, hold on. so domestic tough may be a great and beautiful fairy tale. but unfortunately, it is just a fairy tale. what about the clarity? if you have very different levels of color, sometimes it's a milky sometimes if even blue is one of the rare colors, what gives amber? it's a specific color. and why is there such a wide range? you say, oh you think the milky and what's the transparent amber? it can be 90 blue or a greenish color. oh, this depends on the embers chemical composition. let's see if there are many aspects to consider. it depends on the kinds of impurity. so was the amount of fracturing remo, fracturing the less transparent when there are a few of fractures,

it can be highly transparent and wished when there are a lot of fractions. it's more ro, pagan, a solution, but most highly value them, but there is milky em, but because it's a stronger thing, it's the most commonly used in jewelry making. there's also a rotten amber which is very fragile, but that's all connected to its physical chemical properties. but the chemical formula itself is always about the same, do not cover search and see one for each $16.00 or 2 full. so that could be an inclusion of different elements. just let me know of 3 junior, because it really meant for me. what about the physical characteristics? i mean member can floats. it's not particularly dense and it actually burns, if you try and set it on fire, it can melts. what are some of the other characteristics of amber and why is it this way? oh that is that what you know, the source machine city. well, i'm but has a lot of interesting properties in the summer and probably the most interesting it

is. it's newman essence. if we were to come here at night with an ultra violet length and turn it on and we'd see how it glows in different colors, new key green. those are transparent, luminous, light blue. that's also caused by that old danica lattice that reacts to the ultra violet light. so she had what asked to ask. i'm fascinated by her tattoos. i know that you love what you do and it shows in our conversation. but your tattoos are the amber related as well? are these just random creatures that you've adorned yourself with? no, no, this is the fun question we have on parental. i'm a probably ontology is to conduct research in various areas. not only these em but bearing deposit seconds. my ph. d dissertation was i'm trying to but extinct marine for parts of windows. now to become a full professor. i'm working on a paper that's also one ancient offer. pods, immune system,

oregon. so these are the kinds of species i've written about. okay, so, uh, yeah, so that's my style. i guess the, the here at the amber museum in cleaning drug. they have one of the world's largest collections of the precious stones. you do not keep on those is a beat exhibition curator here. and i bet sheets some stories to tell the the email. thanks for taking the time to meet us here. um this is such a beautiful collection. i wanna ask, what has amber meant? teacher managing throughout the years to finish ordering by chicago across them.

there's a lot to take in here because amber has great significance for me. just can we don't know exactly why it was considered magical, 4000 years ago. and that's what it seems that was magical. is that where we're at the beginning of the period the amber trade was making it was connected with the romans who considered amber to be a magical stone because of a greek legend. the amber trade greatly affected the economic life of europe during that period, even though it started here. when the i asked he lived on this land estate later, amber became one of the most important materials traded between the hands, sciatic reed and the teutonic order. it is then a diplomatic gift, a gemstone, and the medicine for half before majority of diseases. since now it makes fantastic jewelry. and in principle, we can find amber throughout human history. soon. sure is chris put it. so here i know that there are a lot of legends surrounding amber. uh, what is your favorite?

it was supposed to be my progress spoken. so probably my favorite one describes the attitude of people in ancient rome towards amber, which has had an influence on many of us. it's the story of a paste on your phone who suspected that he was the son of helio, the sun. god shall see us to drive his father's chariot with its fiery horses, but couldn't cope with and was killed if the sub list. and now according to the legend, amber is present and also the tears of the daughters of the sun god crushing it. so this shows the attitude of the romans towards amber. it's the stone that lights away in the after life. well, there's a legend that started various violins were even coated with a powder of amber. what other uses are there for this stone? you've always, for this point, you know, it's been used for many different things, cushioned or anything from diplomatic differences to amber lenses for measuring the density of beer. and at some point,

it was discovered that amber improve circulation, interstate, and can be used for blood transfusions. grove, in the 17th century, or even earlier, many medicines contained amber when it was actually thought the amber was a cure for the plane. although that may have been a legend started by amber catchers who spent a lot of time in water. so they had better hygiene at the well. none the less the spell doctor's treating the plague to amber wisdom and put it in the beach masks. it was thought the amber or a unicorn horn, which was actually ivory and could detect poison and food or drinks to ship. those things were quite readily available, but they still thought it had these powers. there was a belief that amber powder or oils were very useful for treating diseases, but to find out which disease is exactly why you'd have to collect prescriptions from all over europe. for example, there's one prescription from the pope,

from the 13th century. this piece of property and school thing not split the so how does amber make its way from the mines in its natural state to jewelry and museum showcases, were able to get access to december company, not the unique entity which handles the whole process. the like thank you very much for taking the time to bring this out here and see how this all goes down. so i have to ask, this deposit is about 50000000 years old. my understanding is to get something that old you have to go really, really deep. maybe even down to the core. uh or does the amber just kind of find its way up to the surface? talk to me about that process. so there are some, do you have enough? yes, a very valid question. i'm. we're now located at the side of the biggest amber deposit on the planet to get to the layers with amber bearing clay. we have to move

50 to 60 meters, so waste, or you know, that's what most of our people work on. so we do 10 times more work. we're moving ways to get to the blue earth. if this side has been in operation since the 9th and 17, they've extract it 10000 tons of amber here. and there's got to be 100000 left voltage to so you and i surely won't live to see it over move. can you read them thoughts? so talk to me about the whole process. so you dig, you find you process, talk to me. how do you find amber? i know the measurements that will still do well. any mining operation begins with geological exploration? i think you will geologist, search for the amber they can bore whole new tests and determine the con tours of the deposit and its volume that i was doing. yeah. after that, we're bringing the miners so you will already know approximately what depth will will find amber deposits. how much there will be, and we can already make some preliminary calculations and look at the economy

shortly as far as the equipment is concerned. so form of 50 meters using various i'll shoot you my employ, move the 1st 25 meters with small excavators and trucks, which take all the waste or is from the develop space and the pay off that might be we remove the lower layers where you can find water that henders vehicle movement off with drag line excavators near which you can see over there that aren't affected by water adult. wasting my arms, one bucket load can remove about 20 tons of the waist or if it, you know, that's what it's doing. now it shouldn't, and when this excavator finishes its work up, so we will finally reach the top of the blue earth with a 5 meter deep layer of blue earth, which contains the amber. well, we need to lift this layer with the help of the excavator, and so keep with the powerful stream of sea water. so after that, the slurry made up a scan of a clay and sea water, as well as the amber itself, goes to our processing plant out of our separation and sorting stuff. them very cool. now when i think of amber, i think of small pieces with inclusions in them. what is the biggest piece of amber?

are the most exciting thing that you found here? it's a yes and i shall, and they've got enough. so now i won't say about this. i but in general, 0 has been established that a piece of amber weighing 12 kilograms was found in the baltic coast in the 19th century. it's or that's a very rare example on building i would say probably wasn't of the best quality because the bigger is a piece of amber. the more likely it is to have floss expecting that this far this side is concerned. like a few years ago, we found a piece waiting more than 3 kilograms, so you'll feel like it's now in the sites, amber museum, where anyone who wants to see it can take the boys relation with a variety of shapes and large color palette. amber has always been an inspiring medium for many artists. piano, a pumpkin assembly has been looking at giving amber, a new perspective. well, also preserving centuries of tradition, the piano, it's always interesting to come into an artist workshop to see where everything

happens. so thank you for the opportunity. i know that amber is quite fragile to work with. is this an asset or is this something that harms you when you're working with a uh yeah, i was raised here in colin and grad and i've been coming to the coast and collecting amber since i was a child. get a quote. it was very exciting. i knew it was light and fragile, even back then you simply fall in love with this material and little by little he learned to work with it. you acceptance for jill? it a nice but i was, i have a project with but little bit here. touch it. yeah you, i worked on the edge here, slipping off pieces such so i played around with it's for jewelry and it turned out like this book at all is so there are advantages to you for choice, backwards dealer. how do you select a piece of effort to work with? yeah, what to do next for so i use 2 methods. i lay out the amber, i buy it at the mill. this is fine. we cut it into the slabs and sort them by size . i think there are 2 options,

basically do something with what you have or come up with an idea by carefully selecting each piece. you can go through everything there and then find none of it works for you. so even if you have a ton of amber, your idea might not fit. it's a very long process, but in any case, you have to find the right piece law for settlement data to lay too. i know that some artists actually color the amber in some way. do you color your amber specifically for a piece of work? or do you like to use the natural color that exists? yeah, which i only like to use natural amber, just natural colors without any chemicals. or physical coloring, just because it's great is it, is you can choose a piece of amber to work on, but with time it's color will change. it's very interesting and how you execute your work will impact the color over time and how it might look later. it will be, depends on the artist the skill, but in i wanted to ask about that those amber actually change over time, not just the color but the, the texture of the amber as well. uh for its shape. uh yes,

it's white. amber for example. here the oil evaporates little by little and this changes its structure a bit too much. but these are little things that only a craftsman will notice. the color of this kind of amber will change a year by year. if you have a piece like this, you can take a picture of it every year, and every year you'll see a different color. it's very interesting. so if we take amber of this usual golden color, it will start darkening 20 or 30 years later or so that's quite a long time. but it will only become more valuable with time is valuable, increase with that color. and it's interesting that my favorite amber is black amber. i don't think it's very well known color for amber. so it has an interesting peculiarity and that it does the opposite over time. it becomes slightly cold actually what every year. it's like a drop of gold is that as well? so it's very interesting to observe this little bit of that. very cool. now you've touched on this a little bit before, but i see that you have

a sketch over here. when you are working with amber, do you sketch out your ideas and then follow that pattern or just the amber speak to you? to give you an idea of what you're working on, you know i've learned how to make the stone work for me. it's you plan to work and already know which stone to work with, which is less vehicle quick i knew kind of would. but may i ask what you're working on right now, i guess to just deal with what i'm, what i'm doing this not long ago, they discovered a horde of valuables from 1300 b. c in cyprus and found pieces of amber. so people have been extracting december for all that time going into the sea and collecting it. and my project is called the inver capture, unfortunately, and people die collecting this amber even now young people who haven't really mastered scuba diving also die. so this idea came to me out of the amber capture, whether it's a realistic person or some kind of human form or scroll. and so i'm doing this kind of work now. and these are already finished forms of practically ready to be worked

on yet. so these are the shapes that i'm looking. it's also interesting. thank you very much. appreciated the, [000:00:00;00]

the, the rick sanchez here. this is direct impact. then this is the sum of what we're going to be talking about. the what you're just hearing there is um, metal scraping against metal. what you saw as a chinese coast guard ramming the philippine coast guard, or was it the other way around? we're gonna try and figure this out. it's an international squabble. let's see. i'm rick sanchez. let's do this the, i'm gonna begin today by showing you this uh scrimmage which i just uh,