in soviet times, it was customary to say that they say, when russia spoke about constantinople there, these were some kind of tsarist fantasies. well, something like this, but now we see well why we see turkey's role in the current great food crisis. it was the turks who turned out to be, yes, uh, well, those who, but, in fact, there stood the origins of this grain deal. yes, who found a common language there with all the players, of course, of course, and because they are economically very strong, including tied to this is grain and they want to increase their role even more, and i repeat yes, 100 years ago, when they talked about the straits about constantinople, it was russian grain traders in the first place. these are those who sold, uh, the bread of little russia and novorossiya, and even to a greater extent it was on dew, because it was already drizzling at the beginning of the 20th century. refocused on the domestic market to a greater extent. but, on the contrary, it continued to be such an export region, so to speak, but a powerful region, so to speak. they said that e

turkey yes, maybe just this powerful stream cut off the export of bread at will in one day. and that it’s just for the economic future, but it’s impossible for russia to imagine that someone will sit on this switch, because i had it 100 years ago. it was comparable. well, relatively speaking with there, and our current gas pipelines there are the northern stream. yes, that is, it was so important breakthroughs. yes, that is, it shows how much this bread is its export. it's not an internal matter, it's some kind of uh there someone's business, but or some kind of over there conflicts between russia ukraine and so on. this is indeed a very powerful factor that is in the past. oh, i moved it, so to speak, well, there are crises of the army, i will repeat there the state, but on the other hand, we made every effort to ensure that this grain went where it went, of course, of course, and here it has to do with it, and we did. efforts to

ensure that it went and could give even more of this grain directly in this sense of the russian. and just the west, despite the formal terms of this deal, is in no hurry anymore to receive this grain for us, so that it reaches, for example, not only yes to the same european countries, but and to that same africa there damn, yes, because russia together with ukraine is 30%, uh, of world grain and russia in this sense here, well one of the main players is definitely. sasha thank you very much for an interesting story. chumaki and the pickles and kolomyians called the unique caste of ukrainians, who carried salt for several centuries in the middle ages, salt was the main flavoring seasoning and natural preservative chumaki they were transported from the crimean steppes from the shores of the sea of ​​\u200b\u200bazov and the black sea region to the central part of little russia of the volga region and even to the western regions of russia through the

steppes, salt was delivered along five well-traveled chuman roads, but the main guiding line was directly above the head of heaven. the milky way in ukraine is still called chuma helmets. a dude is a person of a special semi-military profession in the 16th-18th centuries the road was not only long, but also a dangerous merchant, cab driver and salt miner. and the warrior is all chumak rolled into one. why exactly chumak from where this word came from, some believe that this is how the tatars and turks called the driver, others are sure that the chumaks brought not only salt, but also a terrible disease of the middle ages, why, therefore, the chumaks say that during outbreaks of the epidemic, these workers from lviv did not throw fishing into their business traveled from head to toe, smeared with tar. why tar is not clear this story is more like a myth. well

, what is known is that the chumatsky business was quite profitable and, in fact, formed the little russian merchant class, as a class on the contrary way to the ports of the black and azov seas chumaks carried grain, the most popular commodity in ukraine in the 18th century. this fishery died out only in the second half of the 19th century, when shipping and transportation began to actively develop in novorossia. railways near the chumatsky path in the historical section of our program boots a pipe with sawdust a prayer book equipment a gun a spear and a saber, historian nikolai kostomarov called chumakov a reflection of mugashev chivalry and although they went to the shores of the black sea for salt in the days of ancient russia the mention of chumaks, as such, appears in the forties of the 16th century. the flourishing of this special

class of the little russian society. started in the second half of the eighteenth, these chumaks were to a large extent the descendants of sailors. they were not serfs as long as there was serfdom. it is clear that he was not used to a horse and weapons from childhood and a certain discipline in relation to the chieftains, who themselves chose this, betrayed it, but some special such features from native forces were plagued. the dudes left in may for nikola spring returned in october on the covers of the resourceful per season, they made three or four. the trips went along the left bank of the dnieper through the zaporizhzhya steppes to the perekup isthmus, they went in a convoy consisting of 40 to 100, as well. in each load of at least a ton, a couple or four shafts of slow-moving animals, but hardy and unpretentious, were harnessed when the chumaks were in their native villages. they have always taken the best care of their cattle. they gave her

the best food and cooked on the road and before the road. uh, hmm shafts. straw was rubbed on their way, so that they were so fluffy, and their horns were sometimes rubbed with the help of festive and elegant glass; it was this procession after buying salt, as a rule, they were taken to the chuman capital of starokonstantinov on khmelnichenna or kryukov today. this is the area of ​​kremenchuk and from there ataman sent the goods to the customer by the middle of the 19th century. chumaks were monopolists. in this market, annually exporting from the crimea up to 130,000 tons of salt at the end of the 18th century after the accession. e novorossiya. started hmm, that is, to remake these freaky ways into a real one acts. so to dig these wells, about every 25 tribal kilometers, there appeared, and, uh, small settlements of the station to my grandfather, most of all, lyuba was that chumakov would pass every day to azov 50

, you know, the experienced people would go to tell only the ears to hang up the dudes were in authority for their education courage . after all, chumak, campaigns are not for wimps and the state respected them for their honesty and discipline, they trusted the chumaks to transfer mail and state money in the seventies of the xix century the ministry of finance of the russian empire the chumatsky composition of the population was estimated at more than 200,000 people of military duty by the military mission. i came from the fact that they are much more useful for the armed forces precisely with their chumatsky, when there was the crimean war, it was the chumatsky convoys. and the heroes of kochuman life and the theme of the long road attracted not only writers monotonously and dragged both armies and military equipment and food. a dragging convoy in the middle of the vast expanses of the steppe, a favorite subject of many russian artists of the 19th century, more than once turned to him in

in his work ivan aivazovsky whose painting of chumaki in little russia is presented in the russian museum in this work aivazovsky refers to the extremely rare motif of the winter land landscape in his work, both in his seascapes in his marinas and in the image of the expanse of food. uh, aivazovsky retains his romantic intonation. the storerooms of the russian ethnographic museum store unique evidence of the creativity of the chumaks themselves, being deeply religious after the campaign, they always went to the temple, and in addition to prayers they brought as a gift crosses and salts and icons on dried flounder. they are oil-painted on both sides. e, the images are applied is the image of the most holy theotokos on the one hand and on the other hand the image of jesus christ e, the object itself is fish yes, the flounder is known to

be the image of a fish. in general, he was a symbol of jesus christ of god for everything, handsome, chumaki, as the people drank on them, themselves composed a song about separation about their home, and a long and dangerous path. how brave they were, they were also superstitious, and on a long journey they certainly took a rooster that rode with chieftain on the first vase. here is the presence of a rooster. eh, it also had such a hmm uh such an aspect, again connected with the spiritual life with experiences. yes, a chumak of this long journey, a cock would. uh, was, uh, a reminder of the house, like barge haulers shipping company, than hellish fishing brought to naught the rapid construction of railways, which, by the way, were largely laid in the same places where salt was fiddling, chumaki still retain this profession flat , both ukrainian and russian surnames chumakov chumak chumachenko olga mokhova anastasia popova valery savelyev typical, ukraine that's all we wanted to tell. kirill vyshinsky was with you today.

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the heart of the pope

it is necessary to correct all mistakes and prevent them from happening in the future, who, for example, is entitled to a delay criteria for partial mobilization must be strictly observed the president emphasizes everyone must undergo mandatory training also vladimir putin held a meeting with the special services of the commonwealth states on friday the signing of agreements on the adoption, the composition of russia's new regions.