should have become the main lever of pressure on the soviet republic when signing the treaty of brest about what the berestey peace with the germans became for ukraine in the plot of anna efimova kiev march 1918 built-in ranks of german soldiers, polished to a shine boots minted, paving stones of the ukrainian capital german troops enter the city sedately and without haste, because it enters at the invitation of the central rada after separate negotiations, brest-litovsk, the government of the central rada concluded the so-called small brest peace more than a month earlier, than the bolsheviks concluded it. these negotiations. from the german side, general max hoffmann , the commander of the german troops in the east, was in charge of the occupation policy of berlin from the gulf of finland to novorossiysk later after the end of the first world war in an interview with the sand of the london mail. this is how he will remember these events. i created

ukraine saying, bluntly, simply in order to have a part of russia to make peace with her in reality, ukraine was my proposal and my creation, and not at all spontaneous desire of its population. although ukrainians may want to think so. by the beginning of 1918, the german army was still combat-ready, but in the rear in germany itself there were bread riots against the germans. the ukrainian self-righteous people need food, guarantees of their preservation to the authorities on this basis , a compromise is formed. the main problem for germany is hunger. germany was hunger. children were born without nails. imagine this situation was difficult in exchange for military assistance against the soviet troops only until july 31 , 1918, the unr undertook to supply germany and austria-hungary, a million tons grains, as well as large quantities of eggs, sugar, lard and meat. in general, it was officially believed

that not just ukraine would supply food to the central powers. and the central power will also begin to supply industrial goods to ukraine, but it quickly became clear that the central power could hardly supply anything to ukraine due to the shortage. they have all these goods goes to the war and except. deliveries from ukraine turned out to be many times lower than expected. here, naturally, the attitude of a person quickly deteriorates very soon germany begins understand that the ukrainian rada actually has no real support among the population. and that, in principle, there is trouble with the central government in large cities. the enterprising germans quickly put things in order with the village. everything was more complicated, the villagers were indifferent to the geopolitical goals of the kiev authorities and shared with the germans. bread. the germans didn’t want to , they understood very well that in the conditions of ukraine and when there are no real authorities, neither in the center nor in the field, the food that they managed to collect will simply

plunder and uh, this situation is going to get out of control. this circumstance, when, in fact, german guileiters were sitting on the territory and giving out commands, caused an explosion of discontent in the ukrainian session in the spring of 1918. because of the war, devastation and confusion on the ground and mean part of the ukrainian lands was simply not sown, the commander-in-chief of the german army in ukraine, general eigorn, issues an order for the forced sowing of fields, including the landowners by the forces of the peasants, this leads to a riot of the population of the estates of the landowners, gromed, managers are lifted on pitchforks soon followed by a second order for the creation of german courts-martial for sabotage of sowing work is now threatened. the death penalty, finally, on april 28, 1918, a company of german soldiers disperses the incapacitated rada and in advance, brought to kiev from all over the country , more than six thousand delegates proclaim the former tsarist general pavlo skoropadsky

hetman of the new state of the ukrainian state, ukrainian hard, controlled, it ’s all there for a very long time, and it was not particularly profitable at some stage not particularly in germany germany believed that ukraine should, in fact , take everything out. here they are soon a dangerous person who stands out. that is, in his own way, he traveled to germany, met with selgel with the german emperor, that is, he was like that, during which very much. well, this was a serious enemy for soviet russia, and the figures of the skoropad dispute still do not stop , some consider him a chir and a saint as a nationalist, others, a staunch monarchist and supporter of reunification with russia , there is documentary evidence of both, but in fact his power associated with a serious deterioration in the living conditions of the population, the length of the working day increases from eight to 12 hours; christianity is placed in a rigid dependence on the will of large landowners and

tenants of reality for six months of his reign. he tried different degrees and uh. q. in general, he just changed his position. but what should he have taken into account in any case, no reunification of ukraine with russia well, even if he suddenly dares to declare it, he will not allow it in the first place with his german curators this is as if the chief general of the field marshal of the germans, looking at ukraine, he was eygornan, pavel skoropadsky was quite satisfied with him, he clearly followed the instructions, did not interfere with the german punitive operations in the countryside, and most importantly, he managed to organize uninterrupted railway communication for the export of grain from march to november 1918, 37,000 wagons were sent from ukraine food, but skoropadsky was unable to fight the growing insurgent rural movement. russian military units. under his leadership, the germans seemed unreliable and they became to disarm in the plans of the austrians, in general, it was

to replace the monarchy regime headed by prince wilhelm von habsburg, who arrived in ukraine under the name of colonel vasily embroidered, this is how general anton ivanovich denikin recalled those events. the practice of requisitioning for the export of bloody pacification and recovery of damages caused spontaneous uprisings throughout ukraine and novorossia, sometimes, there was not even a shadow of ukrainian separatism by thousands of detachments of insurgent psychology. they saw their enemies, not in the russians, but in the landowner and the germans. in battles with germans, austrians and skoropadsky’s detachments lost about 50,000 people to the ukrainian rebels, among whom was the head of the administration of the occupied regions, hermann von eegon. on july 30, 1918, the ussr boris donskoy threw a bomb at him right in the center of kiev. squads. the villagers of the rebels were

driven east. the territories of the russian provinces from this mass, the bolsheviks will begin to form the first ukrainian soviet divisions. germany was clearly losing the first world war and the head of the puppet ukrainian state, hetman skoropadsky , had to frantically look for new patrons. he tried to improve relations with denikin and even announced the creation of a federation with russia . but it was too late, the crisis had gone too far ahead of ukraine was waiting for chaos from the amans. bloody jewish pogroms and war. all against all, however, the hetman. this no longer concerned, having fled in disgrace colorfully described by mikhail bulgakov in the days of turbines warmed by german patrons. he will live in germany until his death and will die under the bombing of the anglo-american allies already at the end of another war of the second world war anna efimova valery savelyev anastasia popova of a typical ukraine, we will talk with our

permanent expert, historian, political scientist rostislav. rostislav good afternoon rostislav how strange sometimes historical circumstances are, but it seems that ukraine owes its independence of the first ukrainian state in the eighteenth year to the realization of german interests on its territory, or i exaggerate no this is not an exaggeration, in principle, the eighteenth year is the year of huge mistakes that were made by the bolsheviks and just at the signing of the brest peace. basically , all these mistakes were made just to formalize the work of delegations and recognize the powers of the ukrainian delegation. a big stone or a really catastrophic mistake, in fact, at that time the january uprising was already going on in kiev. and parts. uh, the bolsheviks

were already approaching her, that is, there was already a war with the central arabs for many centuries, however, for some reason they recognize the powers of the delegation of the central rada and agree to negotiate with the germans together with them. well, the germans did not take advantage of such a gift, but it did not really become a subject. yes, they very quickly convinced the ukrainians that it is not enough to proclaim independence for someone to recognize it. and here they are the central powers. you see, it was not only about germany, it was austria-hungary and bulgaria, which means turkey, that is, these are all the states that fought against the entente, they now recognize the independence of ukraine. the united states more did not land their troops on the european. on the continent, the germans are transferring the army to the western front and it seems that now they can win the war to the last breath. at least, it says in kiev and naturally. the central joy gladly comes to an agreement with the germans, in

fact, gives them all of ukraine. these are the documents that are now, uh, with zelensky, are going to be submitted to parliament for approval, but about the polish protectorate. they are no comparison with the rights that they received in ukraine. of course, they could not be elected or to be appointed to public office in ukraine, well, it was not necessary, because they appointed people who would work. government officials, at the same time, they prescribed in the contract the volumes of other resources that they were supposed to receive from ukraine. that is, at least crash, but, uh, the ukrainian government was obliged to find and transfer all these resources to germany, regardless of whether there would be a famine in ukraine, there would be a famine in ukraine, there, and so on, it means from under these same and under this case. ukraine hosted

on their territories 100,000 german occupying army, not only german astrological yet. here, of course, from such a gift. no one would have refused , given that they had publicized the completely effective and independent ukraine about it, subsequent events say. well, actually , already in may of the same eighteenth year, the germans simply sent the central, joyful resignation and, with their own painful decision, they actually appointed no, and even created it. the ukrainian state was a german colony. a german colony in europe, therefore, to speak stating that ukraine thus gained independence, but it is difficult ukraine thus received recognition recognition effective independence. she got real independence. she did not receive more than that, thanks to this recognition of independence in the lithuanian forest already at the end of the eighteenth year. ukraine turned out to be the deepest crisis as a result of the defeat of germany in e. war of the eighteenth year. in

accordance with the preliminary armistice agreements, all the treaties that the germans concluded. uh, separate with allies. means were canceled, in fact, the recognition of ukraine within the borders of the brest peace, because it was a recognition, only under this agreement nowhere else legally. appeared and therefore the french, the british refused. after that, to support the directory against the bolsheviks in the eighteenth year , anti-russian ukraine was important for the germans, the main resource of that time was ukrainian grain and food, which the germans controlled, and more than 100 years passed. something has changed. uh, besides the fact that germany has ceased to be aggressive the superpower in the center of europe is now in place of germany is in the united states but, nevertheless, the main food.

still, they are trying to withdraw from ukraine to the eu. well, to the same central powers. we now have different borders with them, and they are called differently here, but in the same way, by the way, the independence of ukraine is effective. because all positions in ukraine are assigned the consent of the american embassy, ​​that in the future such a ukraine what history teaches, but obviously uh, if we refer to the red lessons of history, then in perspective russian-polish border hungary is interested in part of the territory poland is interested in part of the entire territory, romania is interested in the territory. moreover, we see that russia for several decades, and already after the start of the civil war in ukraine for almost 10 years, tried to do everything in order to preserve well, some kind of ukraine yes, more or less adequate on the territory that would not have to come in to intervene, there and so on, but it didn't

work out. and it didn't work out, because such a policy was created by the ukrainian authorities, the ukrainian authorities constantly expressed their desire to break into russia in order to make it, to scratch it, means in the interests of the united states. well, right? that there is the same poly which was carried out by the ukrainian authorities in the eighteenth year and before that. by the way, when some kind of semi-autonomous ukraine arose there yes, as in the 17th century, here, too, uh, already at the end of khmelnitsky's reign, it means that he had already signed a parade agreement with sweden, which means that they were going. in general, in a cut. e, with moscow politics a. i have not talked about all the hetmans who, one might say, inherited and who, in fact, constantly acted to the detriment of the interests of the ukrainian population to the detriment of the union with moscow, trying in this way to solve some of their personal problems. this is the fate of the ukrainian elite. rostislav thank you very much for the detailed story. but to avoid

the temptation to see parallels in the current events with the history of ukraine a hundred years ago. here is another, wandering government in 1918, the power in kiev was changing at an unprecedented speed, died, established the central rada turned the hetman, karaban and created the ukrainian state, which in a few months was defeated by the troops of the petliura directory of the provisional government, and after a month and a half the directory left, kyiv entered the city, the red army began the time of continuous moving of the petliura directory, a fierce struggle for power, unsuccessful searches political support from kiev, the government moved to vinnitsa from vinnitsa to rovno from exactly to kamenetz podolsky joke about the railway car, in which the directory,

and below it all its territory from this time, where in this story a parallel with today's day may well arise at the end of march 2022, the verkhovna rada of ukraine allowed the cabinet of ministers to change its and the location of its departments during a state of war or a state of emergency, previously the government could only be in kiev now the cabinet can legally leave the capital and continue to lead the country from lviv or vinnitsa, or even from abroad. yes, meetings can take place. via videoconference it seems that in the sake of preparing for different scenarios for the development of the situation, but let's get back to the actual kunner. the first ukrainian state ceased to exist in november 1920, however. his cabinet of ministers for a long time operated

outside the country in warsaw paris prague munich and even philadelphia the story of the ukrainian government in exile in the plot of olga mokhova we solemnly proclaim to all the people of ukraine about the resignation of the state center of the ukrainian people's republic in the exis so on august 22, 1992, ended 72 -year history of government ukrainian people's republic in exile. although ukrainians prefer the latinized wording in exil. in fact, this phenomenon has become. how nice, maybe you remember that even in ancient times there was a concept. whom the throne or the president, that is, real or self-proclaimed people declared themselves that they were in fact the legitimate rulers of some country, it is easy to guess that they were all supported, generally speaking, somewhere in the 20th century, the government was exiled there was a great multitude of

the last president in exile nicholas palavia to the first president of ukraine leonid kravchuk handed a competent succession, as well as the flag of the state seal and special signs of the attributes of power cursed. from the german kleynod treasure, small jewels in ukrainian history there were the cossack brand, yes, the kosh ataman, the zaporizhzhya army of the 17th century, signs of the status of the hetman, an interesting story of the appearance of these kleinods in 1936, who lived in varsha. ve and then the unr already bought an affair with malstotsky from a local antiquary. medallion reliquary according to the junk dealer it belonged to the hetman mazeipa himself, later polish jewelers, by order made a silver chain necklace with twenty medallions and fixed a washing keeper on the central one, this attribute became a symbol of power for the four rulers of the ukrainian

people 's republic in exile; , which is also very characteristic and nothing kravchuk took and did not even cut at first, the existence of the ukrainian government in exile was laid down with a rout. beauty here in the nineteenth year the army of the directory the remnants of the unr, which fled to western ukraine, the government of the republic itself settled in the polish city of tarnow in the twentieth year, ataman symon petlyura, who appeared in warsaw, on behalf of the directory already as its leader, signed an agreement with the poles on a joint war against soviet russia in exchange for such support agreed to the transfer under polish control of a significant part of western ukrainian lands, the poles were vitally interested in the existence of such. here is the education of the curious. why because of the same treaty, because as if there was a government that signed it. this means that they received some kind of minimal legitimacy for rights in the west,

if we do not grasp the idea that at a certain stage of our statehood we should have a close understanding with the poles because of the danger coming from moscow, thinks the victims of fruitless great powers, but not our own . temporary all ukrainian plans conflicts between the party members of the state center of the unr in exile have not been noted in history. true, in 1921, with the participation of ukrainian exiles on the initiative of symon petliura, eager to return ukraine at any cost, an attempt was made to invade the territory of the ukrainian ssr. in lvov, for this purpose, an insurgent headquarters was created, headed by general harun joener yuriy titiunik, about 1200 people. legal tuning. he led e-e to the territory of e about the ussr but was successfully defeated. after that, he began to work for the agpu, officially, the government of the unr in exile was not recognized by anyone, nevertheless, he was consistently given shelter by the authorities of poland

, france and germany after the end of the second world war usa and canada in germany e, the ukrainian government of the ukrainian people's republic did not recognize, but contacted with their combat unit, which, by the way, was originally called opa. that is, upa is, well, not kabanderovites, but initially she appeared precisely. uh, as an integral part of well, as a fighting organ. uh, the ukrainian people's republic in exile is a remarkable story of joint with the nazis, the participation of the figures of the former unr, or rather its military wing, in the creation of the armed forces on the territory of volhynia and woodland formations of the pali sich under the command of taras bulba, a fighter in the territories occupied by the nazis, they were assigned the role of police guards in the mirgorod district . under german wing. he published the newspaper renaissance to the fighter for a new

europe, our liberator glory on april 20, 1942, and he has such articles, for 41-42 a huge a lot of such aggravation to the nazis to nazi germany is solid, but antisemi. xenophobia russophobia e, praised, the holocaust, as such, the extermination of jews for the freedom of ukraine in 1992, participated in the transfer of leonid kravchuk from the neurov klyan. yes , the meaning of this ceremony was obvious to the authorities and was to establish continuity in the development of ukrainian statehood from the unr proclaimed in january 1918 to independent ukraine in 1991 olga mokhova anastasia popova valery savelyev is typical, ukraine this is all we wanted to tell. kirill vyshinsky was with you today. all

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lithuania attempted an economic blockade of kaliningrad, the country imposed a ban on the transit of some russian goods by rail between the kaliningrad region and other regions of russia and referred to some clarifications of the european commission, the press secretary of the president of russia dmitry peskov has already announced lithuania's decision to ban the transit of goods requires an in-depth analysis, which will be carried out in the coming days. about goods that are subject to sanctions, however, they included an exception for such transit, since, in fact, this is transportation within russia, moreover.