economy and ecology nuclear energy has no competitors it's time to make a breakthrough if the planet's energy insatiability is translated into understandable light bulbs, for each inhabitant of the earth there will be 22 pieces burning around the clock non-stop, almost 63% of the world's electricity is produced from coal fossil fuels. first of all, for millions of years, hydrocarbons have been accumulating the energy of the sun. parvikov. at the same time, the planet reached a record 23,000 hours of electricity consumption in the year of the beginning of the 21st century was marked by a massive abandonment of nuclear energy, low hydrocarbon prices turned out to be an excellent motivator

, the mood changed suddenly hydrocarbons, oil, gas and coal became expensive, and the harm to the climate from their burning is obvious, if you have confirmed the diagnosis. what will be the treatment, in medical terms it is quite obvious that either nuclear energy should grow and not less than in twice. many will say yes to nuclear energy - it 's a very good beautiful developed resource, but they will add, and what about nuclear waste, every year we get about 10.000 tons of heavy metals in the form of consumed and spent fuel. and, of course, it accumulates over the years. nature gave humanity a gift in the form of a chemical element with a huge energy potential. this is uranus but not all uranium is equally active in nature, its isotope number 238 prevails, which has a very weak ability to fission, and therefore to energy release for use in

thermal nuclear reactors from useless, but and but uranium 235, but clit is a powerful one kilogram of it 2 million times more efficient than a liter of gasoline, but it is not enough in ore only 0.7%, if the process is done such, so that during the fission of uranium 235 from uranium 238 , plutonium is formed in an amount no less. by sharing the damage of 235, such a self -supporting mechanism appears. uh, which involves fission and uranium-238, if we achieve this, the fuel base increases in 100 times if we say that natural is early we have enough for 100 years with a magnification of 100 times. we're talking already from millennia, so it can be seen as an infinite fuel base. n thermal reactors that the nuclear fuel

burns out inside, that is, gradually the chain reaction fades and the power decreases, but it does not burn out to the end, which is exactly what the founding fathers of nuclear energy would be well aware of, but the nuclear power plant worked and the needs of the energy systems were satisfied . although the reactors fast neutrons. able to use the entire energy potential of all mined uranium appeared almost simultaneously with thermal, but industrial success. the technology hasn't earned it as too expensive and complicated. technologies are still developing evolutionarily, and from such a beautiful image to practical implementation, you need to go a long way, while, as it were, in a series, technologies always go to commercialization, subject to a certain level of readiness. there

, including e-e, the cost of electricity and therefore the program for the development of fast neutron reactors, and she, but walked with a certain delay, mexico was launched. clementine was supervised by enrico fermi, the author of the fast reactor breeder concept. it was a tiny plant with an active zone of only 10 by 10 inches. the task of similar nuclear defense projects led the scientific minds of the two powers of the usa and the ussr to go in parallel with the soviet term alexander leiputsky in 1949 on the table of igor kurchatov. a four-sheet note was laid down from a tear-off notebook with a beaded handwriting of a young physicist, what did it contain and why was it directed, an understanding arose that it is possible, nuclear reactions, when we have

a sufficient number of neutrons from the fissile nucleus of uranus 235 or plutonium e, which interact with the following nuclei of uranus 23. all will lead to the formation of an additional amount of 239 plutonium in an amount greater than the fissioned if do not use water. as factors, and another coolant that does not slow down and badly absorbs high-energy neutrons, then ordinary natural uranium in the core of a nuclear reactor will turn into plutonium 239, which, in turn, can be used as an effective nuclear fuel, it is precisely this property or globa that is the basis for the operation of bn installations as breeders. quickly and not thrones tried to tame many experimental installations built by the usa france great britain japan but design errors problems with coolants are

not obvious commercial benefits of discovering new deposits. uranus led to the fact that these countries curtailed their programs here these installations earlier than ours. well, further, which is very expensive , very large investments are very long payback period, they spared the money, but it's not about the money. and the point is, after all, in the priority in the development of science and technology in all areas, work on the evolution of installations on fast neutrons was continued only by russian nuclear scientists and received the technological priority necessary for a qualitative breakthrough in the energy sector. it is a pity that we lost a decade when atomic engineers were forced to wander in the desert. i would say that these years were a swamp for nuclear energy. we lost a lot of time, especially western countries and i are proud of my russian

colleagues, because they continued to develop nuclear energy with an eye to the future. the first industrial fast neutron reactor bn-350 was launched in shevchenko, kazakhstan; now it is the city of aktau; in 1980, beloyarskaya ben 600 was included in the network. npp after 35 years of successful operation. an even more powerful bn-800 was built nearby. all of them work or worked on sodium coolant sodium has a very good heat and physical properties better than others. here e carrier competitors. it is maintained in a liquid state. pretty easy. uh, so he's got a pretty high temperature evaporating wheel. the chemically active metal from it is minimal for our materials and the entire body of the gelenji installation ignites in air; it reloads fuel

through clean vacuum chambers; a lot in world its simply reserves and proven available reserves. more than we can create on lead such an equilibrium core, in which we will never have reactivity reserves in it, due to which the accident at chernobyl occurred, the idea of ​​​​brest , and this is how the project of a fast reactor with lead coolant is called in abbreviated form. it appeared back in the early eighties, then the collapse of the ussr happened and the development went on the back burner, but came back to life as soon as a loud thought sounded quickly and netrons needed interesting not only from the point of view energy, but also ecology. step one of

the most difficult problems in adek breakthrough is a large number of innovative solutions these product innovation life cycles six months a year who is the life cycle of innovation in nuclear energy, is it decades? because when a decision is made to build a commercial unit, people make a decision about the next 100 years . the first circuit, lead the second waterfall, by the way , no one in the world has ever used pure lead as a coolant, this metal is incredibly active. this means that it can damage walls and internals. the designers proposed a complex, but effective solution to

the problem. thin saturation of the coolant with oxygen by the reactor vessel will become a metal-concrete pool filled with lead, where the vessel devices and the core will be lowered inside. fast neutron spectrum and ensure efficient circulation in all modes of operation, when in contact with air and water, the metal freezes, which eliminates fires and explosions, and lead and concrete are one of the best materials for protection against ionizing radiation. it is natural on the outside of the body. the fast neutron rector will allow solving the most important problem of disposal of spent nuclear fuel. it contains the so-called long-lived elements or minor actinides of their half-life, that is, the time when they cease to be active hundreds of thousands or even millions of years of research. mgt confirmed

that the use of a closed nuclear cycle based on fast neutron reactors makes it possible to reduce the radiotoxicity of spent fuel by 100-200 times. the technology of fast neutron reactors makes it possible to burn out these elements, that is, to destroy them, and the remaining elements have quite reasonable half-lives, that is , radioactivity disappears there in about 300 years. well , there is such a thing, radiation equivalence, how much are we out of the ground when mining? hooray? she got reactivity, so much we have to return there. and there is also such a new category of radiological equivalence. this is not just an assessment of radioactivity - it is a center of reactivity, taking into account the impact on the human body. so , according to our estimates, in this category , equivalence is achieved even within 100 years. that is even faster. well, it means that burying problems solves. preservation of the natural

balance is what becomes the cornerstone in the energy sector. what did the massive and uncontrolled burning of hydrocarbons, it is already clear to keep warming within one and a half degrees celsius, as it was supposed under the paris agreement, simply does not work. people understand that the environmental friendliness of nuclear energy is much higher than what the biased sources of information preach, it is nuclear energy that will allow us to decarbonise. many sectors of the economy , which are very, very difficult to achieve in other ways, the cleanest sources of energy, in terms of carbon dioxide emissions, nuclear power plants are equal to the fields of windmills, even solar batteries are more harmful, and a reliable solution to problems with nuclear fuel through its processing and storage allows bringing mirny atom to the first line of the planetary

rating of energy resources. in each cell , there are 2 tvs from the cells, there are many volumes of this storage, enough for the needs of the russian nuclear power industry until 2040, but the most important thing is that fuel assemblies are not buried forever in these nests. they are here waiting for their reuse recycling. so this room can only be compared with the federal reserve? in the world about 18,000 tons of fresh nuclear fuel is produced annually, of which only 3% of the mass of heavy metal 540 tons burns in the energy production cycle, according to various sources, about 400,000 tons have already been accumulated on the planet, spent nuclear fuel technology of reactor plants based on fast neutron physics allows you to take a look to ayat from a different angle. it's no longer waste. this is a huge practically, inexhaustible resource

of changing the paradigm in the nuclear industry by closing the nuclear fuel cycle. this is the one breakthrough in energy, irradiated top. this is the raw material for the future life, we have always followed the path of closing the fuel cycle. at all times, the question of processing or not processing was the question of the demand for products, processing. here it is the demand for the uranium regenerator, here is the demand for plutonium. and that's just all together it creates the target image that we are going, and this storage is a reliable buffer for storing fuel until this final image appears. we go to him every year gradually gradually gradually the main thing is safe. emitting assemblies are kept in storage facilities under water for 10-15 years, and then, through a complex system of corridors of tunnels and boxes inaccessible to humans, they transport a dry hall underground, surrounded by thick layers of concrete and steel, they will

stay from 50 to 100 years. we will do everything so that it is not used in relation to spent nuclear fuel, so that a new term appears that fully describes the fact that this is not waste. it's not trash. and this is an element of further work quite in demand and requiring careful technologically advanced approach. and we, of course , will be able to do everything to acquire this unique competence on earth before the end of the decade. the essence of a closed nuclear fuel cycle is the reasonable consumption and environmental friendliness of nuclear energy. among chemists. they offered several options. to put into circulation the uranium-238 and plutonium remaining in the spent assemblies, and also in the future to use the raw materials lying in the dumps. if we are talking about the balance of materials that

we have available, just exactly we are, now we are at this point, if there is an omnivorous fuel processing technology that can process and extract the necessary substances from spent fuel, then everything can be put into a recycling cycle and reused. the use of uranium and plutonium oxides as a fuel composition in the nuclear industry has been used since the eighties, but only russia and france make such fuel, the world nuclear association shows in the world more than one and a half million tons of combined uranium. only on these stocks, excluding spent nuclear fuel, fast neutron reactors. and could with fuel be able to provide the whole world with energy for the next three centuries. uranium dioxide and plutonium dioxide plutonium are carefully prepared first, refining is carried out to remove

impurities, then uranium is added and grinding is started in a magnetic field using metal needles , a finely dispersed fraction of practically uranium-plutonium is obtained into powder. working with such a mixture requires special competencies, because you cannot touch the materials with your hands. all processes are running remotely behind the walls of the gallery of protective boxes, in general, as it were. you just can’t work, in general, the specific material is very small, and here it is very important to get the wet proportion of exactly uranium and plutonium to correctly granulate this matter with each other in order to get a normal, strong tablet. this is what now could be the fuel that will go to the bn-800. according to the project , it was assumed that the bn 800 would operate on mog fuel from the moment of physical launch in 2015, but it had to start in the old fashioned way on uranium and only now the power unit has reached 60 percent loading

with new nuclear fuel. the technology has already been worked out in krasnoyarsk and we will transfer the core completely to the paid zone, 155 days - this is one such company, and the fuel is in the core in the reactor of three microcompanies. that is, as we reload, we will load only plutonium mixed nitride uranium plutonium it was developed specifically for the breakthrough project, raw materials are also taken from the storage of spent assemblies in the snoop. unlike moxa higher content fissile and flood and thermal conductivity, and the temperature in the center of the nitrite, fuel assembly is significantly less experimental . the production line was launched at the siberian chemical plant soon. here in seversk , a full-fledged plant will appear on the site of the experimental demonstration complex of the breakthrough project.

automated modules for processing and fabrication refabrication. the main difference between this experimental line and those that will be in the refabrication modules is manual work loading materials moving between boxes sampling, geometric control of tablet parameters, all this is done by specialists, technological processes are carried out inside hermetic boxes in an inert environment. uranium and plutonium oxide powders are mixed, carbon and stearazinc are added, the content of uranium and plutonium is 85 and 15%. the resulting tablets are sent to the furnace, where carbothermic synthesis occurs in a nitrogen atmosphere, resulting in the formation of uranium nitrite and plutonium dense fuel. as if we are thermal

synthesis, when we mix two powders, we put it there. uh, soot, so-called carbon black and in the process of carrying out the synthesis with these parameters, e, substitution occurs. uh carbon by nitrogen, which is present both inside the chamber and in the ovens. and after that it turns out already on a tablet. by the time the brest reactor is launched, two starting fuel sets should be ready for this nitrite fuel in every 169 fuel assemblies. while it is being built, the fuel is already being tested in the bn-600 reactor. the experiment at the beloyarsk nuclear power plant involves 24 assemblies with snoop fuel, eight of them are currently the moment they are in the reactor 16 have already taken their irradiation cycle out of the core. they have already completed the main result of the 9% pluto burnup. this means that

the fuel efficiency for the company is very high there experiment with snoop fuel for us. eh, it went on and on, and it is currently going on, the longest time - we had assemblies of seven micro-companies in a row, that is, without unloading. if we take into account only regular fuel assemblies , we have four microcompanies in the core, then for this fuel. you understand, that this is a fairly decent age, one of the problems that hindered the creation of technology, a closed nuclear fuel cycle, was the heterogeneity and flood composition of the extracted plutonium, and recently mathematical modeling has been without limits. excellent, i confirmed that the fast reactor does not care what isotopes it works with, a stable reaction will go on in any case, in order for the nuclear system to work effectively in the new energy model, five criteria must be met independence from the raw material base accumulated by ayat and uranium in the dumps meet the minimization of environmental impact

it will provide, closed nuclear fuel cycle. safety of operation of power units. the physics of fast neutron reactors itself works here, and two more aspects of peaceful use and competitiveness. technology on fast neutrons. they make it possible to ensure the use of experience in a completely new way, it is obvious that we will build a certain number of reactors, there will be some kind of balance between the new fast neutron reactors that exist thermal spent fuel will be used thermal and this process will go on. i think to the end. the existing fleet of thermal reactors, of course, will not go anywhere with installations for fast neutrons, it will be supplemented by creating a two-component nuclear power industry, the fuel between the two types of nuclear power plants will circulate , moreover, generation three plus fbgs have already been designed with the ability to work not only on

pure uranium, but also on new mixed fuel. and this is not the distant future, but already here and now, for example, the kursk as-2 under construction will be just that. it has historically developed in the nuclear community that we work within a large time frame. but this needs to be changed. we have to learn to deploy things much faster and in the first place. this applies to fast reactors. they are already alive. with the advent of lead brest 300 and the construction of another powerful sodium in the bn-1200 power unit at beloyarskaya. npp russia will have four industrial fast neutron reactors enough to run a closed nuclear fuel cycle, but what should be the optimal ratio of pn and thermal blocks for the full-scale implementation of the technology, experts have not yet decided one to two or in half. it depends on the problems posed not only on

a national scale, but also on the world scale. we will certainly continue to operate the existing light water reactors, but if in 10-15 years we get an economically profitable fast neutron reactor, then this will be a weighty reason to immediately switch to them. with waste. this is the most important moment for nuclear energy, according to the data rich at the current level of consumption of nuclear power plants, the volumes of existing deposits. and this 8 million tons of natural uranium will be enough for 130 years, given the potential deposits for 250 years. reprocessing, spent fuel and recycling of uranium and plutonium allows you to increase the lifetime of nuclear energy by a factor of two, and the operation of breeder reactors can theoretically extend the use of energy potential . fossil element 50 times. at

of our strategy the main task is to increase the physical number of these most powerful industrial fast neutron reactors, but also , accordingly, to move from fuel centralization, that is, from such a movement of physical thermal fuel assemblies to reformation centers, then to fast again, and remanufacturing again to thermal to the on-site cycle, so that the fabrication of refinished products is also carried out at this site. the nuclear industry, unlike the same electronics or medicine, does not operate for years, but for decades, stations have been designed and built looking beyond the event horizon, at least for a century. forward technological priority in the implementation of a closed nuclear fuel cycle. only russia has it - this technology is very important, so it is important to continue its development and implementation. in the current sphere, reality dictates that it is needed

here and now, and it is good that this technology already exists. here it is a full cycle of movement, fissile materials extraction, enrichment, production of fuel thermal reactors. fast reactor plants recycling and fabrication refabrication. this is a medium-term scenario until the end of the century. in the long term, it will be quite possible to abandon these parts of the scheme technologically, a breakthrough made in the 21st century will become the key to fuel energy and psychological security for centuries

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