every year a person dies from ash emissions, which are formed by cauterization of fossil fuels on renewable sources, will not cope with the problem of self- decarbonization of the world economy. obviously atomic energy. this is an important part of the solution for the economy and ecology of the nuclear power industry, there are no competitors. it's time to make a breakthrough if

the energy insatiability of the planet is translated into understandable light bulbs, for every inhabitant of the earth there will be 22 pieces of almost 63% of the world's electricity burning around the clock non-stop produced from fossil fuel coal. first of all, for millions of years, hydrocarbons have been accumulating the energy of the sun. and in order to burn them almost to the ground, heating up, while the atmosphere to critical values, humanity needed only some parks. at the same time, the planet reached a record 23,000 tv-hours of electricity consumption in the year of the beginning of the 21st century was marked by a massive abandonment of nuclear energy, low hydrocarbon prices turned out to be an excellent motivator mood suddenly changed hydrocarbons oil gas and coal steel expensive, and the damage to the climate from their burning is obvious, if you have approved the diagnosis. what will be

the treatment, in medical terms it is quite obvious that the share of nuclear energy should grow and no less than double. many will say yes to nuclear energy - it's a very good beautiful developed resource, but they will add, and what about nuclear waste, every year we get about 10,000 tons of heavy metals in the form of consumed and spent fuel. and, of course, it accumulates over the years. nature made a gift to mankind in the form of a chemical element with a huge energy potential. this is uranus, but not all uranium is equally active in nature , its isotope number 238 prevails, which has a very weak ability to fission, and therefore to release energy for use in thermal nuclear reactors from useless, but and but uranus 235, but the clid is powerful alone a kilogram is 2 million times more efficient than a liter of gasoline, but

only 0.7% is not enough in the ore, if the process is done in such a way that during the fission of uranium 235 from uranium 238 is formed plutonium in quantity is not less. by sharing the damage of 235, such a self-supporting mechanism appears. uh, which involves uranium-238 in the process of fission, if we achieve this, the fuel base increases by 100 times, if we say that we have enough natural wound for 100 years with an increase of 100 times. we are already talking about millennia, and this can be seen as an endless fuel base. nuclear fuel inside burns out, that is, gradually the chain reaction fades and the power decreases, but it does not burn out to the end, that it would be just so perfectly

aware of the founding fathers of nuclear energy, but the nuclear power plant worked and the needs of the energy systems were satisfied. although fast neutron reactors. able to use the entire energy potential of all mined uranium appeared almost simultaneously with thermal, but industrial success. the technology hasn't earned it as too expensive and complicated. technologies are still developing evolutionarily, and from such a beautiful image to practical implementation, you need to go a long way, while, as it were, into a series in technology is always commercialized subject to a certain level of readiness there , including e, the cost of electricity, and therefore the program for the development of fast neutron reactors, and it, but went with some delay. mexico

launched clementine supervised the work of enrique. fermi is the author of the fast reactor breeder concept. it was a tiny plant with an active zone of only 10 by 10 inches. liputsky, 19.49, a four-page note from a tear-off notebook with a beaded handwriting of a young physicist lay on the table of igor kurchatov. 235 or plutonium? uh, a sufficient number of neutrons are formed that interact with the next

nuclei of uranus 238 will lead to the formation of an additional amount of 230 ninth plutonium in an amount greater than fissioned, if not use water, as in thermal reactors. another coolant that does not slow down and badly absorbs high-energy neutrons, then ordinary natural uranium in the core of a nuclear reactor will turn into plutonium 239, which in turn can be used as an effective nuclear fuel, this property or globa is the basis for the operation of bn installations as breeders. fast and neutrons tried to tame many experimental facilities built by the usa france great britain japan but design errors problems with coolants; non-obviousness of the commercial benefits of discovering new deposits. uranus led to the fact that these countries curtailed their programs here these installations earlier than

ours. but then what is very expensive, very large investments, a very long payback period, they spared money, but it's not about money. but the point is in the priority in development, here it is scientific and technical in all areas. installed for a qualitative breakthrough in the energy sector technological priority it is a pity that we lost a decade when atomic engineers were forced to wander through the wilderness. i would say that these years were a swamp for nuclear energy. we lost a lot of time, especially western countries, and i am proud of my russian colleagues, because they continued to develop nuclear energy with an eye to the future, the first industrial fast neutron reactor, bent 350, was launched in

shevchenko, kazakhstan, now it is the city of aktau, in 1980, ben 600 of beloyarskaya . npp after 35 years of successful operation. near built an even more powerful bn-800. all of them work or worked on sodium coolant has very good warm physical properties better than others. here are the competitors of the scolders, they support it in a liquid state. pretty easy. uh, so that it has a rather high temperature of evaporation of caracion. we have it minimal for our materials. reactive metal and ignites in air hermetic and even fuel reloads through clean vacuum chambers the need for complex engineering solutions for working with such a coolant contributed to the fact that

another technology of the reactor on fast neutrons with a lead coolant entered the nuclear arena. there is a lot of lead in the world, just with reserves and explored available reserves. more we can create on lead such an equilibrium core, in which we will never have a reactivity margin in it, due to which the accident at chernobyl occurred, the idea of ​​​​brest , and this is how the project of a fast reactor with lead coolant is abbreviated. appeared in the beginning of the eighties, then the collapse of the ussr happened and the development went on the back burner, but returned to life as soon as a loud idea sounded quickly and netrons needed interesting not only from the point of view of energy, but already ecology step one of the most difficult problems in the field. breakthrough. adeka is a large number of innovative solutions, if

the life cycle of innovation in the field of it products is six months a year. then the life cycle of innovation in nuclear energy is decades. because when he decides to build a commercial block, people make a decision about the next 100 years . the rector building of the future breakthrough power unit will be significantly smaller than usual at the brest-300 nuclear power plant, the installation, a unique double-circuit primary circuit, lead the second waterfall, by the way , no one has ever used pure lead in the world. as a coolant, this metal is extremely active. this means that the walls and internals can be damaged. the designers proposed a complex, but effective solution to the problem of thin saturation of the coolant with oxygen. the reactor vessel will be a metal-concrete pool filled with lead, where

the hull devices and the core will be lowered inside; lead has a low moderating ability, which makes it possible to have a fast neutron spectrum and ensure efficient circulation in all modes of operation, when in contact with air and water , the metal freezes, which eliminates both fires and explosions , and lead and concrete are some of the best materials for protecting the foundation from ionizing radiation outside the natural hull. the fast-neutron rector will solve the most important the problem of disposal of spent nuclear fuel. it contains the so-called long- lived elements or minor actinides of their half-life, that is, the time when they cease to be active in hundreds of thousands, or even millions of years of research. mgt confirmed that the use of a closed nuclear cycle based on fast neutron reactors makes it possible to reduce the radiotoxicity of spent fuel by 100-200 times. the technology of fast neutron reactors

makes it possible to burn these elements, that is destroy and the remaining elements have quite reasonable half-lives, that is, about 300 years there, the radioactivity goes away. well, there is such a concept, radiation equivalence, how much we got from the earth during the extraction of uranium of reactivity , so much we must return there. and there is also such a new category of radiological equivalence. this is not just an estimate of radioactivity. this is the center of reactivity, taking into account the impact on the human body. so, according to our estimates, in this category, equivalence is achieved even in for 100 years. that is, about what is faster, well, this means that the burial of problems solves. preservation of the natural balance is what becomes the cornerstone in the energy sector. it is already clear what the massive and uncontrolled burning of hydrocarbons has led

to . people understand that the environmental friendliness of nuclear energy is much higher than what is preached in biased sources of information, it is nuclear energy that will allow us to free ourselves from emissions . carbon. many sectors of the economy, which are very, very difficult to achieve in other ways, the cleanest sources of energy in terms of carbon dioxide emissions from a nuclear power plant are equal to the fields of windmills, even solar panels are more harmful, and a reliable solution to problems with nuclear fuel by processing and storing it allows us to bring mirny atom to the first line planetary rating of energy resources. each cell has 2 fuel assemblies of cells, there are many volumes of this storage,

enough for the needs of the russian nuclear power industry up to 2040, but the most important thing is that in these nests fuel assemblies are not forever, burial, and not here they are waiting for their reuse processing. so this room can only be compared with the federal reserve? about 18,000 tons of fresh nuclear fuel is produced annually in the world, of which only 3% of the mass of heavy metal 540 tons burns in the energy production cycle, according to various sources , about 400,000 tons of spent nuclear fuel have already been accumulated on the planet allow you to look at the ayat under another angle. it's no longer waste. this is a huge , practically inexhaustible resource for changing the paradigm in the nuclear industry by closing the nuclear fuel cycle. this is the very breakthrough in

energy. irradiated fuel is the raw material for future life. we have always followed the path of closing the fuel cycle. at all times, the question of whether to recycle or not to recycle was the question of the demand for processed products. here is the demand for the uranium regenerator. here is the demand for plutonium. and that's just all together it creates the target image that we are going, and this storage is a reliable buffer for storing fuel until this final appearance appears. we go to it every year gradually gradually gradually gradually. the main thing is that safety-releasing assemblies are kept in storage facilities under water for 10-15 years, and then, through a complex system of corridors of tunnels and boxes inaccessible to humans, they transport a dry hall underground, surrounded by thick layers of concrete and steel, they will stay from 50 to 100 years. we are doing our best not to be used in relation to spent nuclear fuel so that a new term appears.

describing in full that it is not waste, it is not garbage. and this is an element of further work. it is quite in demand and requires a careful technologically verified approach. and we, of course , will be able to do everything so that hmm, by the end of the decade on earth, this unique competence is the essence of a closed nuclear fuel cycle. in the reasonable consumption and environmental friendliness of nuclear energy, radiochemists proposed several options at once. how to put into circulation the uranium-238 and plutonium, as well as in the future to use raw materials lying in dumps. if we are talking about the balance of materials that we have available, then right now we are at this point, if there is an omnivorous fuel processing technology that can process and extract the necessary substances from spent fuel, then

everything can be put into a cycle. uh, reviewing and revisiting . the use of plutonium as a fuel composition in the nuclear industry has been used since the eighties, but they do this fuel only russia and france, the calculations of the world nuclear association show in the world more than one and a half million tons of combined uranium have been accumulated in warehouses. only on these stocks, without taking into account spent nuclear fuel, fast neutron reactors. and could fuel be able to provide the whole world with energy for the next three centuries. uranium dioxide and plutonium dioxide plutonium are carefully prepared, first, refining is carried out to remove impurities, then uranium is added and grinding in a magnetic field using metal needles is obtained finely dispersed fraction practically uranium plutonium in powder. working

with such a mixture requires special competencies, because you cannot touch the materials with your hands. all processes are carried out remotely behind the walls of the gallery of protective boxes. well, in general, no matter how, you just can’t work, in general, specific materials are very small, and here it is very important to get an important proportion of exactly uranium and plutonium to correctly granulate this matter with each other in order to get a normally strong tablet. this is that now it could be fuel that will go to bmw absolutely according to the project ben 800 was supposed to run on mog fuel from the moment of physical launch in 2015, but it had to start the old fashioned way on uranium, and only now the power unit has reached 60% loading with new nuclear fuel. the technology has already been worked out in krasnoyarsk and we will transfer the active zone completely to the platonic zone, 155 days -

i will give it. which company, and the fuel is here in the core in the reactor three microcompanies. that is, uh, as far as overloading, we will only load about the double button. fuel efficient mixed nitride uranium plutonium it was developed specifically for the breakthrough project, raw materials are also taken from the storage of spent assemblies in the snoop. unlike mox, the content of fissile and flooding and thermal conductivity are higher, and the temperature in the center of the nitrite, fuel assembly is significantly lower than the experimental one . the production line was launched at the siberian chemical plant soon. here in seversk , a full-fledged plant will appear on the site of the experimental demonstration complex of the breakthrough project. automated modules for processing and fabrication refabrication. the main difference between this

experimental line and those that will be in the refabrication module is manual loading of materials, movement between boxes , sampling, geometric control of tablet parameters, all this is done by specialists, technological processes are carried out inside sealed boxes in an inert environment. uranium and plutonium oxide powders are mixed, carbon and stearazinc are added, the content of uranium and plutonium is 85 and 15% the resulting tablets are sent to the furnace, where in carbothermal fusion occurs in nitrogen atmosphere, resulting in the formation of uranium nitrite and plutonium dense fuel. how thermal synthesis will be - this is us, when we mix two powders, we put it there. uh, soot, the so-called carbon black, and in the process of carrying out the

synthesis with these parameters, e, the replacement of e carbon with nitrogen, which is present both inside the chamber and in furnaces, occurs. and after that it turns out already on a tablet. by the time the brest reactor is launched, this nitrite fuel should be ready two starting fuel kits in each 169 fuel slides. while it is being built , the fuel is already being tested in the bn-600 reactor. the experiment at the beloyarsk nuclear power plant involves 24 assemblies with snoop fuel, eight of them are currently in the reactor, 16 have already been taken out of the core. irradiation cycle, they have already completed the main result of 9% pluton burnup. this means that the fuel efficiency for the company is very high there experiment with snoop fuel for us. uh, passed and passed and currently it continues, the

longest time. it was with us that seven micro-companies stood assemblies in a row, that is, without unloading. if we take into account only regular fuel assemblies, we have 4 microcompanies in the core, then for this fuel. you understand that this is a fairly decent age. one of the problems that hindered the creation of technology, a closed nuclear fuel cycle , was the heterogeneity and flood composition of the extracted plutonium, and recently mathematical modeling has unconditionally confirmed the fast reactor. no matter what isotopes work in any case, a stable reaction will take place in order for the atomic system to work effectively in the new energy model. five criteria must be met, independence from the raw material base accumulated ayat and uranium in the dumps , this is met by minimizing the environmental impact, it will provide, closed nuclear fuel cycle safety of operation of power units. the physics

of fast neutron reactors itself works here, and two more aspects peaceful use and competitiveness of technologies neutrons. they make it possible to ensure the use of fuel in a completely new way, it is obvious that we will build a certain number of reactors, there will be some kind of balance between new fast neutron reactors, existing thermal ones, spent thermal fuel will be used, and this process will continue . i think until the end of the century. the park of thermal reactors, of course, will not go anywhere with fast neutron installations, it will be supplemented by creating a two-component nuclear energy fuel between two types of nuclear power plants will circulate , moreover, generation three plus fbgs have already been designed with the ability to operate not only on pure uranium, but also on new mixed fuel. and this is not a distant future, but here and now, for example, the kursk as-2 under construction will be just

like that. it has historically developed in the nuclear community that we work within a large time frame. but this needs to be changed. we have to learn to deploy things much faster and in the first place. this applies to fast reactors. they are already vital. with the advent lead brest 300 and the construction of another powerful sodium in the bn-1200 power unit at beloyarskaya. nuclear power plants in russia will have four industrial fast neutron reactors, enough to launch a closed nuclear fuel cycle, but what should be the optimal ratio of pn and thermal blocks for full-scale implementation of the technology, experts have not yet decided one to two or in half. it depends on the problems posed not only on a national scale, but also on the world scale. we will certainly continue to use existing light water reactors. but if in 10-15 years we get cost-effective

fast neutron reactors, then this will be a weighty reason to immediately switch to them and resolve issues with waste. this is the most important moment for nuclear energy according to the data rich at the current level of consumption of nuclear power plants and the volumes of existing deposits. this is about 8 million tons of natural uranium enough for 130 years, given the potential deposits for 250 years. reprocessing, spent fuel and recycling of uranium and plutonium can increase the lifetime nuclear energy, twice more, and the operation of breeder reactors can theoretically extend the use of the energy potential of a fossil element by 50 times. in our strategy, the main task is to increase the physical number of these most powerful industrial fast neutron reactors. well, and, accordingly, move from fuel centralization, that is, from such, well,

the movement of physical thermal fuel assemblies to reformation centers, then to fast again, and refabrication again to thermal to near-station cycle, so that the fabrication of remanufactured products is also carried out at this site. the nuclear industry, unlike the same electronics or medicine , does not operate for years, but for decades they design and build stations looking beyond the event horizon , at least for a century. forward technological priority in the implementation of a closed nuclear fuel cycle. there is only russia has technology. this technology is very important, so it is important to continue its development and implementation. in the current sphere, reality dictates that it is needed here and now, and it is good that this technology is already eat. here it is a full cycle of movement, fissile materials extraction, enrichment of production.

fuel thermal reactors. fast reactors reprocessing and fabrication remanufacturing plants. this is a medium-term scenario until the end of the century. in the long term, it will be quite possible to abandon these parts of the scheme technologically, a breakthrough made in the 21st century will become the key to fuel energy

and psychological security for centuries to come. what i feel, they listen, but they don't hear. and

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