living abroad is here a and. uh, a very important fiscal measure is introduced separately for each six months of stay abroad, the traveler must pay 250 rubles to the treasury. and in those days - this is more than a solid amount. let me remind you that here is some kind of ordinary official , uh, the characters of fyodor mikhailovich dostoevsky before uh, petrashevites. uh, to ah hard labor, uh, they live on an annual salary of about 300 rubles. that is, in this regard, the contribution of 250 rubles. for half a year, many. uh, including, for example, moscow intellectuals perceived almost as taboo. uh, including all other travel expenses. yes, it is true that a special clause is introduced, which is very important and is often overlooked, as well. uh, there is a stipulation that if a traveler, uh, goes abroad for medical treatment, then in this

case he must pay only 50 rubles to the treasury. and it is worth noting that almost all, uh, the main intellectual figures who travel to europe, including their previous time, travel officially for the purpose of treatment, so for example, even alexander ivanovich herzen when he leaves russia in the forty-seventh year, officially the papers say that ivan sergeevich also regularly travels for treatment for treatment, so it’s important to understand that after all, this is the money that the party usually pays. she pays 50 rubles. at the very beginning, the reign of alexander ii - this pushin will be cancellation a and will be, a total five-ruble duty will be introduced, and which, by the way, will be signed in detail, where it will be indicated that 50 kopecks. paid for form a itself and 4 1/2 applies to the pension fund. why all of a sudden such an indulgence

throughout the second half of the 19th century in europe this is in many respects just, uh, the weakening of the passport regime. uh, the expansion of freedom of movement for e russia is in many ways also worth noting that the issuance of passports is drastically simplified. uh, the second half of the fifties will become the famous russian noble invasion of europe and even from the correspondence of russian writers you can see, if we open the letters, there are fifty-six fifty-seven, then almost everyone travels somewhere. this is the opened europe is worth noting that it is not just opened europe here arises. uh, the new situation of convenient travel. e expansion of e, communication, railway. which is especially the sixties, and in most cases you

need to get an entry stamp, often you get it just at the border, uh, and further when crossing borders, generally speaking, formally. uh, when you move from one european state to another, you also have to visa your documents with the local consul or ambassador, this is not very strong the control network is observed, sufficiently discharged. uh, including even uh towards the end of the 19th century. ah, an indication of personal traits. uh, very few documents. uh, if you remember, again, here are the stories associated, for example, with the same people's will, otherwise, uh, the constant story that one passes his passport to another, but there are no fixed features in the document. uh, those papers are easy enough to circulate. uh, in some cases, uh, the government of the russian empire does not recommend e to its subjects. eh, it turns out

or elsewhere. e, for example, e. hmm forbids and orders to return, and for young girls who go to study in switzerland, uh, actually, it is undesirable to write is worth noting to someone i gingerbread is combined, because on the one hand this non-gynalist influx to a swiss university, because switzerland is in this moment a very cheap country and a very cheap education, ah, that is, with the passage and residence of switzerland uh for uh, a young girl in uh. at the turn of the 60s. it's cheaper than studying petersburg, therefore, many people choose zurich or bases there from the point of view that if you are from stambova or penza, generally speaking for money, this is a more economical option than if you want to do it in st. petersburg and this is one story, this is a on the other on the other hand, at the same time, the russian empire establishes a higher women's course, that is, we are talking about the fact that those who are forbidden to study at

swiss universities. there is an opportunity to continue your education already within the limits of the russian empire, but there was some kind of turning point when mobility begins to clearly limit freedom of movement. e, very strong in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. the development of various means of communication also plays here. a. at the same time, for russian travelers, there is still a problem related to money, because for most of the 19th century russia had a credit ruble. uh, famous at saltykov-shchedrin. yes, the moment of another hesitation, when he declares that this is what they give for the ruble, i don’t remember how many fenings there are. uh, the real trouble will happen when behind the ruble will start to give in the face, huh? accordingly, here, uh, russian travelers differ from european ones in that they have, uh, a constant problem,

just with money, but they are forced to. in general, uh, take certain transfers to european banks. they are forced to follow the course, but by the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. and this problem disappears. uh, since the gold ruble is being introduced. and this freedom of movement. uh, she becomes so universal in memories. uh, then already the old well-known comprehension of history, when he reminisces about how before the first world war. he travels around europe as a young man, he is such a rather universal moment, when he receives , uh, the passport describes sewing himself up, i don’t remember, either in a belt, or in a style. the world is completely golden. yes, in the russian case, these are the very golden rubles. actually, it is sent somewhere by a

third-class train somewhere on foot. e through france to italy and beyond. strictly speaking, where the eyes look in most cases. uh, hmm not showing documents or showing them. uh, purely, from afar in the sense that he has such. eh, here. this is such a fairly typical situation. world war i. everything will change here. uh, the first world war in many ways created a standard situation of already possessing individual identification documents, all kinds of defecation passport cards. and the first world war, including due to huge mass movements. uh, create a visa practice that we are familiar with to this day, these visas are pasted into passports. uh, moving borders visa control. uh, this is all uh, what will clearly appear exactly as the lady of the first world in this sense, here is the world , uh, cross-border uh movement, which we are

familiar with to this day - this is the world after 1914. thank you. andrey teslya was with us. freedom of movement in modern europe is associated with the name of one person who died this week without mikhail gorbachev there would be no erasing of borders, in general it is difficult to guess. how much longer the continent would remain divided by the iron curtain , we see now that many of this, it turns out arranges. but then they sought to remove the barriers to build a pan-european house that mikhail sergeevich wanted to build turned out to be a utopia. but it was an honest proposal to create another world together and on an equal footing gorbachev did not think that his country would have to fit into someone else's design. they draw together with the main partners, the new mikhail gorbachev lost, but did not win, and those who considered themselves smarter, more cunning than the soviet president,

otherwise the world and europe would not be now where they are and where they are from yet i wonder where they will get? it was an international review. see you soon. thinking about moving to a bigger apartment? find it on the site domclick domclick is the number one real estate service in russia in terms of the number of ads for the sale of apartments, and also a discount on a mortgage when buying an apartment or house, domclick is the number one real estate service, two titans tele2 and xiaomi time were all their thoughts minutes. they decided to betray a new meaning, you can change the minutes to a discount and profitable to buy xiaomi smartphones any minute is equal to two rubles, this is the first time in the whole world

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ukraine is still home this is a column of refugees who first left the liberated territories, they are returning there. we definitely don’t need fragments from ukraine, another museum. berdyansk exhibition of russian wanderers. more precisely, what was left of her. if you come closer, look at how many lives in the lower part , historical justice has nevertheless been restored brodsky's canvas has finally returned to the hall. now will be good. there is optimism. there is, of course, this new history is taking place in our city.

along the black-and-white grass road mariupol amputated the words on the skeletons of dolphins and cows in the smoke, burnt unspoken words. let freedom ring all the bells, mariupol, the city of masha without a hand, death is killed, a new path is marked. what is culture? this chorus is one grandmother singing another. i, too, a grandmother, i took and sang, how can i katyusha where the slopes are, having ironed out the enemies, we finally went ashore katyusha to look at the severskaya donets

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and the main event to this minute in our news release, the general staff of the ukrainian troops, officially admitted that the all forces were attacked in the energodar area. where is the zaporozhye nuclear power plant, it will no longer be possible to deny the obvious kiev