and, of course, the peculiar path that little russia went with the ussr ukraine before it turned out to be at the current point. that's what we're interested in, we hope that it's interesting for you, and that's what we'll talk about today. the history of referendums in ukraine instructive lessons from the eyes of the people, why they did not want to hear in kiev the opinion of an expert sweet brands of novorossia, what they traded in warsaw and paris kherson region and zaporizhia passed referendums residents of these territories made their choice in favor of unification with russia, it's time to remember the history of the popular vote in ukrainian

lands and understand why today's decision was largely predetermined by politics in ukraine since its independence. the first regional referendum in ukraine was held back in the days of the ussr in january 1991, the inhabitants of crimea, who at that time was a region, voted for the return of the status of an autonomous republic to it crimea wanted to be an all-union autonomy with the right to sign a new union treaty and remain. together with russia at any turn of events, but kiev recognized its autonomy only within the framework of ukraine, the memorable ninety-first was rich in referendum in march, the all-union referendum on the preservation of the ussr was held on it, more than 70% of ukrainians voted for the union, 28 were against along with this in three regions john of frankivska of lviv and

ternopil, a local galician referendum was held on it, in defiance of all the union, they asked if you want you want ukraine to become an independent state and independently decide all issues of domestic and foreign policy. yes, 88.3% of those who voted answered, it became obvious that in the west of ukraine in the union, which means that many do not want to live together with russia. despite the results of the march referendum in support of the ussr, already in december 1991, after the adoption in the rada of the act of state independence, and hence the withdrawal from the ussr, all ukrainians were invited to vote for or against this decision against the backdrop of general euphoria and parades of sovereignty in the republics of the ussr were powerful for 90% of those who voted, but even then

fault lines were outlined in ukraine, if the act of independence in the three regions of galina was not supported by only about one percent of those who voted, then in the donetsk lugansk and odessa regions every tenth in crimea was against and it was a record. and who said no about independence 42% of residents and 39% in sevastopol referendum. transcarpathians wanted the region to have the status of an autonomous region, but under pressure from kiev , the wording was changed; the future president himself, kravchuk, came to agitate instead of autonomy for voting. they issued a phrase about a special self-governing administrative territory, this status was supported by more than 70% of those who voted. however,

no special law was adopted in kiev following the results of the referendum. the disdainful attitude of the authorities towards the opinions of people in the regions and maidan chaos in the system of power launched centrifugal processes territories began to separate and crimea was the first to do this in 2014 by holding a referendum on the history of popular votes in ukraine in the story of anna efimova crimea march 16, 2014 is a date that is written in different ways in the history books of both russia and independent ukraine the return of crimea to its native harbor following the results of the referendum in the assessments of kiev and the west, the annexation is the inhabitants of the peninsula themselves. they gave a concrete answer with a turnout of over 80%, the vast majority of voters supported the annexation of crimea to russia was carried out legitimately from the point of view

from the point of view of ukrainian laws, it is enough to say that, let's say, issues related to the organization of the life of sevastopol, uh, the decision was made on february 24th. all this was carried out by the current corps of deputies, 49 people voted 75 deputies who were elected, as we say in ukraine , according to ukrainian laws. at the same time , the ukrainian ministry of internal affairs operated in the city, the security service of ukraine operated for residents of the floor. you asked two questions for the reunification of crimea with russia as a subject of the russian federation or for the restoration of action of the constitution of the republic of crimea of ​​1992 and for the status of crimea as part of ukraine, questionnaires were prepared in ukrainian russian and crimean tatar languages. in this case, it does not matter what nationality is, what matters most is the inner freedom of a person. here we are now getting what we have

been waiting for all these decades in practice. we received it thanks to the russians. the date of the popular vote on the status of the peninsula changed several times initially. it was may 25, 2014, then the referendum was postponed, finally march, then, in accordance with political circumstances, they moved the final date to march 16 for the world media, the results of the referendum became news number one, and the news, stunning the kiev authorities from the long-standing aspirations of the crimean autonomy to become part of russia, were well aware and countermeasures were taken during the first round. e presidential elections in ukraine in the ninety-fourth year. e summer. uh, sevastopol residents conducted a survey. uh, again, oh, uh, the russian status of sevastopol, these examples are in ultimately. e, great to the fact that the russian

spring could take place in the ninety-fourth in the ninety-fifth year. well, alas. e. in general, er, conflict situations between our pro-russian elites. skillful work of the sbu uh, well, shyness, and maybe even not decisiveness, toothlessness from moscow and vice versa, stubbornness, activity, purposefulness of kiev led to the fact that such manifestations and even decisions of people were not implemented in practice, any large-scale expression of the people's will on vital issues after the adoption of the law of ukraine about referendums turned out to be virtually impossible in 2012, president yanukovych signed a document according to which any federalization or separation of part of the territory was excluded, in principle. and so, when they adopted this law, they did not write it down in such a way that it is simply difficult to implement it. here, if we try. yes , because it is necessary to collect signatures, and there, in my opinion, there are about 3 million in all regions,

evenly. it is unrealistic to do this for us citizens, so political parties can do it in their own time for the strengthening of the role of popular vote in the country pleased the party leader to be kevshchina. tymoshenko, she noted that the referendum should take place in the country as often as sunrise and sunset. however, in reality. the authorities preferred to resolve all important issues without taking into account popular opinion. so it was with the promises of president zelensky on the referendum on the scandalous law on the sale of land to foreigners in the same way , his predecessor petro poroshenko hushed up the discussion of the topic of ukraine's accession to nato to our strategic results our strategic goal is to join nato in 2006 a referendum on ukraine's accession to nato its participation in the common economic space with russia kazakhstan and belarus tried to initiate the notorious ukrainian opposition politician viktor medvedchuk collected 4 1/2 million signatures, however, president yushchenko

ignored the opinions of citizens of ukraine he was not moved by the decision of the kiev court in favor of holding a national referendum. the results promised to be contrary to the western course of official kiev i collected signatures and didn’t let them register everything , they understood that at that time the people would definitely vote against us, however, there were such high-profile cases in ukraine when the results of referendums already held at the state level were completely ignored, as it was in 2000 under president kuchma, when in the verkhovna rada they decided not to take into account the results of the vote in favor of reducing the number of deputies ; became a question. you know, quite toxic , i emphasize when i recalled for good reason that in donetsk, when there was a referendum in 1994 on election day, the supreme council there, the majority supported these implementations, but with

the adoption of the constitution of 1996 and action. kuchma for the second time, when he was already in his second presidential term, then his administration was directed there to ensure that ukraine is preserved and becomes a unitary state, according to the letter of ukrainian law referendum on changing the territorial structure. only the verkhovna rada has the right to appoint referendums on self-determination in 2014 in luhansk and donetsk in kiev , the ukrainian authorities considered illegitimate, prevented their holding in every possible way, blocked databases, destroyed ballots, intimidated those who voted , a volunteer battalion was sent to the region to enlighten the population of donbass. dnepr fired at living people. there was a very clear position, a clear positioning, the majority, the overwhelming. the population opposed the maidan once again. how many times i remind you that the polls of early february noticed any ukrainian company, just indicates that the majority of people were already opposed to the

maidan by the majority, if we compare the situation with , uh, our liberated territories. e with the donbass, then uh definitely. e. crimeans of sevastopol hmm, and all these processes do not just support them, they consider the results of the last september referendums in the liberated territories in the world to be natural. of course , they traditionally do not recognize, however, it seems that they themselves voters simply don't pay any attention to it anna efimova valeriy savelyev anastasia popova typical of ukraine we will talk with our permanent expert, historian, political scientist rostislav, about the experience of referendums on ukrainian lands and about the attitude of the central authorities towards them. ishchenko rostislav good afternoon. good afternoon rostislav. why in ukraine , a country that is unitary in its structure, in the nineties there were so many referendums in the regions. that's just the ninety-

first is both the size and the crimea and transcarpathia b ninety-first still only decided. eh, what will be the state? i’m because the constitution was finally adopted in the ninety-sixth year, and before that the soviet constitution was still in force, it also assumed unitarity, integrity, there were no uh regions of autonomous districts and the like. time, the proposal to call the ukrainian republic or the republic of ukraine was rejected because some said, but suddenly there will be a monarchy or something else, so i just called ukraine yes, uh, well, respectively, supporters of federalization, they have always been in western ukraine in eastern let me remind you that chornovil, for example, the leader of ukrainian nationalists at one time was a supporter of federalization. he proceeded from the fact that western ukraine is too weak to resist eastern and to

defend the interests of western ukraine at the state level. he said that the country should be federal and then, uh, the regions would be to have their representation without fail at the highest legislative level it will be easier for them to fight for their identity. that's it later. it turned out that western ukraine was successfully suppressing the eastern one, and then they lost interest in federalization. on the contrary, he woke up in the east, but initially there were not so many supporters of a unitary state. rather, it was the executive state that advocated the unitary state. because they are easier to manage. yes, but local authorities all the time trying to get as much power as possible. by the way, this is understandable, even from the point of view of commercialization there was a struggle over who would control the main financial flows. the most scandalous referendum in ukraine was held in 2000 , 29 million. people came to the

polls and voted for a number of questions, including answering in the affirmative to the question of whether the country needs a second chamber, where the interests of the regions could be represented, and they could be resolved to somehow harmonize less. ah, central government. as a result, e did not approve the results of this referendum, that is, people expressed their will, a direct form of democracy was implemented, but the result was no. why did this happen? well, because the executive authorities in the face of a bunch did not have the will to put pressure on them, but the fact is that that referendum was also a referendum of direct action, that is, its decision. uh, the rada was obliged to compensate for the constitution. so, but the supreme rada, since then there was already a serious position. after all, this the referendum, just assumed the federalization

of the country, the step was not exactly federalization, because it was supposed to create a second chamber of parliament in the upper house, which would represent the regions, which means that this is exactly what it is. eh, as a matter of fact. uh, a federal state in a unitary is not necessary. uh, the second chamber doesn't need representation from the legions. here and uh, because at this time there are already supporters. future yushchenko means ukrainian functionalists. so their american friends. prepared to seize all power, then federalization they were not interested; they were just interested in a unitary structure. this means that it was possible to get the presidency to get almost all the power in your own hands. this means that they subsequently isolated themselves, therefore, at the level of gladness, this serious decision came true and ultimately . a few votes were not enough to finally approve it, while the parliament simply referred to a constitutional

conflict, on the one hand, the rada is obliged not to comment on the decision of the referendum, but on the other parties, each deputy votes independently in accordance with his conscience. and as she tells him, and it is impossible to influence in any way. so they voted that now kuchma had an option e, to introduce the presidential specified enter e to become e, to approve the results of the referendum, which means, well, let's say, pay the rejoice and start the next elections with this. already there is a bicameral parliament in accordance with the deprivation of the referral. i think that there would be, of course, a fairly large political scandal there was a major political crisis, but in the end, then they would be glad to obey, then the americans did not possess it. the state, yes of course it was in the interests, the state is one of the few preservations of

its integrity. yes, it was one of the few constitutional events held during his lifetime as a student and with the participation of medvedchuk, which really went absolutely to the benefit of the state, and were almost implemented. if it had been implemented, this is the event, then, most likely, all the other maidans had happened and would not have happened civil war. wouldn't be under it. uh, then sufficient uh political base. let's get back to the referendum. can we say that the processes that were launched in 2014, and the crimean referendum today received a logical continuation. and what could be next? well, yes, they got a logical offer, because the crimean referendum was the first demonstration by the united states that russia is ready. eh? to resist in ukraine, well, there were no hostilities in crimea, but there was an army and this can be said to be lucky, because the crimean

the operation was really, brilliantly planned. brilliant held. this was the first demonstration to the united states that this is it. that 's the thing, they went to different lines. there were even attempts from kiev to create a mechanism. interactions of life together the free economic zone is what was discussed in the rada at the beginning at the beginning, that is, the united states has not come to uh, is ready. they did not have a ready political solution in six months. they decided to push further for the annexation of four more regions. this is the answer to the united states. it's now the russian territory cannot leave the russian territory of russia. so now the geopolitical landscape has changed, what will people who voted for joining russia get in the long run will change to russia will not live in russia in general, it is clear that the choice in favor of russia is a choice and in favor of a better life is also simple, because russia is significantly more powerful much more prosperous state. she is in a state of security. she

is able to provide. e your people have better conditions for existence and in the end. russia is an independent state. she doesn't fight for american interests, but if they fight they fight for their own interests. thank you very much for the interesting story, there are two brands that are known far beyond this region. these are kherson watermelons. they both had poplar cherries , protected by geographical trademarks, melons began to be dealt with in this region in the middle of the 19th century. under the scorching sun of the kherson steppes, so many watermelons ripened that they were taken to all major cities of the russian empire, st. petersburg to moscow odessa warsaw watermelon kherson is not only a regional brand, but also a separate variety, and if

astrakhan residents are ready to argue about whose berries are tastier with kherson residents , scientists are 100% sure that kherson watermelons get sick less also a separate variety was brought to the ussr to the local experimental station. another well-known variety was also created here, sweet berries valery chkalov on sandy soil, near melitopol, sweet cherries were grown from the end of the 19th century, and already at the beginning of the 20th century imported to paris where sellers of melitopol cherries had their own company store? about what the agriculture of the black sea lands of novorossia is famous for in the plot of olga malakhova, our kherson watermelon is simply the most delicious in the catalog such from 8 to 15 kg in 1988, near the

village of sokurovka, kherson region, by order of the collective farm, ukraine installed a four-meter memorial sign gifts of the kherson region, better known as a monument to a horse or, in russian, a watermelon in those years. here, only from a stack of hectares, huge harvests were harvested, the tradition of growing melons and gourds in the northern black sea coast, they maintain at the highest level and to this day the region is ideal for this place. first of all, this is a positive sum of temperatures, this is a warm period, further this soil is rich soil, plus everything is water. plus, these are human hands - this is the mind. well, and, of course , hearts, because farming. only dedicated people can do this. where the watermelon came from to the kherson steppes from western europe of the ottoman empire or from the crimean tatars is not known for certain in russian official documents. first mentioned in 1796. in connection with the watermelon

riot of sailors who seized trade wagons in nikolaev, active agricultural development of the northern black sea region began in the second half of the 18th century from the moment these lands became part of the russian empire by peoples of all sorts, all settlers. ride over here. e traditions, and agriculture, which were already familiar to them. these were greeks, armenians, moldavians, germans , representatives of the balkan peoples, while the bulk of the settlers were peasants from russian provinces as well as ever. e don cossack troops say professed the principle of no extradition from the don. eh, also potemkin actually professed the same principle in relation to those serfs to the peasants who moved to the territory. uh, novorossiy, who resorted here to the northern cause at sea. and they were ready to develop these territories to plow these lands by the middle of the 19th century in the kherson province with garden and melon

crops annually. planted up to 50,000 acres of land by the beginning of the 20th century from kherson and odessa after the harvest in august september, from 140 to 250 wagons of watermelons and melons were sent daily to the rest of russia and for export. during the soviet years, kherson breeders worked closely with colleagues from astrakhan, recognized by the russian watermelon capital at that time, varieties were created that, uh, were resistant to major diseases. so they were supposed to give marketable products in a certain amount no less than that defined there. e harvest and of course they had to be kept and above all. they must have been delicious there is no breeding variety khersonsky among watermelons, then the melitopol cherry variety is known in the middle of the 20th century, and more than one melitopol black cherry was previously bred. at the local experimental gardening station named after sidorenko, only

a few dozen came from here in 2019. ukraine occupied the sixth place in the world in terms of production of melitopol sweet cherries in it. the fourth part of ukraine is one of the main players, in general, cherries do mainly. ah, unique climatic especially. the main region is tavria and this is primarily zaporozhye kherson nikolaev odessa region, but to be honest, in the dnipropetrovsk region, by and large, the same cherry is no less. well, uh, yes, and in the poltava and sumy territories until the thirties of the last century, all varieties grown in the soviet union were foreign cherries, the first seedlings, emperor of france joseph, brought from austria, planted melitopol at the end of the 19th century, zemsky doctor and the first surgeon of the city andrei korvatsky , and already at the beginning of the xx century melitopol sweet cherry flaunted at exhibitions in paris to france bird cherry. as

the europeans called it, they delivered it in large wooden barrels in a special sweet brine, exactly the size of the melitopol sweet cherry. well, literally from a small apricot, probably, of course, it makes a huge impression of some kind of large black cherry. well, the calculations again. uh, along the roads about in the yards, anywhere, in fact, the culture is enough, unpretentious painting from the cherry fair, cherry boulevard, the election of the cherry queen every year in june, a cherry festival was held in melitopol in 2020, this melitopol fruit received the title of a geographical brand, and in 2022 , local farmers resumed its deliveries to the crimea, which were stopped 8 years ago olga mokhova anastasia popova valery savelyev typical, ukraine this is all we wanted to talk about. kirill vyshinsky was with you today. see you soon. dear

friends, uh, while our main issue of the besogon tv program is being prepared on global topics, about which we are used to talking, i propose you to talk outside the brackets on somewhat abstract topics, but which we are generally concerned about. i hope you might be interested too. i look forward to seeing you. see you.

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to the west of donetsk, artyomovsky today continued active hostilities against russian troops. in this area, the enemy is gradually crowded out, forcing him to leave fortified positions in the north of the lugansk people's republic, meanwhile, there is a systematic strengthening of our defensive lines from the line of contact, deportation of the special correspondent of the all-russian state television and radio broadcasting company nikolai dolgachev. fire contact intense fighting in the area of ​​solidarity yakovlevka