about grigoriev, the documents that were signed today were developed for more than two weeks, and it was the russian proposals that formed the basis of the final agreements, the main document that was signed today concerns the unblocking of the export of russian agricultural fertilizer products to the world market. and here the united nations will provide assistance. we are talking not only about the beginning of the export of agricultural products from ukrainian ports, but also unconditionally. e work in the same areas for the production of fertilizers. e from russian ports, about what we actually spoke today with the gptishest and what was also signed by the secretary general of the organization, a corresponding document was also recorded a document that unblocks the supply of ukrainian grain, but here the safety of those ships that will carry out this delivery will be carried out in full at the forefront. inspection of these ships, so that provocations are naturally interested in the

possibility of inspecting ships going to ukrainian ports in order to avoid the importation of weapons of military equipment there, which would allow to continue. eh, one or the other. uh, the actions of the armed forces of ukraine, in fact, the russian authorities have repeatedly stated that kiev had the opportunity to supply its agricultural products, but to the world community. we've been talking about this for a long time. to be precise, more than two months ago we created a humanitarian corridor on behalf of our president. e, a humanitarian corridor for e sea in order to be able to export agricultural products from ukrainian consoles. the problem was in one thing, this is mine clearance inside the port, this is mining. in one way or another, it hindered further steps towards implementation. this project is the result of great

efforts on the part of the president of turkey , mr. erdogan, and the meeting and, uh, the efforts of our president. and, of course, i cannot fail to note mr. buterishcha, the united nations organization, which has interlocked all these decisions in one package even today. we actually have all the prerequisites and all the solutions so that, uh, this process begins in the coming days, we are proud to be of service to an initiative that will play a key role in resolving the food crisis. we will contribute to preventing the threat of hunger for billions of people around the world to implement the agreement in istanbul , a joint coordination center will be created, which will include representatives of russia, turkey and ukraine, and the center will coordinate the agreements reached today. russia has assumed those obligations, which are quite clear

spelled out in this document, we will not take advantage of the fact that in this case, the ports will be cleared of mines and opened russian russia and ukraine overcame an obstacle to continue on the path to an initiative that will serve as a common interest, the promotion of the welfare of mankind was the driving force of these negotiations, except other things, minister, defense. sergei shoigu held a personal meeting today. the meeting with the turkish defense minister spoke about the situation in the middle east, shoigu noted that today the american presence in republic, but actually violates all international norms, in addition, the us military simply blocked the hydrocarbon field, and at the american bases today there are all conditions for the preparation of terrorist groups, of course, the main event of today is the unblocking of the supply of agricultural products from russia and fertilizers to the world

arena with the assistance of the organization united nations to the collective west. it is unlikely that they will like it, therefore, following the results of the signing of the agreement, they will try to place completely different accents. egor grigoriev oleg makarov lead, turkey istanbul from whom was the backbone of nationalist groups going? yes , this is the youth, this is the ultras, the nazi hook, the idea of ​​the nation, as the henchmen say. cruel treatment of the mine population. yes, this is a general criminal offense. they close people in the drama theater, and then they undermine the grants and which did not fall there. it was undermined from the inside, apparently. you charge was laid on the driver's ceiling, east. you see, at what time from below it is enough to undermine the legs from below . hello live international

review in the studio of fyodor lukyanov today in the program international review events of the week chronicle facts comments. the fate of ukrainian grain worries everyone. will the world have enough food for the materials of our program? role of turkey in world politics trilateral meeting in tehran stories from iran european political extremes memory and modernity report from italy this week the focus was on tehran the head of russia came to visit turkey turkey held bilateral meetings and talked assyrian settlement troika south direction for russia first, there is a lot of important things going on there

. not only the worst. secondly, this is a set of countries pursuing a fairly independent course, it does not necessarily harmonize with the russian one, but is dictated by their own understandable interests. and it's always easier, after all. thirdly. russia for a decade has strengthened its position in this part of the world diplomacy and power potential. well, frankly, thanks to the anti-american mood. they are widespread there, and the ruling elite, catching world changes, are inclined. now listen to the masses. the meeting between vladimir putin and recep tayyip erdogan did not bring a sensation, but confirmed the two countries are able to interact in a businesslike way, despite the obvious contradictions, turkey is noticeable on the world stage. erdogan that he, laugh a turkish citizen, conducts a simultaneous

game session on many boards from the caucasus of iraq to greece ukraine from nato to libya and so on is impressive. well, what else? how does society perceive this? we asked the turkish commentator khakan, aksai , who is deeply immersed in the politics of his country turkey, of course, many people like it, because we also have, like many former empires, if you have complexes, after all, a large state should play a certain unique role in the world. and so erdogan began more and more about this after the eleventh year after the events, the events in syria began in other and arab countries, but after some time in society. this received support, but after some time there was a certain amount of disappointment in the society, probably, after all, that there were no big results, but from time to time

it is discussed by a part of the society. it's all uh, divided almost in half. frequency favors part no at the beginning of uh ukraine events after february 24th. uh, there was such activity again, and at least according to some polls. this added erdogan and his party three to four percent. ah, support and more. but now it's like it's gone now, like society would not pay much attention to it now. in fact, the economic crisis is discussed most of all in turkey, therefore, compared to what it was before 5 years ago 10 years ago, society now pays much less

attention to this international activity of the authorities and erdogan. i would say, does this mean that erdogan uses foreign policy activity to solve domestic problems. i would even say, more precisely for the victory in the next election, because there are, roughly speaking, two factors, first, uh, for the last three or four years, the opposition has been very active. uh rdukan. in power for 20 years. and now, starting from the 19th year, the picture is changing. as you know, in the nineteenth year, uh in the spring of the opposition uh, won almost all the major big cities us local elections istanbul there is the largest city ankara - the capital, antalya adana and so on and so forth. after that, the opposition is largely already. uh, as if the political initiative takes its hands. erdogan does not like this, the second and, apparently, now a much more important factor

economic crisis in turkey a few years ago. turkey was the world's seventeenth economy now xxi while inflation is everywhere in the world. they say that this is a big problem in the west there, when seven there nine ten percent. this is generally a horror for them, but in turkey, according to official data, 78%, and according to some non-official data, maybe even twice as much, that is, the situation with inflation. we have, uh, one of the worst in the world and erdogan and his team are doing. some experiments fail. they don't refuse me, so uh, sort of internal problems are big enough for erdogan. this is almost unsolvable, therefore, foreign policy activity is much more important for him for the president of turkey now,

will this save the situation for erdogan? i don’t know, but more and more of all of these, at least in the last months, are precisely in this, e.g., plans for ukraine and relations with the west with the middle east, etc. elections in about a year. what is the approximate alignment of forces for today, and polls. uh, the last year, let's say a year, there are a lot of questions for half a year, and they show no rays. conditions not the best result for erdogan him and his party and his allies according to various polls. uh, they get somewhere. 30 to 40-45% when? uh, the united opposition, the so-called national e alliance , again, according to various sources, from 35 to 50 to 45-50. uh, points somewhere uh, that is, they

tend to be ahead of the last time. uh, three four seven percent. they have a difference, between these unions the opposition wins, but there is a very important point in these matters are very often ignored. for some reason, the situation with the kurds. we have kurds power kurdish party receives, uh, percent, about 10-12, and what will be their position in the elections, it's not hard to guess, because erdogan, who is well yo. seven eight nine ago i was friends with the kurds. eh, the last years of the year are getting worse both inside turkey and abroad. as you know, and now the leaders. uh, many leaders of many kurdish city measures and so on and the kurdish party. they are in prison and it is not difficult to guess that they, in their majority, will also vote against

both erdogan and his party. so maybe like this thus, the gap will be at least 15%. uh, but maybe, and of course, early elections. well, someone talks about sleeping or there at the beginning of the year in the spring, but the fact is that this is also a difficult question for erdogan, because the economic crisis does not get better over time, but vice versa, so i don’t know how erdogan will choose for uh, some parts of the opposition erdogan will try somehow. elections, or come up with some important international conflict, maybe even create, uh, a small controlled war, but this too. it seems unlikely to me, because society is no longer very responsive to various operations in syria, iraq and so on. and as

for, let's say, a small controlled war, possibly with greece. it is unlikely that this will happen after the united states if a change of power is allowed. eh, is it possible to assume a future foreign policy direction? what will be and international? with regard to this power, the current position is difficult to guess, because the opposition parties are more occupied with internal problems of economic policy and they criticize economic situations and political moments, but they very rarely speak about external issues, but still, they, too, will probably already be preparing for international relations. how turkey's partners, including russia, will perceive this article, the change in the regime of change of power in turkey is also another matter. it seems to me that many, including russia, are not at all ready for this. individuals

play an important role, but there is also a public mood. what are they now in relation to russia in general, russian turkish relations, really very unique phenomena. if e very briefly about the story to tell, then i remember very well. uh, very first visit. e putin in turkey at the end of the fourth year this was talked about a lot, so, starting from that moment from the end of the fourth year to 11, apparently, there were e, almost amazing good relations between russia and turkey, not only between the leaders, of course, their contribution was very large, but the society was delighted with it. well, after the beginning of the events in syria , uh, relations began to deteriorate a little, especially after russia has been involved in the war in syria since the end of september of the fifteenth

year. as you remember, uh, some time later november 15, 15, uh november 24, uh, 15 . uh, the turkish forces the armed forces shot down uh, the russian plane after that was reading, but still, the last six or seven years have been a unique time, a lot of contradictions, a lot of criticism, both in seven and among russian politicians, and yet russia remains in many ways different turkey and society, too , in many ways, as it were, with understanding, as e this also applies to us in turkey, anglo-american sentiments are quite stronger and slightly dependent on them. from this. uh, very often positive assessments are received in russia now it's true. there are different opinions, after uh, twenty uh, february twenty-fourth, but compared to the

west. i would not say that there is such a heightened perception of these events, the turks are more relaxed about russia and there are strong changes in this regard after the start of events in ukraine. i see, thank you our interlocutor from that part of the turkish society that hopes for political change, but president erdogan is not only a skillful player. he is also extremely reckless; it is difficult to imagine that he will lose and just put up with it. i wonder what will happen. among other things , putin erdogan talked about the mechanisms for exporting black sea grain in the world. a food crisis has been declared in the world. it is believed that the reason for the hostilities in ukraine is not in dispute, and ukraine and russia are large exporters, but for this reason . and to whom market conditions, be that as it may there was an agreement under the aegis, and the export of grain from the

black sea ports, there is also turkey again in the center, as the guarantor of food delivery, well done. during the second world war, the soviet union received not only weapons, but also food. according to the calorie norms, there was enough food in the ussr, but the allies helped expand the food ration with northern sea convoys, and then kup wheat was brought to him by trucks through iran. sugar. later, egg powder appeared, milk concentrates, chocolate, and, of course, the famous pork stew, it was made in usa according to the soviet recipe in the union. it was ironically dubbed the second front during the blockade of leningrad , the road of life was laid on the ice of lake ladoga. columns of trucks with flour and bread walked along it. people were taken back

. transports. it was an extremely dangerous lake famous for its curtains, therefore, even under peter the great, the ladoga canal was dug through. they left here, but this territory was occupied by the germans. i had to go through open water with the risk of sinking a storm and under the blows of german bombers during the war years, regular sea convoys supported the existence of the british base, on the island of malta, frequent raids by the italian and german air force depleted its resources in june 42 , only two ships reached malta then for rescue base as part of a special operation pedestal to the aid went a special convoy. this prevented the surrender of the island in 1948 to those dissatisfied with the decision. un stripped palestine arabs blockaded several jewish settlements, including kibbutses. bush etzion for many months armed

convoy supported the life of the besieged commune. he over 100 tons of food, after which it was broken. guarding the israelis used armored trucks improvised fighting vehicles from improvised means of the greatest notoriety. they received in vietnam then armed convoys regularly supplied the us army and often fell into ambushes. partisans began to build dumbbells for their protection on the ground. such machines were also used by the soviet army in afghanistan, but the name of the dumbbell was famous. they got it after the vietnam war. today in ethiopia, the military is escorting a peacetime convoy this april following the announcement of a humanitarian period between the government and militants in the rebel region's capital. play arrived 500 tons of food according to the un's estimates. the region should be supplied with

food by about 100 trucks daily. and the situation in in the grain sector, we talked to a man who keeps his finger on the pulse eduard zirnin chairman of the board of the union of grain exporters of russia we hear every day now and for the general public this is a frightening background, but uh, something is really happening x1 or for professionals in the industry. in fact, everything was more or less, and the main crisis was, uh, the times of the david pandemic and, of course , it was the pandemic of the species that seriously crippled those established goods in the chain that allowed us to supply countries in need. uh, and uh, problems they start, of course, long before and doc avito back in 2015 , the united nations launched a program to combat world hunger. and just a

pandemic of the species, only exacerbated the problem, and uh, post-pandemic time. yes, again, it is characterized by the restoration of chains, but taking into account those man-made problems of those invisible barriers that we encounter, especially in the last six months. uh, the situation is not improving and with great regret. e even the united nations organization stated that even by 2030 e goal for the sake of which the program was launched will not be resolved and it is unlikely that the number of hungry people in the world will decrease. this is a very disturbing fact. it means that we need to rework the measures that were included in it; we need to look at new solutions. and the most important thing is not to stop not to stop supplying food to those people who need it. here are the man-made problems you are talking about, understandable. this is a variant of the political crisis as a whole is an industry. if you do not take, here is the current moment, how susceptible to political conjuncture very many. hey, interested. uh,

they see that, uh, the stability of society depends on the supply of grain, because this basic product is stepan food's concept of its own grain. this is its basis for those bases of products, food that mankind has been eating since time immemorial. and, of course, the topic of grain supplies is the easiest to play with. here is the basic product. these are big ships. these are large parties and, accordingly, this is the food security of, well, without exception, all countries of the world. therefore, of course, we experienced political pressure to one degree or another. but of course, over the past six months, it has become a key risk factor for us, which has never happened before, you hear the comments of public politicians. compare them to what you see in the industry. this coincides with or not quite strange, and the comments of

public politicians and comments of specialists are practically not found, respectively. we have our own problem area. uh, and politicians have their own problem. and uh and maybe that's a good thing because depending on the rhetoric of the underlying business, it continues. and again, i repeat, the reference side of the united nations , no matter how much you talked about the problems of exporting grain from ukraine, the un fau stated that the process did not stop, so the trade was not measured completely, right? and it's the same with us. whatever she had built, man-made barriers. we didn't stop trading. uh, the last days are literally uh, there are a lot of kind of optimistic reports about what sanctions exemptions are doing, now it will be easier with grain fertilizers. you feel it for yourself. you know it is difficult to feel that the official did not exist, therefore those

exceptions of which are now being discussed. let's wait for their implementation. once again, these barriers are invisible. basically, there are no official documents, a simple everyday situation, for example, there is a ship under the european flag, which has profitable fractions for those fort novorossiysk loaded with our grain and, say, the shipowner to egypt, simply refuses to do this, because he says, i don’t know, yes grain is not included in the sanctions package. well, what can you guarantee me about what will happen to me later? naturally, no one will guarantee him, and he refuses. and such situations are clean enough , the same with banks, that is, directly none. ah, there is no prohibition on settlements on payments of the trans-lake, but the bank's compliance raises a reasonable question. how can you predict to me that there will be problems in it, we cannot guarantee in any way. this must be guaranteed by politicians. this is exactly the part we are counting on. uh, until the last

moment their position was. we didn't include it. we have issued a license. it's none of our business. we did our part in such a way that it does not work, and we even see that according to the results of the last grain year. we have delivered more than 700,000 tons of wheat and over 700,000 tons of barley to the world market. and for some countries, this is the annual balance that they need. this is actually the price of such detachment that existed until recently , and for us, of course, this is a very positive fact that they started talking about it, that they began to take certain measures and that again, i repeat, the united nations intervened in this process, because indeed its part of the work is to ensure the global balance of food consumption, and now it is with their active participation that all the latest positive processes are taking place. how much your industry depends on modern technologies is the same side of the sanctions, because we see that the technological war even before the latest events.

she developed. it depends on what to call e modern technologies, if we are talking about a farming methods and agrotechnical methods, then there are big problems. we do not test for some items. we are ahead of the rest, if we are talking, for example, about heavy energy- efficient equipment. yes, then, probably, there will be certain problems here, because some manufacturers of this equipment, world leaders, have left our market and just to repeat their success, because we understand how it works and i think that it will not be difficult for our machine builders but it takes time. we have the same season by season, we increased purchases of such equipment and of course. we now need to think. how to fill this balance, which is in the alternative markets of friendly sciences, despite the fact that this or that manufacturer has left the market. uh, no one

is filming him. the responsibility for the warranty service of equipment and the provision of spare parts for this takes several years before the manufacturer of such a complex machine costs the equipment and leaves the market completely. here is our case today. this it just happened instantly and here it is necessary to call for the fulfillment of their obligations by all possible legal methods, which companies accepted at the very moment they entered our market. i mean hi-tech. and for us, the problem is not worth it, because russia is just the very unique case that we have. uh, a large supply of e land, that is, as a rule, all high-tech digital technologies work from the lack of this resource. and therefore, mainly to develop in those countries that really suffer from lack of fertile land. thank you. thank you. more adverts about specifics of european

politics don't go summer will be interesting, you ask, red roses on the windshield of my fiancé's car.

this operation is secret. she was inconsistent. wouldn't it be boring in summer? series documentary films cartoons or on the site we watch we always wonder where it all starts now.

but it's best to check. in europe, again a political crisis; now italy is a coalition led by the former head european central bank. mario drag. the disintegrated president of the country dissolved both houses of parliament and scheduled new elections for september on the issues of the leadership of the italian brothers party. its leader , georgia meloni, is counting on the premiership in the fall , brothers, another by no means, not the first incarnation of the extreme, whose right-wingers are even considered

a distant heir to the classic fascists. it sounds so-so, but italy has its own tradition. unlike germany, the parties are not separated from the era of fascism. here are possible, although they cause allergies of a significant part of society. after the second world war, as a result of the elections of the forty-sixth year, the christian democratic party came to power in italy for almost half a century , it was the leading political force in the country, but after the energy crisis of the seventy-third year, as a result of a sharp deterioration in the economic situation, the radical left, as well as the right and new fascist groups. among the fascist organizations, the most notable was the italian social movement and the sd founded it. in the seventy-second year, the supporters of musalini artur micherini and giorgio almiranca, together with the essd , acted as far-right national parties, the

vanguard national front. and a new order. it was these forces that organized terrorist attacks on government offices and massive street fights with communists and leftists. in january 1995 , the sd party was dissolved, and in september 1997, another ultra-right party arose. new strength. it is led by a former neo-fascist militant roberto fiori, who returned from great britain, where he was hiding from italian justice for a long time in 2004-2006, feore's party was in the coalition of the social action party of alexander mussolini, the granddaughter of dictators and the social national front. adriana tegera the alliance was terminated due to the fact that musalini's granddaughter joined the centre-right coalition. silvio berlusconi house of freedom, which included the nationalist league of the north in 2008, the social national front was blocked with the landest party, the right, led by francesco-saraca

, the continuer of the line of george almirata, but after 5 for years, this alliance has disintegrated, the latesari party advocates the position of fascism and criticizes the entire political class of italy. europe considers the bureaucracy of the european union and the financial elite to be the main enemy of europe, the united states, as in italy today they perceive the times of mussolini. the founder of rome was in the forty-fourth year the nazis in germany for forced labor and returned only after 2 years, he was not a member of the fascist party and suffered for the partisan motion. today, his grandson is nostalgic for the order and the times of mussolini when the trains ran on schedule, but does not want to be labeled, because being a fascist in a country proclaimed by the constitution of anti-fascist values ​​is considered shameful. do not look black

shirt is associated with the nazis. but this is only for the work of politics, nothing to do with it, but the roads were clean then, not that today the law does not protect you. this is the whole democracy of italy in quotation marks, the fascist party is forbidden any inflammation fascism is punishable, but it is italian democratic tolerance that allows political ideas close to muslims, which are being fought this year in october, it will be 100 years since the fascists came to power, and as the well- known story recalls. the lead author of mussolini's book, paulo, broke it off in a completely democratic way and won prizes for the first two years of power. they shared with other parties, but then a dictatorship was established that lasted until july 25, 1943 throughout the country and the social republic of solo lasted until april 25, 1945 for many years it was said that mussolini did a lot of

good things before the adoption of racial laws in 1938, other countries took him as an example, but in recent years this narrative was abandoned, and fascism eventually formed negative judgments of visions of the ideal city of mussols. here it is in time with national pride. turn on the great roman empire. well, classical architecture in the packaging of rationalism. this quarter was designed at the end thirties and planned. as a venue for the world exhibition for 42 years, but as you know, the project was otherwise implemented a few years after the war in the early fifties, and this already determined the incomplete oblivion of the musseling time, there were many architectural monuments of rimma of fascism left, but no one demolished them. they are included in the book on architecture art, as they say, the italian civilization, which is better known as the square colosseum is now completely eur, a prestigious area with offices and a respectable public, it is tacitly believed that its inhabitants share legal views. perhaps it is not

by chance that george meloni , the leader of the brothers of italy party, lives here nearby, who are now in the political field most associated with the legacy of fascist ideology, but the volume we have nothing to do with fascism from a political point of view is handing out labels. fascist russophile anti-vaxxer this convenient way to not discuss ideas, both the people who are given these labels and those who distribute them is much easier to say shut up. how to explain the failure of your arguments opponent, the restoration of fascism in italy is impossible, despite the growing number of incidents involving fascist gestures, symbols and the roman salute, for example, in stadiums, this invariably generates controversy and outrage. but mussolini is rarely imprisoned for this; today they can’t become a leader for me, but as a cultural phenomenon, until it is completely outdated. vera shcherbakova, especially for international review irina

not only italians are worried about the dubious past in spain, the times of francoism have long passed, but the memory of them alive to confess to some open buddy. franco, of course, no one will, but some features, his mth reign, in general of that era, well, sympathizes sympathizes. well, all the more so in the conditions of, er, well, a very left-wing course, which, of course, to the spaniards. now life is more complicated in some ways, the government of the spanish socialists initiated a law on democratic memory. it is intended to replace the law of oblivion, adopted in the seventy-seventh year shortly after the death of the dictator francisco franco, the meaning of the then act to prevent settling scores between those who were on opposite sides of the front line in the civil war of the thirties, a fragile democracy is sorted out. that is,

if she could not stand it, everyone would agree. after franco's reasons, king juan carlos of spain first took the course for democratization in the 78th was adopted. the new constitution of the country did not repress anyone and franco's abilities, but the theme of the civil war of historical memory turned into an instrument of inter-portional struggle in 2004 by the prime minister of spain, the socialist rodriguez zapatara, tried to rebury franco but could not succeed, however, after 3 years his government passed a law on historical memory. he proposed getting rid of the symbols of franklism in the territory of the valley of the fallen, the main memorial of the civil war, any political actions were prohibited. however, the implementation of the law stalled in 2013, the socialists again proposed moving the franco mausoleum and the grave of the founder

of the falangist party, with the fashion of the riviera from the arena, who fell to another place, and call the cemetery itself a memorial. the memory of those who died during the reign franco was in favor of moving the remains of the dictator a little more than half of the country's population, but the right-wing government of marian rajoy rejected these proposals, citing a lack of funds, the transfer of the remains did take place when the socialists again came to power, on october 24 of the nineteenth year. franco's remains were removed from the basilica and taken to the municipal cemetery. in the eldar region in the north. madrid in the procedure was attended by the minister of justice of spain, a medical examiner, a priest and 22 descendants of franco, the last monument to the dictator was dismantled on february 23, 2021, deputies from the right-wing wax party voted against dismantling, stating that frank was immortalized in the world by the rulers of spain a as the commander of the spanish troops that defeated

the derbet emirate in 1926. the oblivion prescribed by the law did not happen 45 years later the topic is right there the law on the so-called democratic memory, which the government is now implementing within the framework of which there is a ban on the franco foundation were in the police force. here, well, with such security officials, but in those years, well, such a revision, yes, which before that the spaniards well, no way, well, they were not going to do it. this is the demand to investigate the crime of francoism. e that they should be put on trial and so on. this violates, but the law of obomnesty of the seventy-seventh

year, or the fact of oblivion. yes, it was still legislative acts, respectively, a new law. he is not simple. that's what will be fired something new, but repeals the current legislation. yes to which in general there was one way or another, then we call the post-franco consensus, which began to break down, and we see this, well, the catalan case - this is the most such. here is an expressed example of the word of this post-franco consensus. well, the coming to power of the ultra-right phloxes is also unconditional. just an example. eh, there are many reasons for this whole process, there is a crisis of the national state. yes, in general, the crisis of the european idea, and the european process, which was there to dissolve all these ideas in the national identity. now such a complex search for new

conditions is new, and national identity and, of course, the politics of memory, symbolic politics is the key process in this. dividing history is a subject for politicians of an attractive but dangerous calm situation. it seems that everything has long been overgrown with past, but strike a historical match and the old passions flare up again. what role do the stories of the first half of the 20th century play in today's european politics? let's talk about this with professor alexei miller. he heads the center for the study of cultural memory and symbolic politics of the european university in st. petersburg, alexei in spain, the theme of the past civil war is going in circles. it feels like a swinging pendulum, when the socialists are in power, they raise the topic of responsibility, conservatives cancel it, remember 2019. and when was frank reburied? he was also buried

in this memorial complex, where the victims of the civil war are buried. his front was kept in a crypt in one of the madrid cemetery. a and if we look at how this decision was made, there there were 170-something votes for reburial and 160 -something abstentions. and it was a situation in which there was still a certain consensus. that, yes, we are doing this, we are not delighted, but we agree, in principle, we do not mind. here are those who abstained from it, and those who are today in these conditions, when it was adopted, this new law is from memory, right? and they all voted against. a and this is a completely

different situation hmm and it is clear that it is worth the right to win hmm they will win back in order to accept their this law, but hmm they needed rather the support of regional parties, and regional separatism. especially catalan. this is a very painful key question, which, by the way, is directly related to the history of the civil war, because in fact , while catalonia suffered very much, franco, he was a man, and not very politically correct and liked to say that he couldn’t stand two sounds. just organic when the dogs bark and when the catalans speak their language. a solution in which, with respect to memory o civil war some country is declared guilty and only she of course. can't be

productive. let's remember what it is. uh from them catholic priests. the leftists killed about 7,000. during the red terror there, that is, it is, as it were , a situation where society is still very strongly split, and i would say that it is much more sharply and painfully split than our society in relation to the civil war. we don't have any consensus either. well, memory generally seems to be an extremely relevant political tool. right. what is important here is that 10 15 years ago there was a very distinct mood in europe that it was not necessary to adopt laws regulating memory. by

that time they hadn’t already adopted such laws. a certain number, but they were mainly related to the denial of the holocaust, but since then a lot has changed . regulating memory, and the ukrainians, if i'm not mistaken, have something like nine, we have either two or three, but not so long ago not a single there wasn’t and somehow germany lived in a special case, but if we take the same spain, portugal, italy for southern europe, fascism, as part of history, it’s that it’s not a complete scoreboard, in general, i would still very hard to distinguish. eh, fascism and on target. on the service list of the nazis there is a holocaust, it is not.

with franco, he did not even officially participate in the second world war. and in general, the debate about, uh, to what extent franco can be considered? uh, fascist, they have a reason, because after all, fascists are, uh, revolutionary ideas mobilizing revolutionary ideology, and people like franco like salazar, like the mannergian in romania or the hortians. uh, in hungary, this is usually, by the way, well, with the exception of salazar's accountant, these are top officers, and, as it were, fragments of the old regime, who are trying to preserve some elements of this old regime

against these young scumbags, who then come to power precisely. uh, as fascists, this does not mean that the figures i have listed were by no means attractive. no one pulls with a trail of blood. but it's all in the context, as it were civil wars. eh, whether in hungary or in finland uh, as if in spain with the red threat they call it that. and you can imagine the normalization of the practices of the first half of the 20th century, in fact. after all, everyone is listed as nationalists. and now, for the nation, for nationalism, what is it called in the trend? i agree, but there is another aspect, after all, the modern conflict in europe is described as the last or

not the last battle of good, that is, democracy with evil, that is, authoritarianism, and within the framework of this construction, somehow glorify or abelize, actually authoritarian dictars. er, well, not very convenient. well then, for us the most interesting revision of the eastern european attitude to the past is the legitimation of those who were previously tabooed as nazi accomplices. this is generally a separate process, or is it somehow connected with what is happening in the west by the end of the 20th century, after all, in western europe it has developed with such a consensus. that the main crime of the 20th century, the holocaust, is the responsibility of all europeans, because they all participated in one way or another, and the role the main victim belongs to those who are not with us,

that is, the jews killed in the holocaust. accordingly, the entire eastern european structure of memory, it directly contradicts, yes, but because there was the glorification of those who participated in the holocaust, and in the forty-first-forty-second-forty-three years. just by killing jews in the place of eastern european jews, they were not taken to auschwitz, they were killed in barvas and in ravines, these people in eastern european standards there are baltic e-ukrainian, and they were perceived as e fighters for the national freedom. and they, as a rule, perished in the narrative in the national heroic bible in the fight against the communists and eastern european narotilas. and

most importantly, the victim is us, if the genocide, so this is not about the genocide of the jews, but this is our suffering and our genocide. every eastern european country. there is a genocide. now, by the way, we have too, because a year ago the court. for the first time i made a decision that refers to the genocide of the soviet people, if you think about what happened during the blockade of leningrad, then unexpectedly, it turns out that this is the genocide of the soviet people, because the ethnicity of the leningraders was not analyzed. all who teach. in the siege of leningrad , they knew perfectly well what was happening in the city, uh, and everyone participated in the uh mass murder of millions by starvation, uh, the besieged inhabitants of

leningrad, the genocide took place, and how did this revision of estimates affect the general situation in europe when the eastern european countries entered the uh eu, they uh, started work, which today has been successfully completed. instead of a construction in which the main crime is the holocaust, and the main criminal is nazi, germany the main criminals were supposed to be two totalites. this is the tale of two totalitarianisms that unleashed the second world war that tormented the peoples, and western europe was freed from totalitarianism forty-fifth. and eastern europe, according to this , remained under the totalitarian heel of the soviets until the

ninety-first year. and this tarativ seemed indecent when they began to promote it, and it gradually established itself today. the whole of europe celebrates the day of remembrance of the victim of totalitarianism on august 23, the day of signing. hmm , the facts are attacks between germany of the ussr, as if there were no other parks, they were attacks, everything that was said about russia and that was considered indecent, as it were, well, today it’s already quite decent in this sense now a person who would try to repeat his criticism. here are such narratives. ah, russophobic uh, which

he spoke about five years ago. yes, he would have turned out to be, just uh, hmm declared an accomplice of russian aggression, accomplices of putin and uh, subject to cancellation. we know very well that this is now a very fashionable practice. thank you. alexey miller from st. petersburg was with us . her memory is her memory, but no one needs to cancel the current one, the problems of the authorities. it is necessary to solve here and now some noticeable problems in the first place. so , sorry, figuratively, they produce franco's remains from the onion, and it means that they are somehow distracting the population. after the preventive maintenance, the

nord stream gas pipeline was launched not at full capacity; the turbine from canada is still on the way, but still in germany they exhaled. well, they don’t know what the european commission demands from the eu countries next reduce gas consumption by 15% and agree to a directive redistribution of toast in response, russia’s energy gap is not heard and the eu is not beneficial to both parties, but at the pan-european level of a turn there will be no clear course towards demarcation . will there be a set of individual states that, like hungary, will begin to build their own relationship with the supplier. and what this will mean for the unity of the atlantic front is intriguing. it was international review, goodbye.

so moscow is breaking through the export blockade that the west has established russia and they have concluded a memorandum on facilitating the supply of russian food and fertilizers to the world market. another document signed in istanbul determines the conditions under which the export of ukrainian grain will be ensured, for example, all ships will be carefully inspected for weapon item. all the details egor grigorev has documents that today