economic potential, so to speak, is difficult to support in any other way, but in a way yes, except for the political one, and they understand this very well. therefore, this is a struggle, if not for the chair itself, then for control over it, of course, it plays a very, uh, big role for these people. uh, at one time they got such a kind of cream, and also the soviet economy and the economy of the ussr well, everyone knows these main industries are metallurgical and, uh, chemical in the first place. and and if we are talking specifically about the metallurgist, and then, of course, the loss of the donbass for ukraine yes, it was very, very serious, and the factor was to replenish the assets that the ukrainian oligarchs had left there. uh, it turned out, well , it is almost impossible for the state to still have some kind of certain control over the economy, despite the settled oligarchy. first of all, these are such large infrastructure industries as nuclear energy, the railway, the gas transportation system, how they were managed, uh, lately these adults yes, i said

that those people whom we call oligarchs, they collected such peculiar cream. and, that is, those industries where relatively. it was just possible to establish the marketing of products abroad, relatively simple, uh, technological processes, and this allowed these people to get rich rather quickly , but there was also a second factor. yes, that is, all the simplest and most profitable turned out to be privatized, and the state remained infrastructural things that are really difficult to manage and, ah, that are difficult to maintain in proper condition to modernize and here is an example of the ukrainian railway roads. here is the evolution behind all the latest. there are even more than 10 years. and she. well, this is a very revealing story, the railway was the main taxpayer. yes, there were very big plans for this, uh, and then yes, it happened on a different revolution and the people who came to replace it. but this. eh, so to speak, a former hostess. these were people of a completely different kind, firstly, these are the same oligas. they

fought very hard for uh, control of these infrastructural things. well, here's a simple, again, the same railway. do you understand that if you, uh, have control over, uh, relatively speaking, how the cars are formed there, right? where where are they? where they are not, yes, then, accordingly, you just come to one plant, but you don’t come to the second one. and and if you both have metallurgical plants, with approximately similar, a chains, yes, this was well understood in the west , including, yes, which, so to speak, e external control created an external control loop in ukraine and, e, came up with some kind of such a replacement to these constant, so to speak, warriors of the oligarchs. yes. uh, it means that in these companies they began to introduce you, and, therefore, some kind of supervisory boards, which seem to be made up of independent people. here, uh, how the control was carried out by the last such, uh, bastion in this regard, it is just an energy atom. yes, because, well, nuclear energy in general in ukraine. still, so to speak, the fear of chernobyl,

but everyone understands that such an area is where, if it works better, no matter how you go there, but uh, there is a direct directive from the imf, which is clearly tied to lending yes, what is needed turn, so to speak, into a joint-stock company and build a supervisory board, and now the zelensky administration with the leadership of energy atoms, introduced, so to speak, well, fight and war to the last, literally there, almost until the beginning of february. this year is precisely to impose this new management model. yes, i will not go into details there, how they changed the legislation there for this case, well, eight years of war and the political crisis in ukraine they taught something. uh, these uh people controlling ukrainian economy of oligarchs. well, yes, as i said, u that, of course, the oligarchs could draw some conclusions because of what happened in the fourteenth year, when many of these people lost assets, that is, the state of ukraine lost territories. yes, these people have lost, but some important part of their business, and er,

i repeat. this could be a lesson. uh, on the other hand, this management model, imposed by the west, could also become a lesson, when uh , so to speak, really oligarchs from a dash rubbed themselves off some levers and stood in their place. eh people. well, uh, which are just orders of magnitude cheaper. get around this external administration. yes, that is, if you need to negotiate with an oligarch who turned millions and billions before, now you can just take some journalist who, i don’t even know there, will be happy for 10,000 dollars of salary. yes, and the effect of controllability will only be higher. here, again, is an example. and what did rinat akhmetov do? yes, he tried to make er, here is mariupol, yes such a new center in its metallurgical empire, so to speak, and invested in the same regiment. azov, yes, that is , directly, therefore, the tragedy of the group that we have observed here, so to speak, these months. she is directly connected. with this yes, what a man thought

that he was such a rich and powerful uh oligarch. yes, it is only important for him to agree with the external authorities that he is able, well, to avert or change some global processes in which, so to speak, he was involved. and ukraine and russia but reality. e, unfortunately, it turns out to be different. and unfortunately for ordinary people who become, uh, victims, so to speak, of this one. well, to put it mildly, the self-confidence of a and the inadequacy of the ukrainian oligarchs. sasha thank you very much for an interesting story. in the 19th century, ukrainian was spoken by the inhabitants of two empires at once, russian and austro-hungarian, by the middle of the century , when the struggle for independence and national uprisings began to undermine both powers, the language began to be used as a political tool. 160 years ago, the government of the russian empire

was quite loyal to the ukrainian language; the manifesto on the abolition of serfdom was translated into muga; the kiev governor addressed the residents in two languages ; that ukrainians will rebel after the poles. the sphere of functioning of the language was seriously reduced by two documents, the valuev circular and the ensky decree, according to the first censorship introduced a ban on printing of religious and educational literature. in ukrainian, fiction was printed without restrictions, according to the second, without special permission, it was forbidden in the empire of books. on the movie , teaching was canceled on it in elementary school , translations and theatrical performances were limited. thus, the russian empire tried to bring down the wave of revolutionary sentiments of the then

little russia in 1905, with the tsar's manifesto, all restrictions were lifted. in austria-hungary, the system worked to support ukrainian, or rather ruthenian, ukrainian speakers called themselves that subjects of the empire, the authorities, not without reason, expected that the rusyns would become a serious counterbalance to the anti-astrian minded pole , the calculation was justified in 1848, when the polish uprisings began in the empire, the rusyns turned out to be on the side of the authorities about how the language policy was formed in austria-hungary in relation to the ukrainians in the plot olga mokhova at the end of the 18th century, as a result of the division of the commonwealth , a patchwork empire, the habsburgs, where what kind of peoples lived, a new province was annexed. she received the name of the kingdom of the golitsa lodomeria. consisted of polish and russian lands,

the historical region of lesser poland with the main city. in krakow, it belonged to the western territory and to the eastern lviv and the possessions that were once part of the galician principality, an interesting area whose history is completely unique and fundamentally different from the history of all, ligovka ukraine, let me remind you that galicia from the year galich is the capital of that same galician principality, who, by the way, was once called chervonnaya rus the inhabitants of this region called themselves rusyns with this term here since x centuries to designate the eastern orthodox slavs it was they who, at the time of the annexation of galicia to austria-hungary, accounted for almost 80% of the population of this province in the multinational empire , the rusyns speak both their native language and the language of the environment. of course they know, they mostly know the language of the metropolis, if we are talking about austria-hungary, it is german. naturally, they know the polish language, because as part of the former part of the former commonwealth a with polish as

the main language, of course. it was a sign any educated person to know the polish language to the ethnic languages ​​of the outskirts, austria-hungary treated quite liberally in the courts, for example, the defendants could represent their interests in their native dialect. in general, joining the galician lands. habsburg, carried out a number of reforms here, abolished serfdom, limited the arbitrariness of the landowners, their devotion to the empire of the grateful ruthenians more than once proved during the polish uprisings. but this was not rewarded by the politics of dividing. rule the austrians brought to perfection, the power of this gamz the monarchies supported the stompol landlords, since they were the dominant economic , powerful and most cultural elements in the country, but they did not want a strong poland with everyone, from time to time they made such minor concessions to the usyns, separated for several centuries from the rest of russia, the galicians, nevertheless, considered himself a part of it. they used the so -called language, which was based on church slavonic samples and folk colloquial

speech. let it be saturated not only with germanisms and palanisms, but also with words, you will leave in the eastern golitsy. the first half of the 19th century was marked by a cultural revival. rusin just then. muscovite sentiments have intensified here. for them, their neighbor from the east is, uh, a representative of the same faith who has preserved the old script, preserved the old language, as far as they understood it, huh? therefore, of course, representatives of austria-hungary wanted to imitate the growth of russian self-consciousness of their subjects, at first they began to call rusyns ruthenians from the latinized name of russia, then in all ruthenian schools. trying to enter latin polish alphabet, named after the first letters. abcs abcdo. the resistance of the rusyns was unanimous ; even the unian priests defended the cyrillic alphabet. then the alphabet of the little russian writer, a linguist on the antibodies of lemon kulsh, began to be introduced in schools, who believed that russian letters did not convey the melodiousness of the little russian language in the

russian empire, gromat, as ulesha was banned, but it was she who became the basis of modern ukrainian spelling at the end of the 890s, they began to translate , then, uh, all the literature on this spine is still in phonetic writing. let me remind you about phonetics - this means, as i hear, i write hmm in such a way that this language begins to move away even more at 19. in 2010, on the eve of the population census, the austro-hungarian authorities indicate languages ​​\u200b\u200bthat may not be among them in russian questionnaires it turned out, but even despite this, the transition to a new spelling does not occur quickly in the eastern golitsy at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. for every 1,500 inhabitants, there is one primary school, more than half of all rusyns are not literate, and only a tenth of them live in cities centers, culture and education in the villages. it is very interesting here that sometimes a unique form of the language has been preserved, when it seems that you hear, here it seems that they speak

ukrainian, you don’t understand anything. this, when i entered the village now they say, i was well, it’s clear that this is where such a verb is not found in any european language, but the form of constructing a sentence suggests that this is latinism in any case, that this is germanism - this is the influence when from polish oppression and poverty in the austro-hungarian empire the inhabitants of galicia reached out to the north american continent, they took the language with them, and already in modern ukraine it returned as a role model, they say. so the ancestors said, the place where the old galician words lived was, first of all , the mass media - this is a photograph, this word is not missing in the ukrainian language. it was marked. rather, as a regional word they said so, yes in the west, but a photograph is, well, a photograph, it is almost like in russian it is clear that the word itself is not a russian word at all greek. but it is not important. it sounds similar to the russian language, so it's probably better to choose the

option that doesn't sound like no pona. into russian therefore, yes, let's use the word bright, however, even with such a language policy and powerful ideological support of the modern ukrainian language is more like the language of soviet ukraine than the one that was spoken in historical galicia olga mokhova anastasia popova valery savelyev is typical, ukraine that's all we wanted to tell. today kirill vyshinsky was with you. good luck to you. if you want to find a new apartment, look for it on the site domclick domclick is the number one real estate service in russia in terms of the number of ads for the sale of apartments. choose the dream apartment that suits your home. the number one real estate click service without fungus treatment.

mycoderil can be contagious for loved ones, it decisively helps to destroy the fungus up to 28% more profitable than the european counterpart. hello friends. let me treat you to a mix from tele2 50 gb movie music add device complement perfect ingredients in one subscription already at a bargain price, and the first connection is free. try a subscription mix tele2 cherkizovo presents taste delicious against pain,

analgesic with paracetamol at an affordable price ultra enhanced composition to combat migraine and other types of pain travel across russia guest houses at affordable prices more than 100,000 options for every taste. and also super cashback 30% of the apartment. be sure that with a credit savings card you have the most favorable conditions 120 days without interest free service forever rate from 9.8% apply online or at a branch for a credit savings card, the most profitable in the country. think for a second. do you have one value that cannot be taken away or blocked? and she stays with you even without money, your communication with loved ones. hello baby, communicate at zero on the

account on all megaphone tariffs, absorbs bacteria toxins, helping to eliminate unpleasant symptoms, but we do not lose heart in new opportunities. hi i'm already in the crimea, an interesting

place of the people's military tribunal in nuremberg for us always borders. always online kind is so strong. wow, it won't break in the cold, we are watching the masterpieces of world documentary cinema. i'm talking about something new gagarin discovered for himself he is a hero, a real hero. we miss it so much right now. classic. new exclusives 10:15 m free without

registration.

the first lines in front of the city have already taken almost one hundred percent of the allied forces entered severodonetsk ukrainian fighters, not only retreat. many change in all their troubles, kiev

does not want to fight anymore. sports mariupol is open, the water area has been cleared, they can come out here with cargo. by the way as for food supplies, russia is ready to help, for example, italy, but there are conditions for a boy who met russian soldiers in a helmet. athos is now the brand he is the face of the new chocolate. alyoshka will find out where the first batch was taken. political reprisal is what he calls his house arrest, the former president of moldova, igor dodon, and there is already a reaction from the kremlin. so, the allied forces entered the city limits. retreating from severodonetsk, ukrainian militants continue to use the tactics of scorched earth, they build an elderly quarter and mine everything in a row on our correspondent nikolay dolgachev works at the forefront.