one of the most important areas of import substitution now in the era of rapid digitalization is the production of microchips, not a single gadget that we hold in our hands every day is impossible without this small, but very important detail, now the leaders in the production of microchips are the united states, china and south korea. well, russia in this area have their own experience about them to our correspondent alena rogozina told and showed one of

our most authoritative specialists in the development of microcircuits, academician iran, head of the mikron plant gennady krasnikov. how do i look we were changed. it seems to me that at the same time i look like an astronaut diver and a doctor there in front of an absolutely clean room. here are some more shoe covers on their feet that are uncomfortable to walk on. how do people work 8 hours a day? i understand. oh, you hear the blowing blows so that there are no dust particles and at the same time disinfection, when the green lights up, let's move on. employees, what they produce and enterprises are all classified by a team of young scientists. many came here as students to unlearn and defend themselves. fights in in the global race of ideas to create energy-independent memory, today there are practically no such products in the world. this is pure silicon wafer. so she arrived at the transfer lock, the vacuum robot will pick up this plate. the magic of creating processors. starts with a clean

silicon wafer, empty silicon disks. well , or as they say naked here, rather. they are like a mirror come. here are such white containers, then they are shifted. vii in an orange container with an absolutely clean microclimate , each such swift container accompanies technological passport for more than 400 operations. this means that if the container is launched into production today, it will take three or four months before the microcircuit is created a fast device with a long service life, associated with a new type of transistors, the production of semiconductor wafers using the most advanced technology for russia at the level of 90 and 65 nanometers at factory mikron and here the red light has lighted up. this means that the drop has already hit the plate due to rotation and is distributed over it and, in fact, then they will get this transistor microchip architecture, complex layered structures resemble a sandwich from different materials. what we habitually call microelectronics, in fact, is already nanoelectronics, then the container with

disks enters the metallization area. this is the operator's workplace. of course, we will not see anything, because all processes are taking place. in a vacuum, the walls are quite thick. well, just there, microcircuit layers are formed, metal or dielectric on separate in the stages of production invisible to the eye, materials are heated, a focused electron beam conducts ion bombardment of the surface, creating a very deep vacuum. sometimes even more than in space at insanely high temperatures, metal vapor is obtained from tungsten, the most refractory metal in the world, the modern production of processors is a real work of technological art. they allowed us to look into the holy of holies through microscopes and see what the microcircuit looks like. inside. now i'll adjust the focus. ah. you know, it's not just beautiful it is. well, it's very beautiful. in fact, probably, it looks like, look at the view from the windows of moscow city

such a multilayer structure in each chip , billions. transistors specifically and the math department, together with the designers of integrated circuits, is doing a huge job of modeling, and on the plate. there are about 2,000 chips here. these chips are used in passport and visa documents created on 180 nanometer chi technology. py with architecture for universal electronic biometric travel passport transport cards maps everything that ensured the security of the country when sanctions struck, when else we worked, let's say so, with foreign laboratories that are just doing it. hacking. they recognized our microchip as unsinkable at all, that is, it is impossible to be them at all, if we take the famous moore's law, which determines the progress of microcircuits. during the times of the soviet union, microelectronics was our pride, a symbol of universally recognized world

leadership, then, along with the usa and japan, we unconditionally entered the top three leading countries a little, who knows, but the basis of microelectronics, chemical assembly, was created by our leningrad chemical school; the technological level made it possible to make not only the world's best missiles, aircraft, submarines , but also household electronic devices. how similar they are to this first receiver in a crystalline dtptor semiconductor on their descendants 1974 the first microprocessor appeared in the seventy-ninth microcomputer, and 85. personal computer elektronika 85 the legendary soviet shuttle buran the pinnacle of the development of patriotic cosmonautics microelectronics jewelry landing after the devastating nineties, the backlog has increased to 7 technological generations. it was a lot, but not forever. in recent years, the industry has been on the rise and today i am sure, the main russian specialist in the electronic component base.

academician, gennady krasnikov. the handicap has been reduced even by the flash technology of the ministry of internal affairs, which is used in all id documents of the sim card of bank cards, there are the most world-class ones. it's 45 nanometers. in general, such an industrial one is 90 nanometers, where we quietly compete. this is a very sophisticated technology. and this is our design. this is our mathematics here, in fact, everything is natural, at each stage new dynamics are laid and the research base is developed. the conditions of economic crises and sanctions succeed largely thanks to krasnenkov who went from engineer to ceo of the research institute of molecular electronics. with a factory. mikrokon leads the development of microelectronic technologies critical to national security, banned from export to russia oversees the entire segment from fundamental development to industry institutes and

industrial development. we must first of all create such a technological independence so that the country can live in peace and have a sustainable banking system and transport links. and this is primarily due to the development of microelectronic technologies, of course, it is difficult to immediately switch to everything of your own, there is a gradual replacement, for example, there were problems with the analysis of the quality of gas and liquid components for the production of chips should be supplied with super pure it contains microelectronics. a powerful laboratory base has been created, and the uniqueness of this laboratory lies in the fact that it contains rooms of all frequency classes and initially, when the process was being analyzed. conducted abroad, in general, many of the materials necessary for the world production of microelectronics are supplied from russia, for example, sapphire substrates are super, pure chemistry, rare earth

elements, without russian components, the world production of microcircuits will rise. the response to the sanctions pressure was the growth of production of its own microelectronics, crystals with specified parameters are grown on a silicon wafer several times at this plant in the chernozem region. crystal production. fundamental. microelectronics produce about 3 billion crystals a year, of which only 300 million pieces remain in russia, the rest is for export. if we calculate where they go, it turns out that every second person on the planet probably already has our own separate crystal. siberian developers are targeting the civilian market in noticeable demand. now they use micron-sized microcircuits , their production after the imposition of sanctions at this enterprise has grown several times. going from work on the production of submicron-sized microcircuits, we are faced with the task of increasing production many more times, and in order to

simply satisfy our consumers, they are developing technologies for the design and production of semiconductor . opinion necessary for microwave transistors, as well as create new technological equipment, the company has succeeded now a serious impetus to development of a high demand for domestic electronic components. it has already affected growth. the proceeds of our technologies are in demand in many areas of the civil national economy. uh, this is industrial security - this is a variety of data transmission systems, including health care and human and animal microelectronic production. thousands of very highly qualified specialists with deep knowledge in such difficult disciplines as physics, chemistry , automatic design are required young specialists, personnel are trained, leading universities postgraduate student. victoria is quietly involved in the development of the latest optical transistor. it

speeds up the calculation by 1,000 times. sometimes when you're doing some kind of experiment. e and the results of this experiment do not work for a very long time, and then at some point again the expected result. he will reach the feeling that scientists are experiencing at this moment. it, of course, is not described in the laboratory of the moscow institute of physics and technology of the patriotic 3d printer. prints electrical circuits with particles of material, evaporating during synthesis. it could be micro antennas. it could be the sensitive layer of the gas sensor. yes, it prints with nanoparticles. main the key task is to create equipment that will allow. and to form electronic devices cheaply quickly at the departments of the moscow institute of physics and technology , specialists in microelectronics are prepared from school. i, like many of the older generation from the soviet union, studied at a physics and mathematics school and i remember how difficult it was

to do science in the nineties, and today it’s hot on summer weekends, and the physics and technical department is full of guys, they came to the mathematical school. and you really decided to become physicists. and why is it very promising these energies and fervently professional language of teachers, human capital is called to use it and the potential of the academic domestic science the task of technological independence in the final again, zelenograd is here on all the streets instead of advertising posters on posters heroes of microelectronics. see how cheerful they are. and our latest developments. i'm certainly not a professional. i can only share your perspective on what is happening. but we are building a new industry, developing devices and mechanical engineering , improving the education system, modernizing scientific cities, creating our own chips in order to transform ourselves and share these technologies with the world, the path is not easy and

there are a lot of complex tasks, but the feeling is already very good and vector in general, alena is understandable rogozina victor kazakov andrey barauhin and alexander plotnikov lead the week. this is news of the week next in the program. gazprom completely stops gas supplies to europe via nord stream in need of renovation, india celebrates independence day. how is the damage from british colonialism assessed there? explosions in crimea, where they prepare and how saboteurs are caught, and what will washington achieve by allowing zelensky to shoot western weapons at crimea, what is the calculation for? refreshing news for europe came on thursday from the press service of the russian company gazprom from august 31 to 3 days

for scheduled maintenance, and it becomes the last gas compressor turbine in accordance with the technical documentation of siemens, every thousand hours must be carried out maintenance of the unit, which includes inspection of the casing for cracks. potholes, deformations, burn spots, cleaning, body inspection of oil systems, providing air for the removal of combustion gases, for leaks, drawing connections, eliminating the causes of leaks, checking the operation of safety valves and adjusting the air flow control system. thus, the pumping of russian fuel through the nord stream gas pipeline will stop completely for the time being and not through the fault of russia, because another turbine after repair in canada to gazprom officially in compliance with all the formalities of the contract. so they returned, the brand new nord stream-2 with brand new turbines, the germans

also do not want to put into operation about european throwing mikhail antonov on the news that on august 31, the only working turbine of the nord stream will be on prevention, which will last until september 2 , inclusive gas in europe immediately rose by $200 to $2,700 per 1,000 cubic meters, however, even $2,500 was practically not lifting. so, it can be said that nothing has changed with exactly the same result chancellor-scholz went to norway for a week, thought to find additional volumes, the norwegians said that they no longer had fuel, and did not appear. that's how polite refusal and disappointment sounds like norway really delivers the maximum that we can provide and we were able to increase this figure compared to the original figures. i am very grateful to the norwegian government and to you for showing so quickly a willingness to expand production capacity and to push to the limit what

is technically possible at the end of august schol will plan on a photo of happiness in canada but sharply from below degrees. the chancellor fails to please the population, and this has consequences for meeting with citizens. decided courage. it's hard to hear yourself. i am glad to all those who came to listen, ask, discuss, express their opinion , many came to shout. 37% of citizens are dissatisfied with schulz and 44 more in the fall can join them reasons, but most importantly, there are too few signs that the chancellor controls anything at all and can influence something. how much light and heat will cost in mishanin's newspapers and figures that not a day, then a new forecast, worse than the previous one from the last newspaper. spiegel also reports that people living

in their own houses built according to old technologies, that is, without modern thermal insulation , will pay 12,000 euros in utility bills this year, even for the german middle class. this is a cosmic amount. and it's calculated. she, coming from from 25 cents per kilowatt hour. this is generally where such prices are now, a kilowatt hour costs about 29 cents in berlin, but on wednesday. i'm a million and a half more. residents of the city received such a notification from the whatman company. valya is an electricity supplier that from october 1 the price will rise to 33 cents, it is still too early to draw conclusions. it is better to wait for some final scores to compare them with last year. and we will certainly do this somewhere closer to the end of november, but here there is one more news, which they themselves call good. the fact is that the increase could have been more radical, but on july 1, the federal government canceled the tax on renewable energy support, which was wired into the cost of each kilowatt-hour, but for decades the germans

supported it, but it did not work good news. but, perhaps, after all, the very much belated american publication of cases on this matter is somehow quite pessimistic and deadly winter is the result of europe's own energy experiment, a combination of utopian climate inflation initiatives. reduction us fossil fuel production and reluctance to buy russian oil or natural gas could lead to the deaths of several hundred thousand people across the continent this winter, attempts to replace traditional energy with green sources have proved disastrous. attention, for example, spent $150 billion on renewable energy in its own version of the green new deal only to face some of the world's highest energy prices in an absurd situation. starts to reach to the german government and however, this does not prevent him from acting somewhat inconsistently. what is facilitated by the presence in the coalition of the greens, they are now pouring out recipes and savings from one curiosity of another premierbachtenberg. rechman clearly jumped ahead

of his party comrade khabik, suggesting not to take a shower at all, wipe yourself with a wet cloth, but these are trifles in a big way, ministers. the economies are out of reach. this is with the filing of his departments in the fall, among other things, they will begin to pay a gas fee of 200-300 euros per family, which will go to support import companies. from khabik's salary to drobin's elephant, and the rest must endure. it will be politically literate. all measures have consequences, in some cases this means additional difficulties for the population, but this is how we become. they are less prone to interference, which means that the estate is dependent on russia in matters of energy supply. we are becoming more independent and confident in matters of foreign policy and security. take a habik, take a barebook and swap them and her to the ministry of economy, and nothing will change in his ministry of foreign affairs. they specialists of the widest profile know everything, but not exactly, faced with a clear misunderstanding of the voters, the government decided to maneuver by

reducing the value added tax for power engineers from 19:00 to 7%. which, in theory , should compensate the germans for the gas fee, that is, to block the bad news, the good news almost came to the conclusion. what in sum, all the measures taken still go to the minus, the population. expect an increase in costs. the truth is that a coalition that constantly talks about help is already expensive the artificial energy of the even more expensive policy of western sanctions is exacerbating the impact on inflation by ditching russian oil, increasing the overall uncertainty in world energy markets as a result of the economic war. against russia, all energy prices are skyrocketing according to the federal statistical office industrial inflation in germany in july rose by 5.3% at once and amounted to more than 30 families in annual terms in the office, which has not been seen in the forty- ninth year when it was organized the production of the final product, which the

germans are so proud of, requires high energy costs and difficult logistics. a simple example of this week in slovakia , the production of aluminum stopped and did not pull the bill. now the germans have to buy this metal, the key automotive industry, somewhere in third countries in russia or china, the alternative is more expensive and longer. closing production or exporting from the country in the direction of cheap resources, while leaving millions without work, the industrial center of europe is threatened, potentially flight as manufacturers germany's auto parts and steel chemicals are struggling with electricity prices skyrocketing to new highs almost every day . in general, uncertainty is always bad for investment, and this is what hinders growth in germany, while it is noteworthy that it is germany, and sometimes together with it and france, that its neighbors in the european union can put on a par with russia

or china to add to the same list of those who are to blame for everything, poland traditionally hunts for this more actively than the rest, and the internal policy of the ruling nationalists is also a failure. the more they need subsidies. the eu all the more fantastic claims this time distinguished the head of the national banks. lapinsky, if earlier it was about the merger of the german states or the absorption of the gdr, that is, the former soviet occupation zone, then from the moment this task was completed, we are talking about the return in one form or another of their former lands, which are now within the polish borders in germany, exactly such an idea of ​​\u200b\ u200bbalance in europe of the future has developed for berlin, it is important that in such a scenario russia does not lose in ukraine, otherwise the project will collapse if it has come to this, then most likely in the national bank. poland has no money at all, but brussels does, but it does not want to give 35 billion tranche for post-covid recovery frozen due to bad behavior

according to the prime minister of marovets, the franco-german intrigues are not otherwise the right of the strong. but this problem is solvable, at least from the point of view of the hungarian prime minister, viktor urban stated last week that as a result of the current crisis in europe, the strong are possible at all. will not remain after the end of the war in ukraine, the eu will be weaker than before the war. while other countries and regions will win, firstly, the west can not win the war in ukraine by military means. secondly, the sanctions did nothing to destabilize thirdly, their damage to europe is huge fourthly, the world did not line up behind the usa and ukraine most of the world defiantly does not support them chinese indians brazilians, south africa arab world africa it is quite possible that this war will put an end to domination. the west is clearly not being tortured by urban. no offended complexes and phantom pains associated with the lost values, which are already brown in the fields, urban is hungary and there are enough of them. and if, as now, there is not enough gas