we have 15%, in my opinion, for the world and trade and 25% for some types of fertilizers. this is a very significant amount, probably, the guards did not add fertilizer, of course, it does not reduce the prospects for expression. the next year, all this is very sad, but nonetheless. you and i agreed to do everything that depends on us and that depends on us last year. russia has supplied more than 40 million tons of grain to world markets. uh, in this rural until next years. we are ready to deliver, probably, we will be over 50 million. and i know that belarus also needs to increase production. under your leadership, belarusian agriculture is developing very confidently and successfully. well, as far as fertilizers are concerned , this effort, of course, is needed to help our traditional partners get this huge volume together with russia. in

2011, leo launched two linear induction accelerators in snezhinsk. here it is only six sections in 10 years. the installation has grown significantly in size and power u20 already gives 20 mega electron volts, which allows you to build on it based on a unique complex of small-angle impulse tomography. all the matter of the universe consists of electrons, protons, neutrons, atoms, molecules, scientists have already reached the fundamental particles of quarks, bosons, or tons, and yet nature still has many secrets, and one of these secrets is the behavior of matter in extreme states. well, how to catch and record events lasting a billionth of a second for

research purposes on earth to simulate a state with an abnormally high concentration of energy, under the influence of high pressures and temperature is possible only in a closed hermetic volume behind thick walls. there is such a field of knowledge of high energy density physics. this is when the substance is compressed dozens of times the pressure reaches tens. megabar, you need to understand its state at this moment in time such states. they are also achieved. uh, mostly in pulse mode. that is, under the influence of a shock wave, it is necessary at this moment in time to understand what matter is in order to build the so-called equations of state of matter, which are subsequently used in modeling various processes, ranging from the impact of shock waves to astrophysical

processes and processes that take place in the depths of our planet, has been studying experiments on gas dyne for a long time until the nineties of the last century. and the physicists of explosions were carried out at nuclear test sites, in preparing the test they used x-ray diffraction using pulsed betatrons without iron, this method was proposed to yuli khariton back in 1954 by experimental physicist alexander pavlovsky, but scientific and practical research required an improvement in the quality of information obtained with the help of radiographic techniques. how can this quality be improved? what devices are needed for this and one of these devices. e, this is a linear electron accelerator, which allows, e, to have a smaller radiation spot size, which significantly improves the quality of the

image that we get at the output. we still needed to have more than one projection , approximately, we needed something like a tomographic image. it can be done also turned out to be on the basis of the same linear accelerator. radiation handles at several angles and thus obtaining the desired result physicists and engineers of the all-russian scientific research institute of technical physics named after zababakhin worked together with colleagues from the institute of nuclear physics of the siberian branch of the academy of sciences, they have a long-term cooperation since the creation of the elements of the large hadron collider in the cerne complex genographic on the basis of which the complex of pulsed tomography will be created, that is analogue of medical tambov tomography is based

on the principle of magnetic nuclear resonance under the influence of a magnetic field, hydrogen nuclei inside the body turn into miniature radio transmitters , the signal from which a medical tomograph registers response systems , simultaneously gives about a thousand angles, which allows you to get the most accurate three-dimensional image of the inner world of a person. but the objects of study at the snezhinsky institute have a much greater optical thickness than the human body and it is possible to penetrate inside. only thanks to its huge energy, such a tomograph could not be divided into a thousand parts, it would take tens of square kilometers, even for nine angles. i had to build a building the size of a football field, a very powerful accelerator of 20 mega electron volts, 2 kv, and 480 modulators of high voltage generators simultaneously form an impulse on the accelerating sections. we are with you now in the hall

of the power supply system of the leo 20 accelerator. here is a charger that provides charging of modulators that are presented on our left, that is, in fact, from this place. everything starts to work. to say yes, as a result , electrons are formed in the injector, which are sent to the accelerator, where their energy increases many times and further dispersed electrons. foreshortenings are already flying into the channels, and the delivery of electrons to the target. the task is also non-trivial. here are those yellow diamonds. one of the most important elements of the electron transport system is called the quadropole. and they are magnets. each magnet in a pair compresses the beam in different planes horizontally and vertically and it is thanks to this that

high quality and density are achieved. beam. now the direct view and the experimental outlet channel of the second view by 2026 are connected to the cutter. the installation will look like a giant wheat ear, nine channels will provide full-face and half-profile pictures of events. how does the beam divide and unfold in this spikelet, the beam will be divided, uh, by a shock magnet, which will be located in english literature. it is called a kicker, then it will be transported to the septum of the magnet and divided in it already into a straight and side channel without any loss of power, two engineers are watching.

physicists. the main thing is to adjust the electron beam and control its position and profile. the computer will do the rest; all programs are written by russian specialists. we use a smart theme system that automatically launches all blocks, when we launch, we launch this system, and it automatically sends start commands to all responsible devices. that is, if we have one pulse mode of operation, this works once with three pulses. this will be three times on different devices. the building of the registration system, that is, where the image directly appears is immediately behind the camera for each pixel. the image meets a separate sensational element of 16.5 thousand pixels and the same number with inflators. and this is only one detector station so far. there will be nine soon . the accelerator accelerates the electrons that are in the mixed

at the node they hit a tantalum target, from which gamma is already generated, then they fly out of the accelerator and shine through the object, and here, in our sentilator, gamma quanta are already highlighting visible light further with the help of a transport fiber. this color is transported. here in the photo the diodes are further amplified and it turns out. as a result, here are the radiographic images. this is what scientifically it is called shadow x-ray for calibration and primary verification of the tomograph, so far, with one angle at the institute, they made a special test object inside 60 kg of steel thick-walled ball carved rosatom logo in a real experiment. borders. the test object will move at a speed of approximately 5 km / s, so the tomograph takes only 60 nanoseconds to create one image. yes

, thick walls through these thick walls. yes , gasma radiation passes through the passage of the material, it is weakened and we directly shoot. this is the weakening of this gamma radiation, which directly hits the crystal that is lit, we register it. we are just us can be seen on x-ray. where we have more thickness, we just directly see white. and where we have a smaller thickness, we see black. well, defeat it is usually white . black monochrome tones are enough. actually, this is quite enough, that is, we saw the object. we saw its border and that 's enough for us. when the chelyabinsk meteorite exploded in the atmosphere, the energy release reached 400 kt, and good, what happened? it's very high above the ground. although the shock wave was very noticeable. from experiments on

small objects makes it possible to extrapolate knowledge to huge values ​​and, for example, to calculate the consequences of a collision of cosmic bodies, but it is also possible to obtain results for applied physics and for the development of new anti-technologies. sometimes we don't think. where did this, in fact, a cell phone or a gadget that we have in our pocket come from, but it actually came from the same experience of rutherford, who established that the atom is arranged exactly in such a way that the nucleus is located in the center, and around relatively speaking spin the electrons from this opening. it's here that your own cell phone has appeared, but if you were told that here, uh, you are out of your discovery there or your work. you see, of course, i wouldn’t tell you that his telephone number would come out of him, but in the end he got just

such knowledge in general. we can receive on these installations. image processing methods for constructing nine-angle images obtained thanks to just one, but very powerful accelerator, today this is aerobatics in the world scientific engineering, by the way, the american dart complex in the lo-salamus laboratory gives only five images using two accelerators of the type of such an installation. just her in the world. no. it's probably the best setup in the world right now. there is a book by kapitsa called, uh, experiment theory practice. so it was in the beginning. there is always an experiment ahead, because theory the purpose of theory is to explain the experiment and to predict the future based on this experiment. the complex of pulsed

tomography has already been launched within the next few years. will periodically stop mounting new channels and new detectors schedule of receipts experiments. first of all, scientists will explore those systems that were previously looked at without iron metatrons. a completely unique snezhinsky tomograph will be put into operation in 2026. by this time, all nine channels and nine stations of the registration systems will have been completed, the complex will allow obtaining three-dimensional experimental data to confirm the existing mathematical models of physical processes. him the surname became literal.