training has begun at the training center of the pacific fleet , the mobilized reservists will have to remember the basics of military science and hone their practical skills during the study period, compressed intensive classes go from 9:00 in the morning until late in the evening. in a few weeks, the reservists will go to the places of combat missions. gazprom is looking for a possible solution to restart the nord stream system, but the deadline for this task is yet to be announced, as a russian company official explained. damage assessment must be carried out on the spot, according to sergei kupriyanov, at the time of the incident there were approximately 800 million cubic meters of gas in the three lines of the gas pipeline, the damage was discovered this week by the parties, or directed sabotage is not ruled out. at the un security council, russia vetoed a draft resolution that condemned novorossiya's referendums; four

countries, including china, india and brazil , abstained from the vote, russia's permanent representative to the un, vasily nebenzya, accused the authors of the resolution of base provocation. from the very beginning they counted on that the document will be rejected. in russia, today is the day of the ground forces on their professional holiday, the personnel and veterans congratulated vladimir putin, the president noted that throughout its history, the ground forces have played a key role in ensuring the defense capability of our state. they reliably guarded the sovereignty and independence of the fatherland. sabotage on the nord stream gas pipeline. elections in italy, as a result of which the right came to power and the risks of searching for the ukrainian conflict. international review. such a low rate has not yet been a loan in the alpha bank from four and

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politicians with a story from the scene. nuclear weapons as a way to protect? what changes are waiting for us? looking for a symbol for a bygone era of win-win cooperation in europe suggests the nord stream gas pipeline, a direct channel without intermediaries for the delivery of raw materials from russia to germany, why exactly it, and not, say, an earlier pipe. those that connected us with the europeans. first of the seventies, because in the current increasingly confused times , it was the threads of the northern streams that were called upon to become the apotheosis of cooperation. the laying of pipes for the first nord stream began in april 2010. after 2 years, it was operating at full capacity . companies from russia, germany and france participated in the project

the construction was opposed by the united states, the baltic countries, poland and ukraine, but prevented the implementation of the project. they failed last year, 59 billion cubic meters of gas were pumped through it, the construction of a gas pipeline. nord stream 2 began in may 2018 . the project was supposed to be completed in about a year, but the european parliament adopted an updated eu directive, the so-called third energy package. among the main provisions of the new law is the division of the company into those that supply gas and those that are engaged in its transportation, that is the operating company nord stream 2 should be independent of gazprom, and 50% of the throughput capacity of nord stream 2 should be reserved for alternative suppliers, although there were none , and in december 2019, the trump administration imposed sanctions against the main

construction subcontractor. swiss pipelayer company all seas. she stopped work and withdrew her vessels from the construction zone, in response to this, russia redeployed its pipe-laying vessel, academician, from the far east to the german port of muran, chersky and in september 2021 completed the construction of both pipe strings were filled with gas. however, for the operation of the pipeline, eu laws require its certification. berlin stated that this would happen in the first half of 2022. well, after the recognition of the donetsk and lugansk people's republics, germany stopped certification, and on february 23, the day before the start of the special operation in ukraine, the us treasury department beat about imposing sanctions against the nord stream 2 gas pipeline operator company and its executive director matthias warnega

it was planned to directly connect the main supplier with the main consumer in order to secure communication, which is extremely beneficial for the parties, to protect it as much as possible from political factors, first of all, the changing positions of the states of transit countries of ukraine, belarus, poland, it was not by chance that the polish minister of defense of kursky in 2005, after an agreement on the construction of the first stream, publicly called his new edition of the ground-ribbentrop pact, that is, the conspiracy of moscow and berlin behind the back of warsaw and other countries located between the sabotage on the pipeline, which put it out of action for a long time, if not forever, put an end to the half-century politics of energy relations. the same sikorsky has no doubts. who put it to the point. thanks to the usa, he wrote on his twitter this is nerves,

the author did not explain to the dumbfounded users. just a hypothesis of hypotheses, in general, pretty much, while all the affected countries first of all, yes, they and sweden in the waters in which everything happened cautiously agree. and this is not an accident, further space for imagination and motivation, who benefits from the cia and mi-6, which drove an aspen stake, wagonized the ghost of russian german rapprochement, then the kremlin depriving the hostile european union of heat and light , well, or some collective greens, which, together with ukrainian demolitionists, put an end to the former energy model of europe, as the chinese global times thoughtfully wrote, incident. may forever remain a mystery, given how many diverse interests. it's intertwined here. consequences however, undoubtedly, firstly, yes the era of special russian german relations

symbolically completed. secondly, this more fundamental confrontation is reaching a qualitatively different level, capturing the critically important international infrastructure, the funnel sucks deeper and deeper. in 1989, due to a gas pipeline breakthrough, the world's largest railway accident occurred in bashkiria, a leak of a mixture of butane, propane and light hydrocarbons provoked an explosion in power comparable to a bomb explosion in hiroshin. near the pipeline , two resort trains passed along the trans-siberian railway. in general more than 500 people died, almost 200 of them children in january 2000 in brazil at the bottom of the guanabara bay on the coast, rio de janeiro , the oil pipeline of the state company petr brass exploded, more than 8,000 barrels

of oil spilled into the water, environmentalists compared the consequences with the war in the persian gulf, when during the hostilities and arab troops dumped 8 million barrels of oil into the water. as a result, drinking water was poisoned in several cities, the closed beach caused serious damage to fisheries and the economy. region in 2010, in the californian city of san bruno, a gas pipeline exploded near a gas station, a column of flame was as high as a thirty-story building, a crater 12 m deep remained at the site of the explosion, and its shock wave provoked an earthquake another man-made disaster occurred in southern mexico in august 2013 an explosion of an oil pipeline temex company. more than one and a half thousand inhabitants claimed the lives of four people, the fire of the nearby city was evacuated to the enterprise was stopped only after 2 weeks, and financial

losses. as a result of the explosion, they amounted to about $ 100 million in september 2018 in the us state of massachusetts, there were 70 incidents due to gas leaks north of boston, such cases in the world. not uncommon is an american news agency. bloomberg even developed. a powerful map that allows you to get acquainted in real time with the geography of accidents on pipelines over the past 30 years. the listed plots are man-made disasters with geopolitical and geo-economic consequences now the case is man-made, how will this affect the future of an industry of strategic importance about this, let's talk with valery besslev, professor at the gubkin state university of oil and gas, hello. good afternoon here. to what extent the factor of physical stability of physical security is laid during the construction of such

facilities. well, simply put, they must endure. they practically last. that's it, there will report the load, the compression load, the rupture load, the nostril load that may arise from the fact that ice moves, if not a deep shelf, but they must hold loads, if suddenly you accidentally hooked this pipe with an anchor chain, that is, everything is calculated and backed up many times. well, that is, here is the factor of such a military impact of sabotage. he believes that it does not need to be taken into account or simply. well, such a factor is difficult to take into account when my gas transport system was designed in the soviet union. so we designed it taking into account a possible nuclear strike, but not from the point of view that the pipe will withstand a nuclear strike in terms of the possibility of switching to parallel pipes, because it is easier for the earth to do this, but not in water, and in principle, it is generally impossible to take into account. just for information, four or five years ago, a book by a swedish professor came out in sweden. uh,

in my opinion, it was called that, but the possibility of combating the supply of pipelines. and as i remember now. we discussed this matter with colleagues in that from sweden and i expressed such an idea and say that my friends are here to torpedo. uh, gas tanker much easier than blowing up an underwater gas pipeline. it excuse me, but in what sense did he mean it, that is, the destruction of the distant. well, i don't know what he'll come up with in terms of being able to destroy this gas pipeline. and if there were no such precedents. i don’t know if there are any international agreements, documents that regulate energy security in this sense, direct physical, as far as i know, not yet. this means that the entire operation of the gas pipeline exists is carried out under a contract with the management company of the norms. the jurisdiction of switzerland and according to the legislation of the countries means the transit zones through which the pipeline passes. well, these are russia and finland, respectively, sweden denmark germany and

there was no point in any agreements between us. just as far as i remember , signing, because there are not so many of them, and there are no large international agreements in this area. i think that everything is being done within the framework, in general, of a certain concept of treaty security within the european union . and here, uh, it means that happened now. it's partly in the territorial zone of sweden, partly in denmark. yes, these countries, in principle, er, are not responsible for security, or they are just watching, so to speak. well, i would say so they are, of course. we are obliged to bear responsibility for security, because these countries have an interest in this gas pipeline. they are the same buyer of products in particular. but there is one small it is now so infinitely violated all the laws. well, it's just like no one would even think about it. uh-huh, there is some specificity. here at different electric facilities, for example, whether the nord stream differs from the blue stream or the turkish

one, or the gas pipeline, which is the norwegian british sea, well, this specificity differs in technical factors, the depth of the water, that is, a completely different pressure. this means the aggressiveness of the water, because the baltic sea, it is still less salty, unlike the black sea, where, in addition to this, the increased salt concentration is still hydrogen sulfide at the bottom of a huge amount, but these are technical technological factors under each gas pipeline, they taken into account in the design mentioned gas carrier. it is such a completely pre- if you imagine an apocalyptic picture of the explosion of this gigantic. well, filled with gas. well, i understand that there were no such precedents, but, probably, now we need to think about it. at least some viscosity, so it takes time to form an explosive mixture. yes, it means it will explode, but the consequences of a certain the amount of time the gas must first begin to flow out, that is, the team. at least there will be some time to leave this gas carrier, but

in general, in principle, there is nothing good in the fact that everything began to happen for a precedent that did not exist before. this is where the danger lies. i remember from relatively recent times, when it was about three years ago, when this warehouse exploded in beirut and it felt like the end of the world. just saltpeter. well, if you say a few words about chemistry, then it's just at a few temperatures about twenty to thirty degrees and is capable of releasing oxygen into the free phase. and she 's explosive. this is what happens before rhythm. accepted, improper storage conditions, but with a gas carrier. now i am not able to quickly calculate, which means the force of the explosion, but it will also not seem small. now, it turns out that the latter is such the last thread that binds. let's say russia and western europe. this is what goes through ukraine. this is a rather curious thing. no, the turkish stream is harassing. he is preparing turkish -

this is from the south. yes well, if you take this central western-classical and plus a gas pipeline through poland. it is new in relation to turkish ukrainian there is one gas pipeline, which is called soyuz, was launched in 1910. that's just the institute finished the language, and in the eighty- fourth year they launched a marvushka says, well, this is the newest one. what kind of escort of poland is the gas pipeline, in the ninth year, poland was recorded through belarus, if we talk about the ukrainian branch, and rather curious hostilities are going on, very intense u, in general, we didn’t hear anything still damaged about some attacks. here is a happy accident. no, of course, it’s pure agreement and, uh, you also haven’t heard anything about problems with the operation of the druzhba gas pipeline, which has been in operation for 60 years. yes, it has been in operation for 60 years. this means that the information that passes through ukraine somehow quietly passed that we extended the contract for another 5 years, but

this is how the world of being works. primary consciousness is secondary, but this is at least a little calming, i guess i can say that, uh, just for everything i need a little time, i waited, because well , we all know, we all know that a person sometimes has such a hysterical state, it means that such a state arises in society and you just need to go through a certain crisis in order to get out of this state, but it’s not in vain there we saw in films people begin to pat each other on the cheeks in order to bring a person out of hysterics. so i think that when europe survives this winter, and the europeans will survive very hard, it's incredible. moved hard. here they come to themselves a little and understand what needs to be negotiated? you still have to negotiate. even when communicating with my colleagues who live in the european union there in europe and in america, everyone understands that one more step and that’s all and there will be no one to figure out this traffic jam, it’s to blame to slow down. well, that is, you believe that after some time, uh, energy cooperation

will resume one way or another. we have europe, i’m not that i think i’m absolutely sure of this, but for the simple reason, what does it mean, what are the specifics of hydrocarbon fuel and there organic fuel the fact is that a significant reserve of this fuel is located literally in 10-12 countries, and all of this is consumed by everything and this creates the most powerful geopolitical ones, which means faults and evil and it has always been and will always be, but people still want to travel fly in cars. on airplanes. all these issues will not be resolved in the same way, maybe, as before, but they will. thank you, professor valery besedov was with us. strategic infrastructure is not only an object of energy supply. the sphere of communications plays an almost important role now, here the united states remembered that the russians, in retaliation, could, for example, damage the fiber-optic trans-atlantic cable connecting the old and the new world. a topic not fresh britain sounded the

alarm 5 years ago a new risk to our way of life the vulnerability of cables stretched across the seabed. only you will reverse the scenario in which these cables can be cut or damaged. this will have an immediate catastrophic effect on our economy and the way we are used to living. therefore, we, together with our allies, need to develop our naval forces, so as not to give way to the opportunities that the russian fleet has. the first telegraph cable across the ocean was laid by the atlantic telegraf company in 1857. its length was 4,500 km, but it worked for less than a year and fell into disrepair, a full-fledged telephone cable. connected america with europe only in the fifty-sixth year. he connected the scottish resort, aubon, and the canadian

city of claren villas on the island of newfoundland in the first day. over 700 calls have been made on london usa and london canada channels since then, through continents, a huge number of underwater communication channels were laid in 2017. the three companies microsoft facebook and talk source have jointly laid a fiber optic cable called marea from us virginia to spanish bilbao with a bandwidth of 160 tiabits per second. this is the highest performance. with the atlantic cable today, and it was installed in less than 2 years, until recently it was believed that the anchors of ships posed the greatest danger to the cables, so on january 30, 2008 the cable broke, which stretches from france along africa to southeast asia breaking at a stretch in the mediterranean. led to a decrease in the amount of traffic by 70% in egypt and 60% in india, another

danger of natural disasters in 2006 due to an earthquake in the taiwan area. eight cables failed at once. for some time, there was no connection with hong kong in southeast asia . and china received 74% less traffic. the third danger is people, for example, in 2013, the egyptian authorities detained three people who cut internet cable in the area all over the landless sea near aleksand as a result of the incident, the internet speed in the country fell by 60%. submarine cables are being repaired using special ships. one of these ships, a 100 m long pierdoferman ship with a crew of 80 people, first looks for a damaged section of the cable, then with the help of a special robot, the necessary part of the cable is lifted aboard for repair. actually, if this cable

is somehow damaged there, yes, then, well, as if from the usa to europe, it will disappear into the internet there. here. well, i think they will switch to some backup channels, which is not a fact that the loss of this cable channel will somehow greatly affect their cable capabilities, because it has a lot of shortcomings. it's high. uh, signal delay, that is, there is a very long time for the passage of an electromagnetic wave, and therefore, delays will be in the region of at least 400 milliseconds there. that is, it is very strongly felt there. here's another plus. there are big disadvantages of satellite internet. this is the speed of use.

directly from this cable, that is, it is mobile internet it is very fast, that is, it works. roughly speaking, it is 20 times faster than 4g, that is, there is a higher speed up to uh, there is about 10-20 gb per second. here plus it is very low latency. there in given milliseconds. so, accordingly, if you put down a lot of these hundredth towers, you can transfer there. uh, the signal is far enough and fast. well, in general, it turns out that it will be unpleasant to gnaw through the treasured wire, but not fatally, but in general the internet is like the world wide web. how vulnerable is it zoned, huh? each zone is an autonomous point autonomous system. that's where the traffic goes through. actually there to be there from europe. we have a lot of autonomous systems. uh, well, roughly speaking, so that traffic from the internet passes there. uh, there to japan yes

, with and with europe in japan, it goes through russia , respectively, well, our traffic exchange points are used. here is our autonomous system, respectively, if we talk about uh, some kind of isolation, yes, then we can turn off uh these autonomous systems at points uh, well, on the borders of uh there with europe with this and, accordingly, as it were will enhance such isolated internet. eh, this will be segmentation. they may be able to somehow redirect traffic through others. well, there are autonomous systems. here, for example, through uh, there is kazakhstan and so on, but it’s very, as it were, such a route is very large. well, there will be very serious problems. there is no internet for traffic, in principle, it’s very problematic here. because it takes a lot at the same time. e dots uh, let's say destroy. that

is, if you run there on these standalone systems, for the most part there are some yes, there are nuclear missiles or simple rockets and destroy a large number of them there, then, yes. it’s as if the internet could break down there. it’s interesting that rumor connected cyber attacks and energy even at a time when the internet was not often retold, unconfirmed stories, allegedly in the eighty-second year the cia managed to arrange a powerful explosion with the help of malicious software introduced in the ussr and for a long time to withdraw from building gas pipeline urengoy surgut chelyabinsk officially no one reported anything, but the legend arose. as the chinese comrades say, the incident has forever remained a mystery. general elections were held in italy, as expected, the legal coalition led

by the party won, the brothers of italy are european, the liberal elite sees in it the ideological followers of mussolini far-fetched or not, let the italians themselves figure it out from rome report. the head of the taz bureau is vera shcherbakova. no festivities, jubilation in the street of the solemn sounds of fanfare, victory of the center-right coalition at the head giorjamila modest reserved, although for the first time since the fall of fascism, the right party comes to power in italy. moreover, in the year of the centenary of the fascist march, the electorate of the melody prefers to remain in the shadows much more noticeably. those who do not accept it. in italy, there is a whole large plast of citizens who experience almost physical hostility to the right , even the fact that the country enters the club of enlightened european states, where women will finally become the head of the government, in a sense, to the melody of an attitude something like trump in the united states with complete rejection by the

creative intelligentsia. i would definitely prefer another one in this lady with a rude aggressive cheeky fascist mentality. it seems that we suddenly returned a century ago to the roots of this lady, who won the elections in the right wing aggressively and sometimes even vulgar. i fear that this aggressiveness of ignorant arrogance may lead to the degeneration of our constitution of our cultural model. in many ways, the patterns are subject to the cyclical nature of its political seasons. the main rivals are the democratic party. one way or another, they spent 10 years, and the five star movement disappointed without making a revolution. and few people now would like to win any government, most likely, will go. as a victim of all future problems, high energy prices increase inflation, the growth of social tensions , dozens, hundreds of entrepreneurs, are threatened with ruin, and companies are closed with the ensuing

mass loss of jobs. this is a receipt for september 2021 for 450 euros, which is quite acceptable, and this is the bill for october 1784 a month later. but june 2022 is already 288 euros. damn, not a problem last september, from 450 euros we came to 2800, and this is not the end. and what are you going to do now, turn off the refrigerator. i wonder how many people burn them. i have already stopped watching about august 4.000 from 450 better to close, i'll try to work only on weekends and see. and raise prices your main customers are families, i try not to raise prices, but it's very

difficult to continue to work by october. this amount will be eight thousand. experts believe that the authorities will not be able to avoid raising taxes and this will lead to obvious difficulties in containing protests and maintaining public order. the future government will face a huge range of economic , financial, and most importantly social problems. in winter , the problem of the high cost of energy will become even more acute. it will be even more sensitive for the company of the population after two years of the pandemic against the backdrop of eight months of clashes between russia and the west , unemployment is expected to rise in the coming months it will not be easy for the center-right government and ventured to suggest that it will work for no more than six months. this is only a small internal cut without taking into account the extremely complex international situation, where vulnerable italy has practically no space for independent moments. vera shcherbakova , especially for international review from rome

, should not count on changes in the foreign policy of rome, georgia melonia first of all assured volodymyr zelensky of strong support the point is not how to relate to ukraine or russia, the main topic, how political priorities take into account real needs, the citizens' phenomenon is by no means only european, but here it manifests itself. especially bright. after all, europe is accustomed to perceive, as a well-functioning mechanism for representing the interests of the population. but people vote for the so-called populists because they have lost their understanding of where and why they are being led by the global world of cosmopolitanism, and it was formed after the cold war that led the process of acceptance solutions farther away from the national soil. powers in the european union were transferred from states to supranational structures for the time being, it

worked, because local bosses could explain to a simple european how each next step towards integration was beneficial to him personally, but the system became more complicated, the distance between people and institutions grew argumentation. becoming less and less applied and more and more speculative began a long time ago, perhaps, about 15 years ago it accumulated gradually. now the moment of truth value ideologically set, the ruling class came into conflict with the material pragmatic. the establishment, brought up on the idea of ​​without alternative globalization , does not intend to compromise on the wishes of the voters, but on the source of its power. all the same, the people remain, the inhabitants of each particular country vote, and they cannot live more hopelessly than the way out; the current situation does not become a reason to rethink, on the contrary, politicians

triple their efforts, believing that it is only necessary to push the circumstances to turn the tide. but if the course is, in principle, wrong, then no matter how much you press it's only worse than that. we have already passed in europe and not only. after advertising again about strategic stability and the nuclear factor don't leave do you know that you can get a loan at zero interest online and immediately think on the card, it's impossible, maybe choose a loan on favorable terms. if a loan, then compare choose better to get 1,000 rubles for free. 2% cashback on everything you get used to?

show a free vtb card right now, go to vtb, everything will work out. from the creators of the film the sun baked, evgeny prigogine and alexei nagina alexei nagin died heroically on september 20, 2022, while protecting the interests of russia, we have a contract, a contract with a company, a contract with the motherland conscience. and we will fulfill it to the end, dead or alive. we know we're going to hell, but in hell we'll be the best. in

hell, exclusive premiere screening october 5-10 on the tier platform from october 11 in online cinemas open a free business account in alpha bank for any account activity. our conversation with dmitry trenin last week resonated even with us viewers only someone in moscow would venture to think about nuclear applications. yes, and somewhere in addition to ukraine , then maybe the phenomenon of the world without russia will just happen. since the topic is so touching, let's continue. we have a wonderful guest today . konstantin bogdanov senior research fellow at the primakov center for international security and imo konstantin hello, uh, in the

doctrines of nuclear countries everywhere there are certain conditions under which they are ready to use nuclear weapons, but they all hmm let's say they give room for interpretation. today, the so -called nuclear club includes the united states russia great britain france china the official nuclear powers, as well as india pakistan and the dprk, it is believed that it possesses nuclear weapons and israel does not deny, but does not refute the presence of the arsenal the united states considers the possibility of using nuclear forces only in exceptional circumstances to protect the vital interests of the country of its allies and partners. the main task is to convince the enemy that any nuclear escalation will turn out for him unacceptable consequences. russia reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in retaliation. in the event of its use against her

or her allies, as well as under the condition of aggression using conventional weapons, if the very existence of the state of great britain is threatened, weapons of mass destruction can only be used in extreme self-defense. under the conditions, as well as when necessary to protect nato allies, the country's military doctrine states that it deliberately maintains ambiguity regarding the use of nuclear weapons. weapons, as for france, there the doctrine of nuclear deterrence is strictly defensive in nature weapons of mass destruction. can only be used in extreme cases of self-defense. china is considering using nuclear forces. only as a response, beijing adheres to the concept of a limited retaliatory nuclear strike, so its nuclear arsenal is at the minimum necessary level to ensure national security nuclear

policy. india is based on the principle of credible minimum deterrence and massive impact countries undertake not to use nuclear weapons first, as well as against states that do not possess them. at the same time, it reserves the right to respond to strikes in the event that chemical or biological weapons are used against it in response to an external threat, emanating in particular from india to use nuclear weapons. maybe pakistan is a country that considers it possible to launch a nuclear strike. the first even in the case of non-nuclear aggression, while in the dprk, nuclear weapons serve to prevent war not only on the korean peninsula, but throughout northeast asia, it is called. to show that a military confrontation with the dprk will bring inevitable death, which forces the enemy to refrain from even attempting aggression. is it possible to develop

any clearer criteria at all, so as not to be afraid, but if we look, for example, at the russian foundations of the state policy in the field of nuclear deterrence , it says in plain text that uncertainty regarding the scale of the composition and nature of the forces used is the basis of an effective nuclear deterrence. what is it like the same principle. that is, we cannot give a potential enemy the opportunity to maneuver on a narrow patch, he must always be afraid that his slightest additional escalation will lead to the fact that the problem instantly passes the nuclear threshold, which will, in fact, additionally deter him already with such margin of safety, but now it is generally accepted that fear has disappeared from public space, which was well known to those who remember the final phase of the cold war there, and then the topics of the consequences of e, nuclear use of nuclear winter and so on were very actively discussed. that

is, as if the general attitude was that after that everything is over, then they somehow forgot about it, it was believed that it was not relevant. is there a discussion in the professional sphere now. eh? what could be the consequences of this or that use of a single weapon? there are such discussions . they, uh, developed between the ninety-first and 2021, mostly latently in relation to, and regional systems, for example, they are pre-pestanian, but they are, they show, in general, rather unpleasant models of the results of even local application, taking into account how more connected the world has become fragile over the past 30-40 years, then the standards that were laid down. there, in the damage control strategies of the fifties and sixties, even when it was considered there. well, okay, you can strike him, a weakened response of 15-20 million will fly to us preemptively. well, maybe this is a good strategy. now this is not even close, because the complete collapse of infrastructure and logistics will lead to the fact that

these 15-20 million will very quickly turn into 150-200. and then it just doesn't really matter. and and this is on the one hand on the other side. uh, at that point at the end of the cold war, the fear was precisely about the number of nuclear weapons deployed at that moment. well, yes, by the way, the parties had approximately 11-12,000 only strategic nuclear warheads aimed at each other for instant actual use. and all the reduction of nuclear weapons of the late eighties and early nineties is just an attempt to remove this fear to remove these huge canopies that hung on a button and the whole philosophy of strategic stability was to exclude the first affirmative application. well , in fact, the problem was more or less solved, but one hole will be found, and uh, since another of the paradoxes of nuclear strategy is its realism, because. if we cannot use nuclear weapons, for example, because the enemy will simply destroy us. well, we are afraid we can not, and since we cannot apply it, then how the adversary somehow believe that, if we apply it, he paradox was delayed precisely in this.

therefore, we need to come up with some way when the enemy realizes that we will still use nuclear weapons. and what is this, firstly, specific types of potentials that are less and less powerful, more and more relatively speaking, high-precision, for example, so to speak, theater weapons, as in the middle of the cold war or now, so to speak, high-precision cruise missiles that you can also use or hypersonic systems. with one side on the other side. uh, you need to understand that the scale of the use of weapons has fallen dramatically precisely within the framework of these doctrines, we can already talk simply about single signal applications. mm, when we just use a single nuclear weapon, for example, even over desert areas. hmm, just as a signal, i didn’t know that something was to be destroyed precisely as a signal from the enemy. stop stop. then it will go on increasing. or it could be the destruction of a minor object on the the theater is somewhere deeply military meaning, further the exchange can increase depending on

how the side fits the control. the wells of escalation control is a decades-long theory a feast written by tom nobody knows how to manage it, so actually another paradox is how to do better escalation control. it's just not to start it, because there are already massive exchanges at the end. and well, i will not say the death of mankind, as it was for us 40 years ago? well, i'd rather call it a neater end civilizations of the modern type. but nevertheless, it means that somewhere in the depths of the consciousness of strategists there is an idea that there can be an exchange of nuclear strikes on the rise. it is present, it is a very powerful deterrent to this escalation, because the presumption that the escalation is manageable, that we can dose the use of nuclear weapons, to achieve what the americans call colonization dominance, that is, well, roughly speaking, equalizing the stakes every time at every stage of the escalation . there are no such mechanisms; they are purely psychological, that is, we sit and wait. who is the first who is the first to blink? hmm

, it's like all nuclear deterrence is largely in the heads, it is built on potentials, but it is in the heads. so here's the escalation control. he is also in the head in the head. in general, there is now the wind is moving in places. and in general, they no longer need psychologists, but rather in places to understand what is happening with them, so here, of course. a specific situation for testing the strength of the world order, yes, that's about the tomologists. i also just thought that all uh, the numerous descriptions of the caribbean crisis emphasize the importance of communication, as it was important, here at some point to establish it. now, generally speaking, there are no problems with communication. compared to what everyone had years ago, you communicate as much as you want, but it seems that this somehow does not save, because today's communication. it doesn't necessarily improve. or maybe even improve the situation. and this is true, because during the caribbean crisis we did not have hotlines. and so it was necessary

build this complex system through representatives in washington who sent telegrams there, and so on, but uh, the situation here is twofold. we live in an era of so-called tweeter or megaphone diplomacy, when diplomats for the most part, when they go into public space, they do not work for an external audience, they do not work for an internal audience in this regard. they act more like part of the politics of the propaganda machine. this needs to be understood, it wildly irritates everyone, including diplomas themselves, but the point is that as soon as it arises, the need to build clear limited channels of communication on a clear practical issue, behind which the real risks of these things shine. in general, as a rule, in recent years there has been an ester, but remember the conflict with them in syria hmm, this is not a conflict that was built with israel in advance and gritted its teeth with the americans for several months, but it worked and is working. ah, it's more military or not diplomatic, it turns out absolutely

exactly. well, the risks are primarily of a military nature, so contacts between headquarters, including on the ground, are an important part of deconflicting. this can be considered as a kind of stove, from which this conflict can move and, accordingly, the development of a dialogue, if we are talking about political dialogue, then here we should rather talk, probably, again about bilateral contacts, because bilateral contacts have also been going on these years and not public widely enough. they are, for example, in the e mode, treaty sv. it is hard to move forward there, but some kind of substantive conversation is going on at least the current compliance with the agreement. i'm not talking about development. everything is now restored there. uh, there were informal contacts, along the line. the foreign ministry had non-contact informal contacts, through our security council, the us national security councils are limited channels, but they are understandable and if there is a practical task. and if the parties understand how they solve this problem, they will improve their security, then everything will work out. if the parties believe that what they

have now is enough for them, that the escalation suits them, then, uh, we will continue to see the situation. uh, lack of communication. well, because when the game is going on for you from your point of view, why do you communicate well, then the last question, probably, here, returning to the topic of signals, and the resumption of nuclear tests. it may be a signal, after all, it demonstrates determination. well, on the one hand, of course, it’s probably spectacular, although in order to really achieve spectacularity, you have to withdraw from the moscow treaty of 1963 . for three media, testing is already called on the surface or in the atmosphere. it's under the camera. now it's there, well, there are two problems. first, it is the absolute destruction of international regimes. it's just, uh, the result of the game will not be worth it at all. this will be a very bad signal in nuclear non-proliferation and so on, secondly, in fact, we will not demonstrate anything to anyone, our culture is visual , brought up on hollywood blockbusters, calling by their names. she will digest this

nuclear explosion no from 500 points in 3 seconds. you will flood the whole tik tok with these videos. she will not forget it in a week, that is, in order to understand what a nuclear explosion is in a nuclear test. you need to feel it, how the earth walks above your feet, and many leaders of the soviet union and the states also recalled how they were in these bunkers. this is different. you can't send it over the internet. that is, it turns out that it is then that it is not damn when to invite personally, well attend a demonstration in front of the un general assembly i think it just won't pull. thank you very much, konstantin bogdanov was with us disturbing news comes from iran, there have been riots with victims for 2 weeks, the cause of which was the death of a young girl, the girl was arrested by the vice police, accusing the fact that a resident of tehran incorrectly wears a hijab , they probably overdid it, but to admit it

refused scheme, alas, banal. an american take on the protests in iran she didn't wear a hijab, says the man woman's hope is written by the jordanian cartoonist who has repeatedly come under pressure from the authorities. this work is titled briefly max amini, in honor of the very activist for women's rights. yes, murat is a careful artist with kurdish roots, wait, wait. this is a haram shouting man in the top picture and continues on the bottom one her hair was not covered with muhendi, an iranian artist from sweden another work - street protests, but titled briefly i don’t want to hear anything. russia's relations with iran is now on the rise stability in this

country is very important to us in more detail about the situation. we'll talk there in one of the next issues, in the meantime, about the hijab. what is the secret of wearing these clothes about this from turkey, neighboring iran, ekaterina sinichenko. at the beginning of the 20th century , anti-religious trends came to turkey, as in many other countries of the middle east, the liberated woman of the east was an independent educated and, of course, without the traditional islamic headscarf, since 1925 , a ban was constitutionally enshrined in turkey to wear hijabs in schools, universities, state institutions and other institutions. religiosity had to be hidden. yes, when there was power. jay hp was not allowed to wear a

hijab in public places, but our teacher did. she still covered her head to school over a scarf. she wore a wig for 23 years, five of them. she wears a hijab, she says, she decided so she fulfilled her will. allah emine help the father with the family business in the family and sharpe a small shop in the quarter. jibayram hats scarves for hijabs for every taste and wallet turkey as one of the leading cotton producers pamper local fashionistas. you can make it smarter, you can make the fabric thinner in the hot turkish summer in two or three scarves , according to all the canons, it’s hot, but allah said, it means that you need to endure, this is our earthly life, and there eternal it’s better to endure the heat here, so that later you don’t go to hell in hell again hotter with the rise of the justice and development party, led by recep tayyip erdogan, strict bans on

wearing or not wearing the hijab have been gradually abolished, the choice is now left to turkish women. and as confirmed by sociologists. more and more turkish women prefer to cover their heads according to sharia law, even the first lady of the state and the one in the hijab, let alone ordinary turkish women. i don't know yet if i will close or not. not only for me, i closed at the age of 14. it has nothing to do with marriage. when i got married, my husband said, open up, but i did not agree, because this is my own choice. sociological studies claim that today every third housewife in turkey wears a muslim headscarf and every fourth student and every year the popularity of wearing the hijab is growing, some see it as a gradual strengthening of religious influence in the country, some see the development of islamic fashion, when you can be closed, but at the same time stylish in turkey today there are a

number of premium brands focused on the islamic module good fabrics of color, in accordance with fashionable world trends. this fall, shades of orange, powdery and beige come into fashion and, of course, there are little secrets. the most chic is obtained. then when the color a handkerchief matches some detail of clothing for 35 years has been selling fashion accessories in the secular district of ankara in the ranks of its buyers, businessmen, politicians and their wives. it is a counter goods of the most fashionable and famous manufacturers. he says before , scarves were worn more as an accessory over the years of work, he learned a thousand and one ways. how to tie it around your neck. well, now he is slowly teaching fashion trends in islamic fashion. even if you are closed and hid all your hair, you can still

remain fashionable. all conditions are here a variety of fabric colors and sizes, you can still remain beautiful ekaterina zatnichenko especially for international viewing. former us president donald trump also drew attention to the undermining of the nord stream, he warned that the continuation of the crisis would end in a really big war and offered to personally lead a group that would help ukraine find peace in its main impotence. the art of making deals trump recalls an episode from his own business career. he characterized himself. as an outstanding crisis manager. it's my

time, trump writes, the worst times always create the best opportunities, probably. trump believes that times are already not good enough for us to hope for the best. yes it is god international review, goodbye. we received a lot of requests that we go out more often, well, we will try. in the west, they are trying to declare us a pariah country. let's look at this story a little differently. this is an attempt to hear recreate. through painting the whole panorama great country artistic fantasy.

let's translate from clerical, but understandable, everything is not so scary if there is an instruction.

happily restrained india brazil and china the un security council did not adopt a resolution condemning the entry of new territories into russia on how the vote was held in the report of our correspondent in the united states new strikes on the donetsk republic for