with the help of tugs, let me remind you that on thursday the strait was blocked by the dry cargo ship lady sigma, which was carrying ukrainian corn to italy in moscow, they are treating it with the former president of the soviet union mikhail gorbachev, the ceremony began at that moment in the columned hall of the house of the unions , gorbachev will be buried in the novodevichy cemetery next to his wife raisa maksimovna as he wanted mikhail gorbachev died on august 32 after a serious and prolonged illness, he was 91 years old, a threat to nuclear safety, a visa, as a privilege and a way pressure and aggravation in the middle east, which is gaining more and more weight in the new political conditions, an analysis of the main world news for this week. watch the international review in the program. hello on air international review in the studio of fyodor lukyanov today in the program of the international review events of the week of chronicles comments nuclear safety new

challenges. what is the danger of dismantling the system of restrictions on the materials of our program? europe lowers the iron curtain, the visa-free regime is canceled and other european difficulties. rehearsal of the civil war heraklivia again engulfed in fire report of our program. whether it's hot or not, 22 discharges have brought autumn to be no less nervous than previous times this year, until august. we were not on the air in a new phase the confrontation between the usa and china has passed all the prerequisites for a clash the question has been created when and in what form the further transformation of the world is a series of acute international crises with the participation of the leading powers of those who are equipped to the maximum with the consequences of war

let us hope that none of them will lose the sense of the line that must not be crossed. a regular review conference on the treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons ended in new york the other day, but it was not possible to adopt a final document for the first time, however. the nuclear non- proliferation treaty entered into force on march 5 , 1970. since then, it has been signed by almost all states of the world with the exception of israel, india, pakistan and the dprk, the document was developed by the un disarmament committee to limit the circle of holders nuclear weapons and exclude the possibility of their use. meow legalized the nuclear arsenal of russia, great britain, china, the united states and france and secured the status of nuclear powers for these countries. the state pledged not to transfer nuclear technology to other

parties. and those, in turn, do not create or acquire weapons of mass destruction, while the agreement secured the right of the participating countries to study the production and use of the atom for peaceful purposes. today, the implementation of obligations is monitored by the international atomic energy agency, and the effect of the treaty is achievement. challenges and threats in the field of nuclear disarmament are discussed at the review conference of the day every 5 years the main goal is to adopt a final statement that would be approved by all participating countries over the past almost 30 years, such a document was adopted only twice in 2000 and 2010, and at the conference ninety fifth year , it was decided to extend the contract indefinitely due to the covid-19 pandemic. the 10th anniversary conference of the day was postponed. it took place in august this year in new york with the participation of a delegation of more than

100 states, as well as the heads of international organizations, the un secretary general antonio gudesha and the director general of the magat. raphael grapes. the conference lasted almost a month, but ended without a final document. the delegates could not agree on the regulation on nuclear facilities in ukraine, in particular at the zaporozhye npp the reason for insurmountable differences was the crisis around the zaporozhye npp the largest nuclear power plant in europe the situation is literally unprecedented territorial contradictions are not a new phenomenon, just like armed conflicts because of them , but there were no cases of an object of similar technological complexity and danger in the center. moreover, it also moved from one jurisdiction to another through hostilities, it requires rules of conduct that would go beyond the confrontation, no matter how the parties

relate to each other, and it’s not just a specific collision that war has returned to world politics as a way to resolve disputes. so this could happen elsewhere as well. according to yours with our good comrade anton cotton head of the center energy and security. hello anton. uh, how do we feel about the fact that the review conference in new york ended in nothing? this is some kind of threat to the day or, in fact, such a routine with those political attitudes, er, with which a number of states came. e to new york to reach. eh, it was almost impossible to agree on the final document. in my opinion. this was especially evident in the last of the four weeks of the event. well, uh, everyone, of course, refers to ukraine as a reason, it is clear that the oldest contradiction is practically irreconcilable, but at the same time, after all, the impending failure

of the conference. we talked long before it even started. that is, it turns out that ukraine is rather a reason they are the reasons. actually, in your answer. eh, your question contains the answer. and 2 years ago, when the conference. it was planned for the 20th year, but practically all the experts, yes, and the official representatives informally said what to achieve. uh result to agree on the final document. it would take a miracle the differences were extremely wide. let me remind you that the us has withdrawn from st. petersburg has withdrawn from the so-called iranian deal. but over the five-year cycle of the conference, which the language of the species turned into a seven-year one from an agreement with the md and the united states laid down in the fundamental documents, and the one, but the thesis that they would not ratify the agreements with a comprehensive security, there were a number of others, but negative factors

that, according to opinion of experts, and i was in solidarity with them, but they make it impossible to adopt a document. it seems to me that the factor of ukraine is a number of states. uh, tried to use order to cover up those other disagreements that largely arose because of them for internal political reasons or for external political ones, but a fact, but nevertheless, the situation around the zaporizhzhya npp is of course extremely alarming and kind of unique, there has never been such an object in the zone military operations. eh, and of course, something needs to be done. uh, all the more so, because, most likely, a similar situation in world politics can be repeated, because the military forces are now back. and what do you think? is it possible hmm well, is it possible to push aside acute contradiction and try to agree on some rules of conduct. these are the situations,

i would like to hope so, eh? there are signals that, probably, first of all in washington, to a lesser extent in europe, there are people who are seriously concerned about what is happening around the zaporizhzhya station, according to my observations, just at the review conference every day in new york, and the united states tried to publicly not support, but the statement of the ukrainian side that it is allegedly russia that is shelling the station, which it already controls and those documents that were adopted and which were presented by a number of states at the conference on behalf of dozens of countries, and often primarily western countries, where the united states was present, they were presented, as a rule, by europeans. the united states tried to distance itself from this. and in this regard. again, one can mention the blatant document that was presented on the last day of the conference, but

let me remind you that it was strange that the conference gathered to discuss non-proliferation of disarmament. peacefully uses atomic energy so that's it, uh band countries, you can probably call them in striped swimsuits, but they submitted documents with 14 points, and one point listed countries, one point said that the treaty did not spread the cornerstone of international security, but 12 others, but contained various attacks on russia here with such and by narrative, the countries e participated in a conference where it was planned to discuss a wide range of issues in the field of distribution that arose over a five years, and therefore, u, there is an impression that u in europe u with europe in the foreseeable future it will be difficult to talk about this topic. at the same time, there are sane, sensible people in washington who understand both the threat and the risks associated with the zaporozhye station in the long term. what did you say, and for

me, for example, it is surprising that such countries as south korea clap their hands and support such documents, they do not condemn, and the shelling that is being carried out at the station, although there are dozens on the territory of south korea, and military power reactors the political situation in the region is extremely difficult, and despite this, south korea documents are supported, so i would like to see developed principles, and which countries followed. but it seems that we are still far from what even such an official dialogue means, but ideas to develop in this regard, of course, the time has come. or even we are late for him, since the risks associated with military operations or, let's say, shelling of dangerous nuclear facilities, they are certainly great, and the questions are a complete layman, but in general, any nuclear power plant is not specific, in general, how much it is with its design and construction of this kind of risks

are foreseen by modern stations being designed. this is based on the fact that a large passenger plane can fall on them and that the station can withstand such incidents, but uh stations are not designed for system ones. yes, uh, military attacks, but at the same time, a station. this is not only a nuclear power unit, it is an accompanying storage facility. here, nuclear fuel, irradiated nuclear fuel , radioactive materials, so there is a whole range of risks, and associated with the operation any nuclear hazardous facility, and even more so a nuclear hazardous facility that is under regular regular shelling, how rich, as an institution, as a structure, generally speaking, is equipped to operate in such circumstances. well, i mean, not technically, but let's say politically, and there is no mandate

for kumagata to stop. and the military operations or shelling of the zone, but of a nuclear hazardous facility and my understanding of the current visit of the iaea to the zaporozhye station is, first of all holding. and inspections under warranty, because. e, ukraine undertook obligations that the zaporozhye station will be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and on average once a year inspectors a and b in the past a and. ah, in the present, but he comes to check that it is really the fuel that is at the taturan station, it is used exclusively for the production of electricity and nothing more. therefore, this, in my opinion, is one of the key segments of that visit, which today e continues on on zaporizhzhya and, in fact, why, among other things, the inspectors stayed because it takes time, and to check, and that there are no deviations

from the obligations that the state had, but, in addition to this, the iaea also proposed, e, to assess the situation in the field of nuclear safety and what kind of damage the station has, the station is potential, but the shelling that took place was inflicted, but this is not the function that, in accordance with the mandate of the iaea, should be performed here on a daily basis. probably, one should also think in the future. if, uh, situations like this happen, what can maggots do? what is the mandate. thank you, anton khlopkov was with us. the last review at the conference of the day in 2015 also ended inconclusively, then they did not agree on a nuclear zone in the middle east, this region is now somewhat in the shade, but it does not stop reminding of itself just raged in iraq and libya in

both capitals clash and casualties. after the assassination of murakadafi in october 2011, libya ceased to exist as a single state for several years. chaos reigned, well, in august 2014, islamist militants from the city of misrata united in a tribal union called the libyan dawn and captured the capital ; , where they formed their parliament, the house of representatives and their government, supported by the un and the european union, international structures. they tried to reconcile opponents in december 2015 , a government of national unity was created in morocco by a new fies was appointed premier. the locusts in eastern libya were opposed by the army of the rebellious general

khalifautor, who declared war back in 2014. both the islamic groups in tripoli and the islamic state tried several times to take tripoli, but failed to attempt to resolve the libyan crisis, they were made repeatedly both at the un level and by individual countries, but the author and saraj did not reconcile in berlin or geneva. they simply refused to see each other and sit down at the negotiating table in february 2021 at the next forum interlyrian dialogues in switzerland saraj. changed abdel. hamid biyba was expected to have an interim government pending the holding of a common national parliamentary and presidential election in libya in december 2021. well, the vote never took place. iraq and libya are completely different countries, but with a similar recent past, baghdad, under hussein

and tripoli prekadafi, was suspected of secret work on weapons of mass destruction, not without reason. behaved differently in hd saddam hussein decided to play in the usa and finished the game executed arkadafi's mother preferred frank confession. well, it did not save, lynched both regimes were destroyed by external interventions with an interval of 8 years in both countries, stable power and statehood did not arise, but instead of democracy, for the sake of which autocrats were crushed to rule. now new strong hands. now there are more of them, but the order, respectively, is less. the forty-eight-year-old leader of the iraqi shiites became known back in 2004, when he formed a military organization, the army, the mahdi, and raised an armed rebellion against the forces of the international

coalition in the holy shiite city of nejov, then the head of the us administration in iraq, paul bremer , outlawed the siege, but the americans could not suppress his uprising and compromised. they left the siege alone. having given him the entire southeast on the boat, he could then besieger a native of a respected shey family, with whom the authorities in baghdad are considered in may 2016, he, in alliance with the iraqi communists, organized anti-government demonstrations in baghdad to force the prime minister. al-abbade, fulfill the promise to combat corruption. he harshly criticizes washington at every opportunity and openly opposes iranian interference in the affairs of iraq. at the same time, he builds bridges with saudi arabia in 2017, he visited saudi arabia, where he met with hereditary principle mohammed bin salman and tried to mediate in resolving the differences between reyyad and tehran in october last year, sadra

and his supporters won the parliamentary elections, but were unable to form a government without the participation of their opponents, supported by iran then the asadra bloc left the parliament and demanded its dissolution, but to no avail. the role of the near and middle east in the new international situation is growing and it is no longer an object of influence of external forces, but a set of subjects with their own interests and capabilities, and they will play more and more independent parties, which the big powers will have to take more and more seriously for russia in the current context. this opportunity only needs to be used correctly, in addition to political upheavals, the space from western to south asia facing other circumstances is the truly irresistible force from pakistan, our regular contributor asim al rama. his house was destroyed by water; the

boy does not have a tent, and he is forced to huddle in ruins. he does not know what will happen next and he is very scared. i'm afraid of water, there is a lot of it here alone in pakistan, millions of women and children were affected by the floods, the provinces of billujistan were most affected , and sins followed by khyber, pakhtunkhwa and pijab millions of houses crops were destroyed, people were destroyed, people are looking for help the brink of a food crisis. we have received great support from the international community of friendly and fraternal. to us countries, their representatives build houses, provide us with food or medicines, their charter flights arrive in the disaster zone, their

medical teams and mobiles work. we thank all our friends for their help. than earlier, and in summer, the secret of glaciers in the mountains leads to the flooding of rivers because of this, frequent floods causing damage to the inhabitants of the place? pakistan is going through a serious climate catastrophe one of the worst in recent decades. for us, it's like a grandiow, we're on the front lines, where we are confronted by weather disasters, crazy heat, flash floods, melting glaciers and monstrous usons. the whole country was plunged into incessant chaos. because of this, millions of people have lost their homes and are forced to live in tents, various non-governmental and charitable organizations work independently of each other and act at their own peril and risk. and people say that the state has not provided and

no help. some organizations help us give us some food, but it is not enough from the government. we haven't received anything yet. our home was badly damaged. we rescued our animals. they are the main source of our income in this difficult time. we all support each other's damage. it has not yet been calculated, but according to preliminary estimates, it will be about $10 billion . these are millions of houses, hundreds of kilometers, roads, destroyed bridges and other structures, the country has been hit by the elements more than once, but now pakistan is in great financial difficulty and is asking for help from other countries in the world. millions of people are affected by the floods at the moment. we are in an area where the water has risen 10 feet. all houses are flooded, and crops are destroyed - all this is a loss of the pakistani economy, which will recover for a long time

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if south asia is flooded, then in europe the opposite attack is drought and shallowing of the rivers, our regular author alexandra popova about the summer problems of poland and germany . this is real paralysis. almost everything is transported along the rhine, building materials such as sand and gravel. we have chemical products, oil, coal, containers, and everything you need. you can imagine in them. the problem of the water level in rome has existed for years, but this time the drought, perhaps especially unpleasant, due to the

lack of gas from russia, and germany was going to switch to coal-fired power plants. the problem is that the main transport of coal goes along the river and the low water level threatens the supply of raw materials for power plants. here the indicator shows that there can be a maximum of 6 m 40 cm in the rhine. at the moment, water, below the 5 m water mark , vision, especially little along with the river's narrowing kaubie close to frankfurt here it has decreased to 5-10-6 cm. this is half as much. than a month ago , the movement of heavy sheep was suspended. if the water level drops below 5-10 cm, all transport on the river will stop. some ferries have already suspended work for the residents of the irey region , this problem is the nearest bridge across the river is 70 km away, so you have to work hard to get to the other side in this part is very rocky , while in other places there is only sand. so

sand is not a problem for ships. and here are the rocks the problem is marriage, we do not have enough fuel, because it is not tankers that transfer it, but barges that go along the rhine, then it is taken to a gas station due to lack of water. in the river, traffic is stopped. such a simple path sometimes takes several weeks. it seems that i am the situation in other european countries in serbia, the kadunai dried up so much that the sunken ships of the second world war were exposed in poland, the water level dropped to 38 cm, and on the lake where the water level was higher, the water turned out to be spoiled a lot of fucking fish and farmers problems with watering crops. this is an ecological disaster. we have not seen anything like this, even in the polish people's republic there have not been such droughts, which will be a big problem for industrial enterprises that use river water for cooling. even french nuclear reactors are running out of water. this reduces the development of

electricity and provokes an increase in prices for it in the end. everyone will feel this on their wallet alexander popov especially for international review. between poland and germany also aggravated another historical and political problem, yaroslav kachinsky from the law and justice party announced that warsaw was deliberately seeking more than a trillion euros in reparations from berlin for the second world war against the backdrop of what is happening in the european economy, it's time to put pressure on it. artist and evbranka europe of the new stone age the man from the cave says to another and what are you doing? come on, take it back inside. where does such extravagance come from, as in the 20th century a drawing from croatia is called the modern european diogenes 2022 an unusual approach to

renaissance. oh, let's get the dutchman bass van der pumped, shot, and the prospect of the nord stream gas pipeline, judging by the picture, it's not clear. how can this end a little at all, and according to miguel morales, the reasons for the crisis are written on the boomerang sanctions against russia dialogues in the dark chip god what happened asks the person. yes, you just banned all gasoline cars says another, and then everyone put their electric cars on charge at the same time. the european union agreed. cancel the simplified visa regime with russia the proposal of the baltic and north european countries completely ban the issuance of visas to russian citizens did not pass, but to receive entry permits. now it will be more difficult, more expensive and longer, and a number of service states will stop altogether, the starters do not let foreigners in. the sovereign prerogatives of

each country are formally everything in its own right, just as we have the right to draw conclusions about such hospitable neighbors, but the visa issue has been more than 20 years an instrument of eu policy in about russia, when estonian prime minister kaia kallas says that visiting europe is a privilege, in fact, she repeats the approach of european officials. it’s just that they don’t formulate it directly, but the idea that access must be earned in the old world has always been present negotiations on the abolition of visas between russia and the eu have been going on for more than 20 years for the first time they seriously started talking about it in the 2000s because of the status of the kaliningrad region after the collapse of the ussr, it turned into ex-clave, separated from the main russian territory, to get there a passport was required if you do not fly by plane, therefore, in august 2002, the president of russia offered to give europeans and russians

freedom. travel from the perspective of visa abolition for all. at the summit in the hague. in 2004, for the first time, a roadmap appeared for the common space of freedom , security and justice. truth. with the abolition of visas, there was no hurry, only 3 years later the so-called visa-free dialogue was officially launched. and that later the visa facilitation agreement came into force from that moment on, russians could continuously stay in the eu for 90 days. in addition, a time limit was set for visas from 10 to 30 days, and in emergency cases only 3 days, the simplified regime applied to entrepreneurs, journalists, scientists , student athletes and some other categories of citizens, the agreement did not apply to great britain, ireland and denmark, and only diplomats could do without visas in december

2011 year, sides. finally, they approved a list of joint steps towards visa-free travel for ordinary citizens, according to the russian side. all the conditions were met, but the european union was in no hurry, and in the spring of 2014 , after the events in ukraine, it suspended dialog. true, the visa facilitation agreement continued to operate until recently . this week, eu ministers decided to denounce it in practice. this means an increase in the cost of a visa to 80 euros and taken away. i have a visa issuance period of up to six months, a single schengen visa , most likely, will be given strictly according to the dates of the trip. one of the customs of european foreign policy is the principle of conditionality linking different issues, so anything from human rights to duties could emerge in visa negotiations for round timber after 2004, the principle of

conditionality arises with these i agree. moreover , the conditions from ten new countries, where poland played the leading violin at that time, is clear. she also continues to play now, but already as part of an orchestra. uh, vysehrad, balts and so on. uh, so uh, the conditioning was that, yes, we are willing to go for some relief, but in the event that among these, if there was a mission nearby, uh, god of many european countries, including, like the country of austria, that the european union may be overwhelmed by a wave of refugees. there was something politically conditioned. if not in second, then in third place, brussels did not put. it is the political conditionality of the light regime that comes to the fore. e with russia, putting in the first place the protection of its

borders from illegal, e, migration. uh, the preservation of its e migratory sovereignty from its autonomy in these. yes questions. e opportunities for behavior change to increase theft, probably to a greater extent. it was typical. uh, for start. uh, the noughties, we will also talk about the nineties, uh, which at that time were not related to issues of facilitating the visa regime. freedom of movement is tourism and the promotion of humanitarian cultural. business ties are things that bring concrete income. when russia sought a visa-free regime with the eu, it was meant, first of all, that european politics is by no means alien to the benefit, but they are used to packing it into an idea on a

value shell. how exactly should russia change in order to expand the corridor to europe if in the zero years they still agreed? maybe the truth everything would have gone differently among the holders of passports. well, let's estimate 145 million. 20-30 million, probably, the owners have 5 million schengen visas for the nineteenth year, but it's just uh, at least not everyone who received visas traveled understood c21 year will be deleted from mutual trips due to covid, if we assume , but that moscow achieved its goal and after the new year some certain circumstances happened and the european union would go for a visa-free exchange. well, maybe it wouldn't be 5 mil if we will assume that all of you citizens who have received visas have gone. uh, entry. well, let's consider a

hobby of 10-20%. in general, a miracle would not happen, it's a pity, wonderful, you always want to. to europe in the 19th century , at a time when russia became an organic part of european politics and culture, let's talk about this by the wonderful philosopher and historian andrei tesei andrei what was needed for the russian empire filed in order to go to europe foreign passport. uh, usually enough highly hierarchical solution? well, for example, i remind you that even when a traveler, for example, from moscow to st. petersburg in the same nikolaev era, even the internal passport was signed by the moscow governor-general, respectively, uh, then the visa procedure begins. that is , uh. if you are going to travel abroad, then you must contact the embassy, ​​or even the

country. where are you going? and as a rule, in the first half of the 19th century, this is a procedure. so already purely formal. from at least literature, i do not remember in relation to the first half of the xix century, any problematic situations of any questions. uh, ovizirovanie passport. i remind you that e especially in relation to the first half of the xix century, and this epoch where e is not e that we then even at the end of the xix century. let's call it tourism one way or another. uh, the movement is fairly limited. uh, all the more so, such a solid movement with a passport and the like is a limited number of people doing this , moreover, and i would emphasize that it is difficult procedure. the issuance of a passport is also connected with that. well

, travel is quite limited. and this is a big trip. and this is a long journey, a trip for a long time in the charter on passports, it is not by chance that the terms are stipulated for which that is, if you are going, if you receive a passport, for example, to france or germany, then the charter, and the passports separately says that for the nobles the validity of the passport is up to 5 years of overseas travel. that is, uh, it is assumed here that, in principle, if you are going to go from moscow at all, uh, to paris or london uh what is it, at least a trip for six months? yes, probably more such trips are often undertaken once in a lifetime. that is, you go for several years, you develop a route. well, for example, which gives the keys to e he e specially sacrifices part of his state, a completely conscious significant part, setting off from the twenty-third year in e, a trip abroad. e where he really travels a significant part of europe a and goes on a

trip literally. uh, including, uh, getting ready er, almost to the afterlife. that is, he sells his former library, and he balances all his affairs. and now he is leaving, because he is completely unaware when he will return, in what life he will return, what will actually happen in the twenty-sixth year 3 years later, and many even went, for example, under nikolai stick, when he controls issuance of passports, and this may look uh excessive redundant, and some kind of hyper uh, hypercontrol, and partly it is, but uh it is worth noting that uh, if we look at uh at all, the total number of well-to-do nobles, well soul-owners with uh, 1,000 or more souls who can more or less afford. e such long

trips abroad, then their number in the nikolaev era for the entire russian empire, and about four thousand people in this, and in terms of their pavlovich was purely. the opportunity to really consider and make a decision on each appeal within the framework of your work schedule. yes, if he was aiming for a mandatory rule after you issued passport, uh brought uh, there must be three publications in the newspapers, but that you are going on a trip. that is, you must officially notify the public of your departure. uh, in order for all your creditors to be able to, uh, sue, actually, they say you have to move out. uh, clean, or the creditors should signify that they don't mind at all. and when do the real restrictions on travel appear. the first famous restriction is the restriction of 1.631 years, and in 17351 nikolai pavlovich e,

approves the rules, according to which it is forbidden travel abroad, and to young noblemen. from 10 to 18 years is meant to prevent secondary education among the young nobility. uh, to uh, since at that time in the russian empire, including sergei semyonovich uvarov, he would later become one of the leaders of this policy, uh, it will be about the fact that young noblemen should receive basic education within the borders of the russian empire properly to be educated for this , a gymnasium system with classical languages ​​\u200b\u200bis created they can, for example, go and get an education, either to the university city within the russian empire, or already abroad. well, here is this part of the general reform. e education. and so, for example, i remind you that alexander sergeevich

pushkin, for example, writes a famous note in the twenty-sixth year. just again about the education on call nikolai pavlovich where he sharply opposes . the world of home education, uh, this is the fight against boarding schools established by french teachers - this is the fight against foreign education, where young russian nobles break away from their russian roots, and the second. e restriction is the restriction of the thirty-fourth year term. e, the stay for the nobles is limited to five years, that is, in order to prevent e constant absences. for other persons, by the way, the term is limited to three years, and we are talking about the fact that, for the extension, a separate correspondence is required. well , respectively, through the local embassy, ​​or through e, the persons appointed to this. but the european sedition of the russian authorities, how frightened the spring of the peoples, for example, there are european

the revolution of 1951 makes it clear that there are a number of european regimes. and in particular france have changed quite significantly. in this regard, in the fifty-first year it is clear that a rollback to the situation before the forty-eighth year will not happen. uh, in general, some new realities have come, and here, uh, hmm, petersburg is changing the rules and, firstly, the period of travel abroad is limited for e noblemen to two years, and the period of absence for non-nobles is one year, but in order to prohibit permanent residence for boundary here a and. uh, a very important fiscal measure is separately deduced for each six months of stay abroad, the traveler must pay 250 rubles to the treasury. and the way to them times is more than a solid amount. let me remind you that here is some kind of ordinary official, uh, the characters of

fyodor mikhailovich dostoevsky before uh, petrashevites before hard labor, they live on an annual salary of about 300 rubles. that is, in this regard, the contribution of 250 rubles. for half a year, many. e, including, for example, moscow intellectuals perceive practically like prohibitive e, taking into account all other travel expenses. yes, it is true that a special clause is introduced, which is very important and often overlooked, but there is a clause that if a traveler, uh, goes abroad for medical treatment, then in this case he must transfer only 50 rubles to the treasury. and it is worth noting that almost all, uh, the main intellectual figures who travel to europe, including the previous ones, travel officially for the purpose of treatment, for example, even alexander ivanovich herzen when

he leaves russia in 1947, the official papers say that ivan sergeevich also travels regularly for treatment, so it’s important to understand that after all, this is the money that the party usually pays. she pays 50 rubles. at the very beginning of the reign of alexander ii - this duty will be abolished, and there will be, a total five-ruble duty will be introduced. e, which, by the way, will be signed in detail, where it will be indicated that 50 kopecks. it is paid for the printing of the form itself a and 4.5 belong to the pension fund. why all of a sudden such an indulgence throughout the second half of the 19th century in europe this is in many respects precisely the relaxation of the passport regime. uh, roaming expansion . e for e russia in many ways it is also worth noting that the issuance of passports e is drastically

simplified. uh, the second half of the fifties will become the famous noble russian nest. you can see even in the correspondence of russian writers to europe. if we open the letters, there are 1956 and 1957, then almost everyone is traveling somewhere. this is from the opened europe is worth note that it is not just europe that has opened up here. uh, the new situation of convenient travel. e extension. uh, communications, railroad construction especially in the sixties, eh, eh in most cases. e. you need to get uh an entry stamp often. you get just at the border, and and further when crossing the border, generally speaking, formally. uh, when you move from one european state to another, you must, in the same way, also have your documents approved by the local consul, or the ambassador's network

of control is not very well respected, it is rather sparse. eh, including. and even in uh towards the end of the 19th century. ah, indications of personal traits. uh, very little in the documents. uh, if you remember, again, here are the stories connected, for example, with the same people's will, uh, then uh, the constant story that one passes his passport to another. uh, hmm in the document. no, especially fixed traits. uh, these documents are fairly easy to circulate, uh, in some cases. e, the government of the russian empire e does not recommend to his subjects. eh, it turns out to be in one place or another. e, for example, e. hmm forbids and orders to return, and for young girls who go to study in switzerland, uh, it’s undesirable to write, in fact, it’s worth noting in some kind of gingerbread, because on the one hand. this is not a diagnostic influx to

swiss universities, because switzerland at this moment is a very cheap country and very cheap. education, that is, with travel and residence in switzerland uh for uh, a young girl in at the turn 60-70 years - it's cheaper than studying, for example, in st. petersburg, so many choose zurich or basal there from the point of view that if you are from tambov or penza, generally speaking for money, this is a more economical option than if you want to do it in st. petersburg and this is one plot, but on the other hand, at the same time, the russian empire establishes a higher women's course, that is, we are talking about the fact that those who are forbidden to study at swiss universities. there is an opportunity to continue education already within the russian empire. and there was some kind of turning point, when mobility begins to clearly limit freedom of movement. eh, very strongly in e. in the second half of the 19th early 20th century. here plays and

development of all kinds of means of communication. and at the same time, for russian travelers, there is still a problem related to money, because for most of the 19th century russia had a credit ruble. uh, famous at saltykov-shchedrin. yes, uh, the moment of the next exchange rate fluctuation, when he declares that this is what they give for the ruble, i don’t remember how much there fenings. uh, in real trouble it will happen, when zarubel will be kicked in the face, and, accordingly, here uh hmm here uh, russian travelers differ from european ones in that they have a constant problem, just with money, but they are forced to. well, in general, take certain transfers to european banks. they are forced to follow the course, but by the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. and this problem disappears. uh, since the golden ruble is being introduced and

this freedom of movement, and it becomes so universal in memories. uh toinbe already an old well-known comprehension in history, when he recalls how before the first world war. as a young man he travels around europe , he is such a rather universal moment when he receives, uh, a passport, writes out and sews himself up. i don't remember whether it was in a belt or in the insole of a shoe. uh, northerners are golden. yes, in the russian case, these are the very golden rubles. actually, they go somewhere by train third class somewhere on foot. e through france to italy and beyond. as a matter of fact, where are the eyes, uh, look in the majority cases. uh, hmm not showing documents or showing them. e, purely, from afar in the sense that he has such. eh, here. this is such a fairly typical situation. first world

war. everything will change here. uh, the first world war is in many ways standard the situation is the possession of individual identification documents, all kinds of defecation cards, passports and the very first world war, including due to huge mass movements. uh will create the visa practice that we are familiar with to this day these visas stuck in passports. uh, moving borders visa control. uh, this is all uh, what will clearly appear exactly as the legacy of the first world war in this sense, this is the world uh, cross-border uh movements that we are familiar with to this day. this is the world after 1914. thank you. andrey tester was with us. freedom of movement in modern europe is associated with the name of one person who died this week without mikhail gorbachev there would be no erasing of borders, in general it is difficult to guess.

how long would the continent remain divided iron curtain we see now that many are satisfied with this. but then they sought to remove the barriers to build a pan-european house that mikhail sergeevich wanted to build turned out to be a utopia. but it was an honest proposal to create another world together and on an equal footing gorbachev never thought that his country would have to fit into someone else's design. they draw together with the main partners, the new mikhail gorbachev lost, but did not win, and those who considered themselves smarter, more cunningly realistic than the soviet president, otherwise the world and europe would not be where they are now and where else. where will they get? it was an international review. see you soon. i do,

but i don't know who my wife is. parma needs someone to protect her. you are mine.

and lord, form and limp with us a stronger reason, hold on. heart of parma

america well, what do we know about americans, if you want your child to be like you, they should return him to a regular school in america. i see that the standards are falling lower and lower teachers. they say that children need to be taught to distinguish the facts, and leftist ideas changed this approach in education to me; to teach children critical thinking; dangerous; they give just enough information so that they pass the exam

; them. they say that the history of america is only a history of oppression. we started to notice. the split in the minds of their children is indeed, they are taught to hate their lives.

air strikes on the zaporizhzhya npp is a planned action, so a member of the main council, vladimir rogov, was brought in the regional administration

, he is sure that in this way kiev is trying to show that russia is allegedly unable to ensure the safety of another shelling was recorded on saturday night, the dnieper power line was broken. in addition, rogov said that boats with ukrainian saboteurs were seen in the area of ​​​​the kakhovka reservoir. according to him, the landing attempt failed. ukrainian nationalists failed to break through the positions of russian paratroopers in the special operation zone, our military, using a drone, discovered a group of infantry that was preparing for the offensive, it was decided to open mortar fire. the paratroopers supported from the air, army aviation, thanks to coordinated actions, the breakthrough was thwarted, and the enemy suffered losses. artillery worked, so they had no chance tanks worked, our thirty worked hydroelectric power station that is, they were covered there, in my opinion, one and a half to two hours, they all lasted yes.