if kiev was forced to declare the neutrality of hostilities, it would not be noted that the west does not have and did not have such significant interests in the region to bring matters to an escalation, and those politicians who say they did not foresee the result make themselves complete fools, according to the article russians will not be defeated, period. for the simple reason that ukraine means much more to them than to us, from their point of view, ukraine in nato, armed to the teeth, with the latest weapons of the united states, is an existential threat to mother russia. they won't let that happen, and they've been saying so for years, along the way. we are in for a disaster. russia will definitely win, unless the pentagon chooses nuclear armageddon but then everyone will lose, meanwhile germany begged canada to return the turbine for the nord stream pipeline, and there it seemed to agree to send the unit to berlin so that it would transfer it to gazprom in this way, canada will not violate the

sanctions regime in as a last resort, the state will have to decide who will receive gas supplies. and who is not? this would be a nightmarish scenario in terms of politics. the bundestag has already passed a law that allows, if necessary, to resume the operation of coal-fired power plants, the words green energy and climate goals against this background sound like a mockery anton dadykin together. now we are old enemies, so it is useless to hide something from each other. i wanted to offer you the union for free without registration. in the application or on the site

moscow archive of the foreign policy of the russian empire , the most important documents of our pre-revolutionary mead among them is a small folder with one of the most sensational and secret agreements of the 20th century. its implementation could radically change the history of not only our country, but the entire eurasian continent for russia, this would be one of the greatest geopolitical victories and a reward for the centuries-old sacrifices and efforts of a secret

treaty between russia, france and great britain concluded during the first world war in the form notes and memoirs 100 years ago, the russian revolution turned this a historical document in a pile of ordinary archival papers is an agreement on constantinople and the rights of 915 916 another agreement. well, as if the continuation of the first it is called about the division of the asian possessions of turkey in this agreement. uh, russia's allies, great britain and france, agree to give each other obligations that in the event of a victory over germany, constantinople will belong to russia and part of the islands in the aegean. for more than 100 years, the politicians of western europe

have tried to use turkey to their advantage by regularly inciting and pushing it to confront russia during military clashes between the russian and ottoman empires , england and france provided material and military assistance to istanbul, just to prevent the russians from gaining strength in this strategically important region, but with the outbreak of the first world war. everything changed britain had its own considerations. i think they were interested in somehow tie russia to interest her in the victory of the final victory over germany and, naturally, both france and great britain needed the military forces of russia on the western front. maybe to calm down. engage the russian side. of course, they made concessions and concluded similar agreements. the allies' compliance on the issue

of the straits was not accidental to agree to the demands of russia, they were forced, including the stunning successes of the russian army in the caucasus and eastern turkey. here, in contrast to the western front. our soldiers did not know defeat, and one victory followed another, an unusually determined and skillful commander led the caucasian troops. whose gift of a strategist was revealed during the first world war. his name was nikolai nikolaevich yudenich in february 1916, all european newspapers published sensational news, russian troops under the command of general yudenich stormed the strongest turkish fortress. journalists reported

amazing details of this loud victory first-class fortress surrounded by 11 forts powerful fortifications were considered impregnable, stretching for almost 30 miles, defended by about 500 guns and numerous experienced garrisons. according to experts, the erzorum stronghold could easily withstand a months-long siege and successfully repel the attacks of any strong enemy, the more incredible the results of the resounding victory seemed to the contemporary, all this terrible splendor turned out to be powerless in front of the legendary endurance, courage and perseverance of the russian soldier, the impregnable fortress was taken by our troops in thirty-degree frosts in within 5 days. the winner got 13 enemy

banners, hundreds of guns and thousands of prisoners. the total losses of the turkish army, defending erza, amounted to 60,000 people, the russians lost 8.5 thousand killed and wounded and another 6,000 discovered. undoubtedly, it can be said that the razrum operation, the capture of the fortress and the destruction, is one of the brilliant victories of russian weapons. even, probably, for the entire period of the first world war, and at least. it is no less significant than the brusilovsky breakthrough. on february 8, 1916, the commander-in-chief of the caucasian army nikolai arrived in the ruin nikolayevich romanov it is interesting that quite

recently he strongly objected to the storming of the fortress and demanded that the troops be withdrawn to winter quarters only after yudennich declared that he took full responsibility before god and the sovereign on himself. troops under his command will again suffer huge defeats huge losses nikolai niko where nothing took a lot of not only military talent, but also civic courage to convince his chief that yes, an assault is possible, an assault is necessary and yes, in these difficult conditions , in fact, well, on new year's days of the sixteenth year, the russian army will take this strongest fortress, having examined the impregnable fortifications, the grand duke went out to the lined up troops and bowed to them to the

ground on the same day, the commander-in-chief sent a telegram to the emperor with a request to award the general for an outstanding operation with the order of st. george of the second degree. so yudenich became the last russian commander awarded this high awards, the capture of erzurum made no less impression on russia's allies in the antanda, the british government will award yudenich with the order of saints george and michael, and the french will honor him with their highest military award. order star of the grand cross of the legion of honor. it became one of the pinnacles of the military art of people and a real triumph of the russian military school was the main stronghold of the turkish armed forces. in

the east of the country, in addition to powerful fortifications and artillery, it was protected by rugged mountains in winter, becoming impregnable, eugene managed to convince his opponents that the russian army did not even think about attacking the city in a harsh and snowy winter. simultaneously. he managed to brilliantly prepare his troops for the war in the mountains. it was the confidence of the turkish command that no one would dare to attack the mountain fortifications in the harsh winter that prompted yudenich to inflict an unexpected crushing blow on the enemy. the turks were extremely difficult, according to our intelligence. delivery of one gun. through the winter passes from the car to the arzerum took almost 3 months. to further lull the vigilance

of the enemy, yudenich introduced unprecedented security measures at the front. he organized a unique preparation for this operation, absolutely no one knew that an offensive was being prepared. uh, absolutely no one knew about the cypriot positions, not only the turks, but also in our headquarters not in petrograd at that time not in the headquarters of the district, that is teflis and no one knew. here he completely closed the combat area. that is, everyone entered there, but no one left. at that time, the wives came very often to the cossacks, especially to the officers, they all came, but no one left. moreover, he did not send a single report, not only by telegraph, but also by radio. at some point, the turkish command became so convinced that the russians were preparing for christmas and would not fight until spring that the commander of the third turkish army left for constantinople and his chief

the headquarters of the german major guza left for treatment in germany. therefore, when on december 29 the russian troops went on the offensive, it was a complete surprise for the enemy, our soldiers and officers had to act in incredibly difficult conditions, the battles were fought in the mountains. sometimes at an altitude of up to 3,000 m. cannons were dragged by hand. trenches were made along the icy mountain paths right in the snow, but yudenich perfectly prepared his troops for the winter war, providing for literally every little thing. from the private to the general, everything was prepared specifically for the war warfare in mountainous conditions in winter, all the soldiers were in sheepskin coats, not in an overcoat, everyone was in boots, but he brought more felt boots with him, because in boots they would roll off an array of legs, then they changed shoes - each soldier brought two logs with him,

because he knew , what is firewood in general to be in these conditions, and each platoon still dragged with it with a legit. so special to drag and drop to do it. i mean, that's how it was prepared. e rations all the fat in order to lubricate the melted residents in order to to lubricate the face of the hands in the cold and so on, after 8 days the enemy faltered and ran the center of the enemy positions was broken through. intelligence reported that panic had begun in the razrum, and then evgenievich realized that the harsh troops were disorganized and that he could try on the shoulders of the retreating troops to break into the main stronghold of the turks on the krepostiruru. uh, would only be possible with a much larger number of troops, with a much more strong artillery, and uh, was associated with much

greater losses. when grand duke nikolai nikolaevich forbade further attacks on rza, yudenich demonstrated another quality, the ability to defend his point of view, regardless of his position and rank, he was never afraid to openly object to his superiors, if required, by the interests of the army and russia, based on intelligence data. he argued and objected to the commander-in-chief until he convinced him of the need for a navigation stronghold. if we talk about the leadership qualities of people yet, that in the first place. i would single out his will. and all the followers. later, he was always compared to suvorov. here. it would seem that outwardly a completely different person, full with a long mustache. slightly frowning, you can’t say that

this is the man who leads the regiment, which means that he fled the bayonet attack e during the russian. horse war, but there really is this impulse in him, and the impulse and personal courage too, but he always pretended to be daring to the commander. here he felt the thread. the nerve of the battle felt it thanks to the perseverance of the yudenche, the gift of the zarumskaya the operation ended with a brilliant victory for the russian arms. it not only brought the general all-russian and world fame, but seriously strengthened the strategic positions of russia in asia and in the east, the well-known military historian zainchkovsky claimed the capture of errum. and in general, the entire offensive operation of the russians in the winter made a strong impression all over the world and caused turkey to send reinforcements against the caucasian army, thanks to which it was

stopped from all fronts. turkish operation towards the suez channel and egypt close expeditionary army of mesopotamia was given more freedom of action. after the razrum victory on march 4, 1916, an anglo-french russian agreement was concluded on the goals of russia's war in asia minor. in accordance with it, after the victory of the entente, russia received full control of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bconstantinople and the straits, as well as part of the turkish army, there was certainly a question about constantinople. perhaps the most important issue for russia at the beginning of the 20th century, and moreover, it can be said that during the first world war russian empire, this most eastern question nevertheless decided another matter, that he took advantage of the results of these very agreements, there was no

one for russia, the question of possession of constantinople and the straits became a kind of fixed idea back in the 19th century, the only way out of the black sea to the mediterranean had an exclusive military and economic importance for the vast empire. in 1914, the vice director of our diplomatic office of the prefix of the supreme commander compiled a secret analytical note in which he reported the naval the route through the straits is for us the most important trade artery on average over this decade. export through the dardanelles accounts for 37% of all exports from the empire. overland transit costs an average of 25 times more than transportation. the seas while the straits are in the hands of turkey, the exit of our warships from the black sea is actually subordinate to it. in 1914

, germany acted as the instigator of another turkish-russian conflict; the germans laid a railway through turkey to baghdad and claimed the role of the new owner of asia minor part of the turkish elite was categorically against the war with russia sultan mehmed he said why should we fight with russia, even one of her corpses is enough to crush us, but in the end the turkish party, led by an ardent germanaphile, won vlad. enver pasha. berlin transferred 2 million pounds of zolotov to support the war party. and the turkish general staff was headed by colonel bronzer von shelendo. at

the end of october 1914, the turkish fleet, led by the german cruisers goeben and breslau , unexpectedly attacked russian ports on the black sea. odessa, sevastopol, feodosia and novorossiysk were shelled, inver pasha's plans were the napoleonic task of defeating the russian army. he set the task of organizing the whole caliphate, that is , he meant it. e north africa, the middle east , the entire caucasus, our volga region, our central asia, you understand a little a lot. that is, it is generally geopolitical. what task became and the turks would have gone to eugene all this business in the very first battle at the end of 1914. the envelope. posha decided to take advantage of the fact that 2/3 of the russian forces in the caucasus were sent to the western front and

went on a decisive offensive. on december 12, 1914 , the turkish troops began an assault on magpie, the enemy had an overwhelming numerical advantage and did not doubt success when the turkish soldiers destroyed the only railway to tiflis and broke into the city, the russian commander-in-chief general myshloevsky ordered an immediate retreat from imminent defeat, our caucasian army was saved only by fearlessness and arbitrariness is identical. he categorically refused to retreat, taking full responsibility for the outcome. battles on himself and in the end won a brilliant victory. the heroic defense of the magpie lasted 25 days. all this time, yudenich personally controlled the situation on the front line. several times , the battles for the city turned into fierce hand-to-hand

combat, the turkish troops were forced to attack in the harsh winter, they made huge losses and ran out of steam, assessing the situation, yudenich inflicted an unexpected counterattack on the enemy. as a result, the turkish army was completely defeated from 90,000 fighters. only about 13,000 people survived in it. self-government of the yudenche was assessed by on merit, he received the rank of general from infantry , the order of st. george of the fourth degree and was appointed commander of the caucasian army, meanwhile, turkish troops. they were by no means an easy opponent. in fact, the turkish soldier is a very good soldier. he is unpretentious. he is brave, he is stubborn in defense, and in this case, when this was combined with the presence of european, primarily german instructors, who

tried in every possible way to strengthen the army and direct the actions and train its command staff, then on this against the backdrop of the turkish army, of course, it was a very serious enemy and the fight against it was very difficult.

the convincing victory of russia in the caucasus allowed nicholas ii to frankly raise the question of the fate of constantinople and the straits before the allies in the entente. this caused some concern in the ruling british elite, despite secret allied relations, none of the entente countries was going to give up their

own geopolitical and national interests. in 1915, the british command was instructed to conduct an independent operation to the capture of the straits and constantinople, of course, for great britain to appear in the straits before russia meant a lot, because the eastern question by that time had already been far from the first decade of its history, contradictions between great britain and russia in the east. in particular, in the middle east, both sides of the ally remained torn. constantinople, moreover, the british managed to win over a rather modest truth, but, nevertheless, the participation of the french. the special purpose of the dardanelles operation was the desire of the allies establish direct communication with russia in the south.