she was not going to give up her own geopolitical and national interests. since 915 , the british command was instructed to conduct an independent operation to capture the straits and constantinople, of course, for great britain to appear in the straits before russia meant a lot, because the eastern question by that time had already been far from the first decade of its history of contradictions between great britain and russia in the east. in particular, in the middle east , both sides of the ally remained eager to constantinople and the british. it was possible to win over a rather modest truth, but, nevertheless, the participation of the french was officially the goal of the dardanelles operation, the desire of the allies. establish direct communication with russia in the south.

if successful, the british and french received stronger negotiating positions on the future fate of constantinople. southern thrace, however, agreeing with the russian demands in words, the british and french tried to do everything possible to be the first to capture the straits and enter constantinople on march 18 , 1915. the allies launched an assault on the turkish forts protecting the drain, but the daring operation ended in complete failure, the straits remained under the control of the turks. and the total losses of the allies amounted to about 150,000 people, according to the plan of the

british admiral cardan, the very appearance of the anglo-french squadron. off the coast of turkey , istanbul should have been forced to throw a white flag, but the turks were not afraid. the two-week bombardment of the turkish forts did not give any results, but when the allies tried to break into the open, their fleet was literally shot by turkish artillery. all ships were seriously damaged, and several battleships. went to the bottom ended in failure and an attempt to break through with the help of an amphibious operation in galilee, in fact, the consent of the british and french that resulted in a victorious end to the war. russia will acquire the bosporus, acquire constantinople and the surrounding territories was the result of the fact that the galipali operation, the landing of british troops, suffered a complete collapse; the evacuation of british troops from

galipali under the new year 1916 was quite successful, but the british were simply morally incapable of such an adventure in the spring of 1916 became finally. it's clear. that no one will be able to interfere with russia's plans in asia minor in april , the troops of general yudenich. they won another resounding victory in cooperation with the black sea fleet, they took the most important northeastern turkish port of trebizond. after that, the third turkish field army, which opposed the russians, lost its main transshipment base on the black sea, our troops got the enemy’s coastal artillery and large military trophies before fleeing, the turks threw into the sea a huge amount of weapons and ammunition that they could not take with them. almost immediately after the capture of

trebizond, the russian command began to transfer fresh troops here, which were delivered by ships from mariupol. on april 5, 1916 , her day arrived in trepeza. most of the turkish population left the city, but the greek armenian community greeted him with stormy jubilation and endless applause, showered with the flowers of her day, and the officers accompanying him went to the orthodox cathedral, where the greek metropolitan served a prayer service for the gifts of the final victory to the russian army and for the health of the russian emperor during the battles. on the caucasian front , troops under the command of human beings did not lose a single battle and occupied territories larger than modern georgia armenia azerbaijan taken together. after the flight of the turkish army, the

greek and armenian community of trebizond began to eliminate the symbols of ottoman rule and actively cooperate with the new russian administration for armenians, the arrival of russian troops meant salvation from the genocide unleashed against them by the turkish authorities during the first world war, brutal evictions in the desert, executions massacre and famine according to various sources, they claimed the lives of up to one and a half million armenians. it is known that, on the personal order of yudenich, our troops were saved, raised uprising against the turks, the armenian population of the city of van is a very famous so-called defense of the bath, when thousands of armenians, they held 12,000 turkish corps for a week, they cast cannons there in this matter, so they lost only 300

people, and the turks lost 5,000 people, but they, of course, would not have kept this city of ivan, this is all resistance. now, if it were not for the troops sent by evgenievich, the desperate attempts of the turkish command to dislodge yudenich's troops from the captured positions ended in complete failure. suffered heavy defeats, the second and third turkish armies were forced to go on the defensive throughout the entire 1,000-kilometer front. by the end of 1916 , the caucasian army not only completed its main task of preventing the invasion of turkish troops in russia, but also advanced 250 km deep into the territory of the ottoman empire. yudenich's army destroyed 33% of all turkish reserves, which greatly facilitated the position of the british on other fronts. on may 30, 1916, on the telegram of the russian

ambassador of great britain, where consent was confirmed the british on the new territorial acquisition of russia, nicholas ii wrote, if our armies manage to reach sinop, then there our borders will have to pass. we actually reached the natural frontiers of our offensive. we completely crushed the turkish group that threatened. eh, in due time. the russian transcaucasus is more than that, our hands were already untied in e, the caucasian army was partially untied in the black sea fleet, which no longer had to take care of guarding this region of the black sea. uh, and uh, this actually meant the formation of a new reserve, including for throwing konstantin. colonel of the caucasian army boris stein assessed yudenich’s merits to russia in the first

world war in this way, he is dear to us, as a majestic reflection of the russian spirit, as a commander who revived the suvorov testaments in all its splendor a this means our national military art. the general’s comrades-in-arms noted his amazing composure, not ostentatious courage and moral influence on his subordinates, these qualities manifested themselves in the commander during the russian japanese war, where he, commanding a regiment, personally led his soldiers to attack the russo-japanese war. he also showed himself as a real russian officer for him participating in a bayonet charge. it was an absolute must and gift box. after all, he participated, what is the attack , not once, not twice, not three times, and only then being seriously wounded in the neck. he was wounded in the arm, you know? yes, no, on the contrary, he did not leave the position, he remained in the ranks and continued to command. this

suggests that this is the highest degree of officer valor in general and, uh, the concept of professionalism news of the february revolution caught yudenich in teflis. he accepted it as a given, he did not support it, but he did not protest either. soon the provisional government appointed him commander-in-chief of the caucasian front, but he did not work in this position for long. already on may 2, 1917, kerensky dismissed him from his post for failure to comply with the decrees of the new government. after that, yudenich left for petrograd, where he witnessed the october revolution, the power of the bolsheviks, he did not accept and went underground . when did the red terror yudenich false documents went

abroad with his family? in 1919, admiral kolchak appointed him commander-in-chief of the white movement in northwestern russia and allocated 10 million francs for the creation of the army. the originality of the vedenechs in the white movement was primarily in the fact that he had to conduct military operations in the conditions of the most severe political struggle. he had to solve not only the purely military strategic question, but also the political ones from which he was infinitely far away and only by virtue of his natural mind and talent coped with this around were figures, only emerging states of estonia latvia lithuania who hated. e evgenievich for the simple reason that he was a monarchist, he did not hide his views because of the united indivisible russia, he fought out of conviction and believed that there simply could not be another russian in the fall of 1919,

armed by the british. a small army of yudenich moved to petrograd it is interesting that a large percentage of his troops were captured red army soldiers and even entire units of the red army voluntarily, sided with the whites. for example, the semyonovsky and vyatka regiments, nevertheless, their combat capability was very high just a week after the start of the offensive, the whites reached the near approaches to petrograd . local inhabitants, the next goal of the whites was the pulkovo heights, a strategic key to petrograd, from there it was already clearly visible, shining in the sun, the dome of st. isaac's cathedral and central quarters of the northern capital. some

newspapers hastened to report that yudenich had entered petrograd. but taking tsarskoye selo as well was the last great success of the greatly depleted white units. yudenich's campaign against petrograd failed for the simple reason that it could not initially be successful, but what is the north-western army, it was only called the north western army. in fact, it's only about 18,000 people 500 machine guns. uh, about 50 guns, six tanks and 10 aircraft. well , what is it? basically speaking, this is reinforced divisions, you understand, and with a reinforced division, go to the city of a million people. and the baltic fleet, which was completely in the bracket. it certainly was. well, a little adventurous, hopes did not come true, yudenich, and people, of course, hoped for an uprising in the uprising in petrograd. in peter himself the verge of the year he was absent. in

st. petersburg already in the eighteenth year of soviet power. there i cleaned so thoroughly under the bullets st. petersburg, but for the nineteenth year. it was completely destroyed and when his troops practically out. the outskirts of petrograd, he thought that now the whole city would rise there and that's it, nobody rose at all. this was initially impossible. and even if he entered the city, anyway this city was already 80% proletarian that's because the bourgeoisie is an inhabitant. uh, the bureaucracy practically left by the nineteenth year, in addition to purely military problems in the course of combat. action. the personal ambitions of some white commanders intervened. so general vetrenko, who dreamed of being the first to enter petrograd, did not follow the order, yudenich. in no matter what you would cut the nikolaev railway? this was immediately taken advantage of by trotsky, who took the defense of petrograd under personal control, thanks to fresh reinforcements

transferred from other regions of the country by the bolsheviks, they managed to concentrate 50,000 groups of fresh troops against yudinichi, its blows, depleted northwestern. the army couldn't take it anymore . kryonaya team he had very adequately assessed the situation near petrograd. let's say the transfer of reserves by rail. uh moscow petrograd of course it was the solution the operational dried up correctly, it led to a clash of relatively fresh soviet troops with very strongly mutated troops of people draw, although catching an army of people is nothing to bag. they were never able to withdraw their troops yudentich. oh, and major losses. there were even not so much fighting. how many terrible losses are already on estonian territory, mmm. in november 1919, the remnants of yudenich's army retreated

to the territory of estonia. where was their rear base? but they couldn't use it. the first who decided to take advantage of the disaster estonians became the position of the defeated northwestern army, they refused to let the sick and hungry whites into their homes, but instead drove them into a swamp, where they had to spend the night in the open at a temperature of -10 °, according to the testimony of the swiss heinrich grossen. after several nights spent in such conditions, many russians died of cold and exhaustion. in addition, the estonian authorities began to rob and seize huge warehouses with the property of the northwestern army. as a result, little estonia appropriated thousands of wagons with ammunition, weapons and food were still sent to the protests for her day, including churchill himself, the british

responded with silence. the betrayal of the estonians came as a complete surprise to the whites. after all, it was the russian units of the northern corps in 1918. estonia helped. volunteering to stop the offensive of the bolsheviks by defending, thereby the newly-created statehood of estonia was actually stabbed in the back by the estonians. they disarmed the northwestern army and most of its composition was sent to lesopoval, and this at the moment there was an epidemic of the spanish flu, an epidemic, like, and in fact, more than half of the former ranks, uh, the northwestern army simply died, because all the estonian medicines were collected in themselves. one of the reasons why the estonians treated the russian white guards so cruelly was lurking in big politics starting from summer. 1919. the estonian

authorities were secretly negotiating with the bolsheviks to recognize the independence of estonia, the presence of whites could displease the soviet government, so for the local patriots, russian anti-communists. became a hindrance from which it was decided to get rid of it as soon as possible in february 1920 . yudenich was forced to leave estonia and soon ended up in france, where he will spend the last 13 years of his life. in exile, he will witness how the results of all his victories in the first world war will be crossed out and go to dust. in march 1921, an agreement on friendship and brotherhood will be concluded between turkey and soviet russia. in accordance with it, the bolsheviks

will not only renounce all the gains of russia in the first world war, but will also give turkey parts territories annexed to the russian empire back in the 19th century, in addition to the turkish national movement against the holding. fountains will be provided with significant material and military assistance on the personal instructions of lenin in turkey will be transferred in several tranches of 10 million gold rubles, as well as a large number of weapons and military equipment, including from the property left by the caucasian army. in addition, the soviet government will build two gunpowder factories in ankara and supply equipment for a cartridge factory. such generous assistance was explained just at this moment the leadership of the bolshevik party. still making grandiose plans for the implementation of the world revolution, it hoped that the turkish revolutionaries and their leaders would help

establish soviet power in the east. at some point, it was assumed that soviet power would spread to turkey. also, kemal, popular in turkey . posada turks were perceived very well in the lenin years. he was considered such a close political figure, and, in general, as a result of the russian revolutions that happened. russia not only did not gain anything in the caucasus, but she lost the territories acquired much earlier during the previous russian-turkish wars. well, and, perhaps, it lost a significant part of its influence in the caucasus in general earlier. in line with the new anti-imperialist policy. the bolsheviks made public all the secret agreements of tsarist russia and the straits and constantinople in a special appeal to the working muslims of the east

, signed by lenin and stalin, it was said secret treaties of the deposed tsar on the capture of constantinople, confirmed by the deposed kerenets now torn and destroyed, so about the newspaper. the truth wrote the russian revolution reveals the secrets of capitalist diplomacy the soldiers of russia, england and france will find out for what they shed their blood , the publication of secret treaties will strike, throughout the international bourgeoisie, russia's former allies in the entente. they immediately took advantage of the revolutionary impulse of the bolsheviks in their own interests. all their previous obligations to russia were immediately annulled, and the victims of the russian army repeatedly, saving the french and the british during the war are completely forgotten, the former russian foreign minister sergei sazonov will call the publication of secret agreements an act of historical apostasy, the equal of

which can hardly be found. in the annals of mankind, what general yudenich thought about this remained a mystery at the end of his life. he refused any political activity in france. yudenich headed a circle of zealots, the russian past at whose meeting he spoke with reports on operations against kavkazevich, of course, extremely he was very upset by his general departure from russia, he could not imagine the life of russia, and despite the fact that he hated the soviet regime. he, however, still remained with russia in the twentieth year. he followed the polish company very carefully and was simply delighted that in the end we still didn’t give away any more, the nicknames of the frame of our earth. despite these heavy defeats of ours, moreover, he completely abandoned any struggle against the soviet power, because he believed that now he was fighting the soviet regime means to fight with russia nikolai nikolayevich

yudenich communicated in nice on october 5, 1933. according to the last will of the general , only one of his positions was embossed on his grave, of which he was proud until the end of his days, the commander-in-chief of the troops of the caucasian front.

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