the savings are tangible, these are meters that react to weather conditions, when the plus rises, naturally, the pressure decreases for the first quarter after quarter. we saved 94 gigacalories. this is in terms of money somewhere around 200,000 rubles. already on the way home from work, in the poster section, artyom finds several announcements of interesting city events for himself and also performs. like a reference book. there is a medical statement along with khachi information on all cultural mass enterprises, which takes place in the corner of the application, which artyom filed, they reacted quickly, the territory was put in order, the situation center was informed about this the very next day. using the production facilities, we are doing the codes of the central gas plant cleaning the landfill hearth near the stepnaya house 120 191 near the booster pumping station has already been completed

in russia in more than 230 cities where smart city technology is used, volgodonsk is among the pilot projects of the rostov region in plans to expand the concept to the entire region, where the urban environment will become even more comfortable, safe and economical.

let's translate from clerical, but understandable, everything is not so scary if there is an instruction.

hello this is a question of science. i’m alexey semikhatov not all, the living creatures around us are warm inside, such as ourselves and our beloved cats and dogs, and perhaps less beloved pigeons and sparrows, and warm-blooded creatures appeared on our planet. far from immediately. and it didn't happen just once. recently, new data has become available on why and how this happened and what we are taught by the appearance of the warmth of blood beings on our planet. my guest is doctor of biology, professor of the department of biological evolution, faculty of biology, moscow state university andrey yuryevich zhuravlev andrey yuryevich hello,

thank you very much for taking the time to come to the studio. hello, thank you for inviting me and forcing me to immediately fix you warm like a cop, not inside, but warm. feel, uh, warm, almost everything just heats up, we are alone in different ways due to our internal processes. these are warm-blooded, and others due to actual energy of the sun, such as the huge ones that, even without the sun, perfectly maintain their body temperature constantly above the level of the environment. warm-bloodedness is a strange evolutionary leap that didn't happen to everyone in the first place, happened to some in some specific conditions. and how we imagine it happened approximately. why, look at the question. why is it difficult to

answer if it happened once it happened once and happened, perhaps by accident, but you would probably say that it happened more than once times on our planet that some creatures are independent of each other have become warm-blooded. in such a case, we can think about, and what causes undoubtedly happened many times, because very among very unrelated organisms. well, let's say birds, and we mammals are far from relatives. yes, we independently became warm- blooded, but there are also warm-blooded pisces, and truly warm-blooded ones. uh, really enlightening 'bout please. there is such an amazing fish called apah big enough. well, it's about half a meter long somewhere, it's relatively round, and it 's moving all the time, and because it's moving all the time, energy is generated in the process of movement. well , it is produced by all fish, some, uh, it just

throws it out and warms the world ocean, which is not very successful, but someone knows how to direct this energy from time to time . how the eyes do it. mostly predators. fast moving let's say big white shark. now, if you shoot it with a thermal imager, we will first see how such two headlights appear in the dark, and then someone will have time to see the open mouth. and what is important to pay attention to is the shark's brain that warms up in the first place, because this organ is most important in order to navigate in space to find prey. well , i want to directly attack it and conclude that against which the evolutionary biologist should immediately object warm. it's good. it's progressively good and so on. well, it turns out that so what if not for warm-bloodedness, it is unlikely that we would have

such big brains. eh, well, in this picture we see our beautiful red-feathered fan, indeed, that's what it's called, we see its vascular system and we see that other warm-blooded organisms. in this case, birds and mammals, and in these animals the size of the brain, directly correlates just in evolutionary development with warm-bloodedness, the more warm-blooded, the larger the brain, on the contrary, but the amphibian reptile did not work out that way. they have energy is expended, but it does not increase in size, and i heard right or wrong that some dinosaurs were almost warm-blooded correct me, please, maybe not even almost some were completely warm-blooded, they eventually became birds. well, there are, uh, two elements of warm-bloodedness.

actually, how it is produced is not different in different animals. we mammals have a brown fat that breaks down to produce heat. and from time to time we tremble, especially when we freeze, that is, thermistor. again, these are the very small contractions, well frequent of our muscle fibers, which also produce heat further. actually. we need to somehow keep all this warmth in ourselves. we keep birds due to the hairy coat in the broad sense due to feathers, a fish. here's an opah, in particular. here thanks. here is this bloody, a countercurrent, but i'm already talking about this, by the way, some mammals also use this nakhodka, say, reindeer. they also have such an e, counterflow of blood in their legs, which keeps your feet warm all the time. although the northern lady you understand from the name where they live again, how one blood works, but

one blood warms the other. here are two systems of vessels going, and into each other and there, uh, warmer colder ones. uh, blood flow, respectively , heats, by the way, so all the principles are arranged in some systems of warm floors. and let's see who else has acquired warm-bloodedness. and how in general to understand this, who else is compared to whom, except for mammalian birds. and here is the only one someone else someone and again repeatedly. eh, their you saurs, oddly enough, here are reptiles aquatic all in appearance. or reptile, well, scientists noticed that judging by the shape of the dinosaurs. and they have such a rapid form, like dolphins, like the fastest fish like tuna, that is, the energy costs should be such that they should have had warm-bloodedness, but they didn’t hang like balloons there, uh, the marine environment. well, although some scientists think so, they

managed to check there is such a famous one. uh, the location of all kinds of marine, and jurassic creatures holtzmad in southern germany, and just recently they found a complete skeleton, an ichthyosaur with a mineralized skin cover and individual tissues are visible in this skin cover. and individual cells are visible. i repeat once again. these are not tissue cells at all. in the truest sense of the word. everything is realized and you can see what is called a blubber in whales, that is, a powerful subcutaneous layer, fat, and there was such a layer of fat, which means they were warm-blooded, that is, otherwise, as 100% information that warm-bloodedness, if you isolate yourself from the external environment, if you want to keep your inner warmth, then, well, you have, so we even realized from mineralized cells that this form is nothing, these are fatty cells that are a

heat insulator. yes, and these were fat ichthyosaurs and some others before that there were indirect data and that's it. suddenly lay down, yes scheme. well, there are many other such geochemical methods to check who is who for warm-bloodedness, but they still need to be applied. let's say fractionation oxygen isotopes, which are very dependent on temperature, respectively, if the body in which fractionation takes place, it always takes place, our bone material is formed, our teeth grow there, er, in these phosphates. there is oxygen is oxygen. a stable isotope is fractionated just in case it's radioactive. but there is no relationship in such a way that we can understand it was. this animal is warm in life or was cold in excess of 30° affect unitarity. here , uh, not a few degrees, there seem to be a few relationship accumulates, right? so, let's say, according to

this criterion, they also looked at ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, plesiosaurs also shocked everyone, because our scientists prisiosaurs are the second history, this is the second glory and the second story is completely independent of them, it’s impossible, azasaurs about them too. how long have they been separated. yes, long- dispersed, it was possible to establish that they also decided hmm a word that evolutionists should forbid decided to become warm-blooded and became. yes, that's right, because our russian scientists drew attention that and plesiosaurs lived in our russian arctic. and then at night in the jurassic period it was even more polar than it is now, and it is believed that the mesozoic is so warm, but in fact it’s not so to say, the temperature is average in the ward, the earth. high temperature, there are always different and the polar night, too, no one canceled me. here among the icebergs. as andrey from the teachings of our

paleo artist draws beautifully like this, they really frolic helped. they still died. well, that means it didn’t help, but they help 150 million years. no, look. uh, it seems that this is what i want to understand, it seems that on the one hand there is this one, which is, as it were, progress in evolution, which your other colleagues teach me that there is not. no. no, forget no one. there is no progress, evolution flows by itself, and now the bacteria, as they were a billion years ago, are the same, well, about the same we are surrounded by. and here suddenly on the one hand. we have decided that warm-bloodedness is good, but on the other hand. well, nothing special, some warm-blooded still died out, others remained the masses of no warmth of blood live well and are in good health. that's how profitable there are other parameters by which you need to evolve in order to still become really, uh, with a big brain and be able to use this brain. but marine

animals do not. here are the whales' brains, big big, but not all the same, probably not as smart as people. so i have to think. uh, that warm-bloodedness is indeed primarily correlated with well, or with size or quality, or there with the speed of brain considerations, uh undoubtedly, though in the first place. it probably develops under certain conditions. so it was necessary for the ichthyosaur plesiosaur to become active mobile animals. uh, in general, quite a cool marine environment. and here, please, warm- bloodedness begins to develop. and when you say hmm begins to develop, and we can draw some general conclusions from five different cases on video that this is happening approximately, like the second question. here again, it 's different. here we looked at the hotosaurs. they used fat as a medium and insulation and means, respectively, of production. like, uh, that is, the splitting of fat plesiosaurs began to

use a completely different method, because, they are also for ours, or, as it were, most of them. problems arise, in general, with all vessels, because they must stretch far, far for several meters, and it is clear that these vessels are. uh, you gotta put some bone around them so they don't get pinched when you turn your long neck. well, it turned out that in this case all the vessels are nearby. and why not use them again to warm up the blood, that is, they have additional arteries, long ones have additional e-connections of these arteries and all this again allows you to maintain a higher temperature of your body. well, and other indirect signs. let's say this. uh, the appearance of a feather or woolen cover, which we know as a feather cover, appears dinosaurs and a feather cover or some of its analogues, pterosaurs also appear.

in general, by indirect signs. it is clear that these animals had to be warm-blooded, because the huge size of the ability to actively fly without warm-bloodedness and a fairly large brain, by the way, comparable to a bird in all its parameters, and again we find feathers - this is evidence that yes indeed. they were warm- blooded reached these bloodlines. and does it open up some new, evolutionary possibilities. well, pterosaurs, of course. they became just huge and at the same time, uh, and becoming huge. they almost lost in maneuverability. that is, what is called some kind of epterosa in the size of a hang glider, he could turn around. well, as the football players say on a handkerchief now, a cold-blooded elephant cannot be imagined correctly as a cold-blooded elephant. well, you can only imagine it will be far from being an inefficient thing, that is, being large and quite mobile and powerful here is a little bit,

other parameters work. so there were such wonderful dinosaurs under uh-huh, which is still, well, several elephants the size of uh-huh, but due to the fact that a large mass of animals are always warm-blooded there are other problems here. there are problems here, how to get rid of excess heat, but you have a large muscle mass. they are muscles constantly, uh, they produce heat, because even when a huge beast is standing, muscle contraction still occurs, because you need to keep yourself as if supported on weight, while resting, but still some muscle groups work, such as they are constantly produced at first they needed it, because to digest coarse plant foods. you need to keep a huge amount. uh, whatever we call microflora. actually. this is a mixture of all sorts of bacteria, archaea, unicellular fungi, and some other unicellular organisms, which actually break down all this heat, except

yes, and if you eat, respectively, plant foods. you need this whole microflora, support it warmer. otherwise, it will not work. so you need to generate this heat, like, what can you use to generate it due to the large size? just without even going into any other details. just increase increase your muscle mass become warm-blooded. and mammals are called gigantothermy, there is such a thing, that is, just a large huge structure emits so much heat that it is necessary to get rid of it somehow. this long tail and long neck of savaropods. this is exactly the area where the cooling took place. this huge animal. well, plus some more. again, the adjoining of the vessels of the blood surfaces, especially on the muzzle at the tip of the muzzle, is the coldest place where the blood cooled. by the way,

the same is true for elephants. the same problem is not accidentally african elephants, as if they are shown. they always move their ears, because there are many, many thin, thin blood vessels. and when elephants march with their ears, this blood cools down, men also need to get rid of the heat, mammals what are we and what are we? what are apparently the closest beings to us, and according to different parameters? or only warm-blooded ones can arise. well, i think so, because there is one moment of conjugation, because again warm-bloodedness arises and whether we like it or not we want to remove excess heat from time to time, because when we generate our own heat, and we already get such a dynamo that we need to get rid of excess heat. and how we do it, we clean the sweat glands. and what are sweat glands, the same mammary glands in practice, if we

hadn’t become warm-blooded, we wouldn’t have started to sweat, we wouldn’t have mammary glands, we wouldn’t have become mammals, but such a logic of the development of events is great. but can i still ask the remaining cold-blooded cold- blooded, they have some advantages in some situations. lavrov , for example, freeze there, then come to life. uh, fall into suspended animation, or are you saying that heat accidents have advantages? well, i don’t think, because as a rule, after all, those animals that fall into suspended animation fall asleep, they don’t live long, that is, you don’t live long enough to oversleep most of your life anyway. uh, that is, the quality of life outside spend this does not improve intermediate forms. e. in what sense can i want to ask you, well, let's say, for most warm-blooded ones

, the body temperature is almost always fixed for the functioning of the body, and or there are species that are able to vary their temperature very much in different regimes in a huge variety. of course, if we say all the well-known hummingbirds, then it changes its temperature very much depending on whether it is active at the moment or whether it is resting, because its temperature drops very much. well, you can’t all the time, uh, it ’s easy to maintain such a high temperature energetically hmm impossible, and so they, in general, feed on the most energy-intensive food - nectar. plus, they generally fly, which fall asleep , drop by this, make their temperatures related. quite strongly there is such a very unusual kind of naked mole rat among mammals, er, very interesting,

because they live in huge colonies. they are also eosocial animals in their own way, because there is a distribution of functions plus defined in them. to some extent, they can still be said. all clones of the same uterus, that is, in this respect, let's say it looks more like bees than mammals. here they have body temperature, for mammals it is anomaly. low i.e. below 30°. and not because of this they live long, but it is possible that because of this, too. oddly enough. well, there's a lot of reasons here, uh, tied together, but before we get to the mammal. now, i can't help but share another, uh, scientific observation that he's made in recent years. uh, why did the birds appear? well, it’s probably clear that birds are descendants of dinosaurs, but why uh warm-bloodedness was needed, but first of all, in behavior, and oddly enough, again, active

behavior and incubation of eggs, because yes, you can dig eggs into a hole. how to make money, let's say they did this huge amount of food buried. and there who survived that survived, but let's say the dinosaurs, which evolved towards the bird. they began to incubate eggs really actively, for this, again, it is necessary. paid, otherwise you will not sit. well, although it is theoretically possible, it is possible to determine by the temperature of the egg shell that a dinosaur were warm-blooded, because the bird when hatching eggs and it is beneficial to me to have all the chicks in one. e day hatched in an instant and feed them all there all this crowd at once, therefore the temperature. eh, e-eggs in birds are kept different; they incubate some eggs at the moment more than others. and uh, respectively, dinosaurs. again, we take the very ones but for oxygen. we

can calculate. uh, the shell temperature of specific eggs. find out, it turns out that the temperature of the nest is also different. so dinosaurs were undoubtedly warm -blooded and it would not work any other way. well, finally, we come to our ancestors ancestors. we had many, many. these are all sorts of animal lizards. it's dog teeth and pangolins. and there were the price of donuts, which are closer to us. how to determine body temperature in ancient animals, but we take modern warm-blooded cold-blooded animals and look. what parameters are correlated with warm-bloodedness. well, it's useless to measure brains here, because try to measure the size of the brains of ancient animals. well, something is preserved, but this is not always an indicator. and what we can measure we can measure let's say the diameter of the blood vessels that we have in the bone forever, what it gives us it gives us the diameter of the red blood cells that penetrate there. it

turns out that the warmer the animal, the smaller or erythrocytes. now, if the vessels are small, then the erythrocytes are also small red blood cells, which means that the animals, most likely, the heat of the blood, so it turned out that the vessels were small and the erythrocytes were also small. and this, in principle, is somewhere on the five steps of ours. ancestors mammals now you do not want to say that we have been so long ago here the question was. are they fully warm-blooded or are they just up to it ? are there any other such parameters that we can measure in modern animals and make sure that yes. this is an indicator of exactly warm-bloodedness. well, by the way, all these are all these parameters. they are related to consumption. there is oxygen per unit weight per hour , there is more than one milliliter per hour per 67 g of

the body, then it is warm-blooded, if less then cold-blooded and all these parameters are correlated with this oxygen consumption, well, the energy-consuming process of warm-bloodedness. but it turned out how scientists restored this year. and what is a very well correlated form, eh? of our labyrinth, but this is a part of the inner ear, which is also conserved. in our skull bones, e, consists of what are called such semicircular e bone canals, very beautiful. if you look at the tomograph, you can really see everything, although , of course, nothing has been preserved from the channels. but here they are image. there survived survived in the skull, we can compare different animals by the structure of these channels. this system is more complicated, especially when there are three necessary channels, than this is due to the fact that, again, we lead an active lifestyle. we turn our heads, we roll our eyes to

focus on something. again, while running, jumping, flying, we can, well, who cares, but we can quickly orient ourselves, and this is due to the fact that, again, there is this labyrinth and such an endolymph overflows in it, and which i press on hairs that are there. cells and cells react to correct where we should go or where where, where we should focus our vision and mobility - this is thermal mobility. it depends on the viscosity of this indolymph depends on the temperature. but you can do it in different ways, you can adjust the viscosity accordingly, and then here are some fish, again they do it, then we wo n’t find anything. and you can rebuild the system of these channels. and this canal system was rebuilt, just e immediate ancestors mammals called mother liamorphs. and we can say about them that yes, they became warm-

blooded. uh, because they already had small erythrocytes. we know this, because in other ways. they were already warm-blooded, so they were sweating. so they could, in principle, feed their offspring with some kind of dairy products, somewhere around 230 million years ago, well, at the end of the shaking period at the end of the shaking period, a complex multifaceted story. uh, as i learned from you with a lot of ramifications and subtly correlated e phenomena, then it is like correlated signs, but finely subtle observations and good equipment that allow it to be deciphered. thank you, i wish you continued interesting subtle observations and successful decoding and thank you very much for your interesting story. all the best, goodbye.

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