more than earlier than it was concluded, the bolsheviks. these negotiations from the german side were conducted by general max hoffmann, the commander of the german troops in the east, who was responsible for the occupation policy of berlin from the gulf of finland to novorossiysk later after the end of the first world war and in an interview with the ambulance of the london daily mail. this is how he will remember these events. i created ukraine saying, bluntly, simply in order to have a part of russia to make peace with her in reality, ukraine was my proposal and my creation, and not at all spontaneous desire of its population. although ukrainians may want to think so. by the beginning of 1918, the german army was still combat-ready, but in the rear in germany itself there were bread riots against the germans. the ukrainian self-styled people need food, guarantees for the preservation of their power. on this basis , a compromise problem is formed for germany, the famine of germany was gold children are born

without nails, by the way, such a situation was difficult in exchange for military assistance against the soviet troops only until july 31, 1918. unr undertook to supply germany and australia with a million tons of grain, as well as in large volumes sugar eggs, lard and meat, but in general officially believed that not just ukraine will supply food to the central powers. and the central powers will also begin to supply industrial goods to ukraine, but it quickly became clear that the central power could almost not supply anything to ukraine due to the shortage. they themselves have all these goods go to war, and in addition, deliveries from ukraine turned out to be several times lower than expected. here, of course, attitudes begin to deteriorate quickly, very soon germany begins to understand that the ukrainian rada actually has no real support among the population. and that, in principle, there is trouble with the central government in large cities. enterprising germans. quickly put things in order

with the village. everything was more complicated, the villagers were indifferent to the geopolitical goals of the kiev authorities, to share bread with the germans. the germans didn’t want to, they understood perfectly well that in the conditions of ukraine and when there are no real authorities, not in the center or in the field, the food that they managed to collect will simply be stolen and, uh, this situation will get out of control. this circumstance. when, in fact, german gauleiters sat on the territory and gave out commands and caused an explosion of discontent among the ukrainian villagers in the spring of 1918 due to the war of devastation and confusion on the ground and a significant part of the ukrainian lands was simply not sown, the commander-in-chief of the german army in ukraine , general eigorn, issues an order on forced sowing of fields, including landlords by the forces of peasants, this leads to a riot of the population of the estate, the landowners are smashed, from the managers they raise them to the forks soon follows

the second order to create german courts-martial for sabotage of sowing work is now threatened. the death penalty, finally, april 28, 1918. a company of german soldiers disperses india's capable rainbow. and in advance, more than six thousand delegates brought to kiev from all over the country, proclaim the former tsarist general pavlo skoropadsky as the hetman of the new state of the ukrainian state is extremely difficult. correctable, but everything was decided for a very long time and it was not particularly beneficial for someone. the stage was not particularly beneficial for germany. germany believed that ukraine needed actually, rob everything and get everything out of there. they relied on the skoropad man, who was outstanding in his own way. he traveled to germany , met with igor, i repeat , the german emperor. that is, he was so feeling very much. well, now, it was a serious enemy for soviet russia, and the figures of the skoropad dispute still do not stop, some consider him a chir and a saint as

a nationalist, others, a staunch monarchist and supporter of reunification with russia , there is documentary evidence of both, but in fact his power associated with a serious deterioration in the living conditions of the population, the length of the working day increases from eight to 12 hours; christianity is placed in a rigid dependence on the will of large landowners and tenants of reality for six months of his reign. he tried different degrees and uh, in general, he just changed his position, but uh, that he had to take into account in any case no reunification of ukraine with russia well, even if he suddenly dares to declare it, he will not allow him in the first place german curators. it certainly the main, looking at ukraine , general field marshal herman von eihorn. pavel skoropadsky quite suited him, he clearly followed the instructions did not interfere with the operations of the german punishers in the countryside, and most importantly, he managed to organize an uninterrupted

railway connection for the export of grain from march to november 1918, 37,000 wagons of food were sent to ukraine, but skoropadsky was not able to fight the growing insurgent seance movement forces. russian military units. under his leadership, the germans seemed unreliable and they began to be disarmed in the plans of the austrians; in general, it was to replace the monarchy regime headed by prince wilhelm habsburg. gom who arrived in ukraine under the name of colonel vasily embroidered, here is how general anton ivanovich denikin recalled those events. the practice of requisitioning for the export of bloody pacifications and recovery of damages caused spontaneous uprisings throughout ukraine and novorossia , sometimes, there was not even a shadow of ukrainian separatism by thousands of detachments of insurgent psychology. they saw their enemies, not in the russians, but in the landowner and the germans. in battles with germans, austrians and skoropadsky’s

detachments lost about 50,000 people to the ukrainian rebels, among whom was the head of the administration of the occupied regions herman von games on july 30, 1918, the ussr boris donskoy threw a bomb at him right in the center of kiev , massive repressions began, hundreds of people dissatisfied with the german occupation regime suffered squads. the villagers of the rebels were driven east. the territories of the russian provinces from this mass, the bolsheviks will begin to form the first ukrainian soviet divisions. germany clearly lost the first world war and the head of the puppet ukrainian state , hetman skoropadsky, had to frantically look for new patrons. he tried to improve relations with denikin and even announced the creation of a federation with russia. but it was too late, the crisis had gone too far ahead of ukraine was waiting for chaos from the amans. bloody jewish pogroms and war. all against all , however, the hetman. this no longer concerned, having fled

in disgrace colorfully described by mikhail bulgakov in the days of turbines warmed by german patrons. he will live in germany until before his death and will die under the bombing of the anglo-american allies already at the end of another world war ii anna efimova valery savelyev anastasia popova of a typical ukraine, we will talk with our permanent expert, historian, political scientist rostislav shchenka . rostislav good afternoon rostislav how strange sometimes historical circumstances are, but it seems that ukraine owes its independence of the first ukrainian state in the eighteenth year to the realization of german interests on its territory, or i exaggerate no this is not an exaggeration, in principle, the eighteenth year is the year of huge mistakes that were made by the bolsheviks and just

at the signing. ah, the brilliance of this world. basically, all these mistakes were just the formalization of the work of the delegations and the recognition of the powers of the ukrainian delegation, a big stone or a really catastrophic mistake; in fact, at that time the january uprising was already going on in kiev. and parts. uh, the bolsheviks were already approaching kiev, that is, the war was already on. central joy. great centuries, nonetheless. they admit for some reason powers of the delegation, the central councils and agree with them to negotiate with him by the germans. well, the germans do not take advantage of such a gift. they are very wings became the subject. yes, they very quickly convinced the ukrainians that it is not enough to proclaim independence for someone to recognize it. and here they are the central powers. you see, it was not only about germany, it was austria-hungary and bulgaria, which means turkey, that is, these are all the states that fought against the entente,

they now recognize the independence of ukraine the united states has not yet landed its troops in european. on the continent, the germans are transferring the army to the western front and it seems that i can now win the war to the last breath. at least, it says that they are created in kiev and naturally. the central joy gladly comes to an agreement with the germans, in fact, gives them all of ukraine. these are the documents that are now, uh, with zelensky, are going to be submitted to parliament for approval, but about the polish protectorate. they are nothing compared to those, uh, strong rights that they got in ukraine, absolutely could not be elected or to be appointed to public positions in ukraine, well, it was not necessary, because they appointed people who would work. government officials, at the same time, they prescribed in the contract the volumes of hmm and other

resources that they were supposed to receive from ukraine. that is, at least crash, but, uh, the ukrainian government was obliged to find and transfer all these resources to germany , regardless of whether there would be a famine in ukraine, there would be a famine in ukraine, there, and so on, it means from under these same and under this case. ukraine hosted on site 100.000 territories german occupation army. he is not only german astrological yet. here, uh, it is natural to check such a gift, no one would refuse despite the fact that they proclaimed the completely effective and independence of ukraine about it, subsequent events say. that is, already in may of the same eighteenth year, the germans simply sent a central, joyful resignation and, by their own strong-willed decision, they actually appointed no, and even created it. the ukrainian state was a german colony. a german colony in europe, therefore, to say that ukraine gained independence in this way, but it is difficult for ukraine to gain

recognition in this way, effective recognition of independence. she received real independence. she did not receive more than that, thanks to this recognition of independence in the forest of lithuanians already at the end of the 18th year. ukraine turned out to be the deepest crisis as a result of the defeat of germany in e. war of the eighteenth year. in accordance with the preliminary armistice agreements, all the treaties that the germans concluded. uh, separate with allies. means were canceled, in fact, the recognition of ukraine within the borders of the brest peace, because it was a recognition, only under this agreement nowhere else legally. appeared and therefore the french, the british refused. after that, to support the directory against the bolsheviks in the eighteenth year , anti-russian ukraine was important for the germans,

the main resource of that time was ukrainian grain and food, which the germans controlled, and more than 100 years passed. something has changed. uh, besides the fact that germany has ceased to be aggressive the superpower in the center of europe is now in place of germany is in the united states but, nevertheless, the main food. still, they are trying to withdraw from ukraine to the eu. well, to the same central powers. now they have different borders, they are called differently , uh, in the same way, by the way, uh, the independence of ukraine is effective. because all positions in ukraine are appointed by the consent of the american embassy, ​​that in the future such a ukraine what history teaches, but obviously uh, if we refer to the red lessons of history, then in the perspective of the russian-polish border, hungary is interested in part of the territory of poland, the

interested part of the territory, romania of the territory. moreover, we see that russia for several decades, and after the start of the civil war in ukraine, for almost a decade, tried to do everything in order to preserve well, some kind of ukraine yes, more or less adequate on the territory, which would not have to interfere , there and so on, but it didn't work out. and it didn't work out, because such a policy was born by the ukrainian authorities, the ukrainian authorities constantly expressed a desire to break into russia in order to do it, in order to scratch it, which means in the interests of the united states. well, that's right. there is also a poly which was carried out by the ukrainian authorities in the eighteenth year and before that. by the way, when some kind of semi-autonomous ukraine arose there yes, as in the 17th century, here, too, uh, already at the end of khmelnitsky's reign, it means that he had already signed a parade agreement with sweden, which means that they were going. in general, in a cut. e, with

moscow politics a. i'm not talking about all the hetmans who can become inherited and who actually constantly acted to the detriment of the interests of the ukrainian population to the detriment of the union with moscow, trying in this way to solve some of their personal problems. this is the fate of the ukrainian elite. rostislav thank you very much for the detailed story. today it is difficult to avoid the temptation to see parallels in the current events with the history of ukraine a hundred years ago. here is another, wandering government in 1918, the power in kiev was changing at an unprecedented speed, the unr established he overthrew the central council, the hetman of karaban and created the ukrainian state, which, after a few months, was defeated by the troops of the petliurist directory of the provisional government, despondency, and after a month and a half the directory left, kiev entered the city , the red army began for the petliurist

directory, the time of continuous relocations of a brutal struggle for power , unsuccessful looking for political support from kiev, the government moved to vinnitsa from vinnitsa to rovno from exactly to kamenets podolsky directory, and below it all its territory from this time, where in this story is a parallel with today's day it may well arise at the end of march 2022, the verkhovna rada of ukraine allowed the cabinet of ministers to change its and the location of its departments during a state of war or a state of emergency, earlier the government could be only in kiev now, the cabinet can legally leave the capital and continue to lead the country from lviv or vinnitsa, or even from abroad. yes

, meetings can take place. via videoconference it seems that in the sake of preparing for different scenarios for the development of the situation, but let us return to the unr in fact. the first ukrainian state ceased to exist in november 1920, however. his cabinet of ministers for a long time operated outside the country in warsaw paris prague munich and even philadelphia the story of the ukrainian government in exile in the plot of olga mokhova i often proglosh in his mouth we solemnly proclaim to all the people of ukraine about the resignation of the state center of the ukrainian people's republic in exile. so august 22, 1992 the 72-year history of the government of the ukrainian people's republic in exile ended. although ukrainians prefer the latinized wording in exil. actually, it has become a phenomenon itself. how nice, you

may remember that even in ancient times there was the concept of someone being exiled or the throne of the president, that is, real or self-proclaimed people declared themselves that they were in fact the legitimate rulers of such and such a country, it’s easy to guess that they were all supported, generally speaking, somewhere in the 20th century, the exile government was a great many the last president-in-exile, mykola pavluk , presented the first president of ukraine, leonid kravchuk, with a competent succession, as well as the flag of the state seal and special signs of the attributes of power. klevods from the german kleinot treasure little jewels in ukrainian history existed cossack kleyno-da koshevoy ataman zaporizhian army of the xvii century signs of the hetman’s sovereign status, an interesting story of the emergence of these kleinods in 1936, a representative who actually lived in warsaw, then the defunct unr

i bought an affair with malstotsky from a local antiquary. according to the junk dealer, the mochevik medallion belonged to the hetman mazeipa himself, later polish jewelers, by order made a silver chain necklace with twenty medallions and fixed a washing keeper on the central one, this attribute became a symbol of power for the four rulers of the ukrainian people's republic in exile. they handed kaleidodes to the authorities, and, therefore, the chain, allegedly embarrassing, which is also very characteristic and kravchuk took nothing and did not even cut it. first existence, the ukrainian government in exile was laid with a rout. at 19 here in the nineteenth year, the remnants of the army of the unr directory, which fled to western ukraine , the government of the republic itself settled in the polish city of tarnov in the twentieth year, ataman symon petliura, who appeared in warsaw on behalf of the directory, already as its leader, signed an agreement on a joint war with the poles against soviet russia, in exchange for such support, agreed to

transfer a significant part of western ukrainian lands under polish control, the poles were vitally interested in the existence of such here is the education of the curious. why because of the same treaty, because there was a government that signed it. this means that they received some kind of minimal legitimacy for the rights in the west that at a certain stage of our statehood. we must have a close understanding with the poles video dangers coming from moscow i think we will make sacrifices without dense great powers, but not our own. all of their ukrainian plans are nothing special, except for endless conflicts between party members, the state center of the unr in exile in history was not noted. true, in 1921, with the participation of ukrainian exiles, on the initiative of symon petliura, who was eager to return ukraine at any cost, an attempt was made to invade the territory of the ukrainian ssr. in lviv, for

this purpose, an insurgent headquarters was created, headed by general charon john eyre yuriy titinik of about 1200 people. legal tuning. he led e-e to the territory of e about the ussr but was successfully defeated. after that, he began to work officially for the gpu, the government of the unr was never in exile, nor recognized by anyone, nevertheless, he was consistently given shelter the authorities of poland, france and germany after the end of world war ii, the usa and canada in germany, the ukrainian government of the ukrainian people's republic did not recognize, but contacted with their combat unit, which, by the way, was originally called opa. that is, upa is, well, not under the kabandera people, but initially it appeared precisely. uh, as an integral part of well, as a fighting organ. uh, the ukrainian people's republic in exile is a remarkable story of joint with the nazis, the participation of the figures of the former unr, or rather its military wing, in the creation

on the territory of volhynia and woodlands of the armed formations of the polissian sich under the command of taras bulba borovets in the territories occupied by the nazis, they were assigned the role of police guards in the mirgorod district . at neuro in exile, mikhail the voskoboynik was noted for organizing pro -nazi propaganda. under german wing. he published the newspaper vozrozhdenie to hitler, a fighter for a new europe, our liberator. glory april 20 forty-second year, and he has such articles, e.g., for the forty-first forty-second year, there are a huge number of such articles to crap such nazis to nazi germany solid, but antisemi. xenophobia russophobia e, praised, the holocaust, as such, the extermination of jews for the freedom of ukraine in 1992, participated in the transfer of leonid kravchako from the neurov klyan. yes to the authorities, the meaning of this ceremony is obvious and was to establish continuity in the

development of ukrainian statehood from the unr proclaimed in january 1918 to independent ukraine in 1991 olga mokhova anastasia popova valeriy savelyev typical, ukraine that's all we wanted to tell. kirill vyshinsky was with you today. all the best to you.

the 25th anniversary economic forum in st. petersburg is finishing its work today experts have already called it special. he is the first after the start of the

special operation and passed in a difficult situation sanctions the program of the last day, quite rich at some sites, will sum up the results at others. discussions will continue round tables among topics that will raise health care development of tourism in the regions ecoproject education. well, it can be argued that this forum has become a landmark for the russian economy, determining its development and the path of the entire country for years to come. forward, key statements were made by vladimir putin at the plenary session. as the president noted, no one will ever be able to bend russia. it will continue to live and work on the principle of openness and trust business in the country has demonstrated the ability to survive even against the backdrop of unprecedented sanctions, and the era of the polar world has come to an end, what will come to replace it and what will be the place of russia in new world? anastasia yefimova listened to the president's statement sanctions are insane and

thoughtless . it is quite obvious that this concept has been bursting at the seams in recent years, and it must be admitted that the russian president has repeatedly spoken about this at various venues, including international ones , stressing that the diversity today is that there is no longer any need to talk about a single source of power, and the united states, which has taken on the role of hegemon, which single-handedly sets the rules itself, while in no case obeying them, of course, counts on a similar situation in the future, these warnings that were expressed i must say not only the russian president, but also a number of his colleagues, many world experts, unfortunately. left

unattended for many years as a result, the mistakes of micro and macroeconomic policies in the united the united states and, of course, the european union led to the obvious consequences that western partners are now experiencing, but instead of admitting mistakes and eliminating their consequences, now they are appointing the guilty out of old habit, and it turns out that russia is guilty we all hear about the so-called putin's inflation in the west. i always for- when i see all the time i think for whom this stupidity is calculated for those who cannot read and write. that's all people who at least know how to read understand, in fact, that russia is going on, our actions to liberate donbass have absolutely nothing to do with today, rising prices, inflation, a problem with food and fuel, gasoline in the energy sector. in general, this is the result of systemic errors in economic policy. the skinny us administration and the european bureaucracy

are where the reasons are, and only in this i will say about our operation. yes, it had some significance, but the root is precisely in this in their erroneous economic policy. for them , the beginning of our operation in donbas is a lifeline that allows them to blame their own miscalculations on others in this case in russia, but everyone who has at least a primary school education understands the true reasons for the current situation, they printed money in defense quantities. and then where did all these funds go. obviously, including the purchase of goods and services outside western countries. they literally began to vacuum up the global markets, and this is precisely the reason for all the events that are taking place, attempts to blame russia for them are nothing more than attempts to shift. as they say in russia from a sore head to a healthy one of course, the president

devoted a significant part of his speech to the global economy. this is understandable, first of all, because attention no less global than the economy is riveted to this speech. it is clear that it will be analyzed and tomorrow all the world's leading media will come out with quotes from the russian president in the headlines. well , of course, this was far from the main thing, without what the president said. the central part of his speech is devoted, after all, inside economic situation, which is just as absolutely. it is clear that every russian, perhaps today, is interested in how it will be to live, what consequences we will face. were conceived precisely as a fast, swift, destructive war against the russian