hello on the air international review in the studio of fyodor lukyanov today the program of the international review is the event of the week of the chronicles the high art of substitution to pass off a rocket as russian poland for the first time under attack. disagreements over ukraine could not unanimously condemn russia.

borders in the modern world where there are points of convergence of our program on tuesday, the news about a russian missile that supposedly hit poland swept the specter of a world war. especially since a couple of hours leading media resources pumped, as they could catch the wave fatal accident provocation intends to escalate. history, alas, knows examples, when in such situations no one understood, they used a reason, yes, and that's it. the formal reason for the start of world war ii was the glewieck incident, on august 31, 1939, a group of ss men dressed in polish uniform staged an attack on a german border radio station. they fired several shots at the microphone, read an appeal in polish, and

more convincingly , pre-prepared bodies were left at the scene. the next day, september 1st. hitler declared that the polish army attacked the third reich and declared a war on poland, which soon became a world war in the summer of the fiftieth year, the civil war in korea began; sides as a result, when instead of one of them the north began offensive president of south korea's son. well, i didn’t believe in the report, it was believed that the tanks would not go through the mountains, however, the north korean tankers took advantage of the experience of the manchurian operation, when the troops of the trans-baikal front managed to overcome the ridge of the great khingan and cut off the quanton army from the japanese forces in north china

, this time the t-34 tanks were also successful passed through the mountains and broke into seoul however, the confrontation between the two kolya continues to this day in the sixty- fourth year, the united states directly intervened in the war in vietnam, the reason was the incident in the gulf of tankin in early august, an american destroyer approached the coast of north vietnam and, according to the americans, the north was attacked twice by vietnamese torpedo boats, madex received air cover and fought back. under this pretext, us president lindon. johnson gave the order to inflict, and the gift on the naval facilities of north vietnam has already become today. it is known that the information about the repeated attack on the ship was deliberately distorted by the american destroyer fought with non-existent adversary in february 2003 , us secretary of state colin pavel demonstrated to

the un security council a test tube with some kind of white powder. he presented this as evidence of the production of chemical and bacteriological weapons in iraq, the members of the security council refused to sanction the invasion, but george w. bush still started his regime with one hussein was overthrown, but weapons of mass destruction were never found in iraq. the wreckage from the ukrainian air defense, which was activated during the russian attack on the ukrainian infrastructure, quickly cleared up washington was restrained in its initial comments and then no one wanted to get involved in a direct clash with russia. and what are those who tried to provoke something unusually harshly ordered to stop the incident is exhausted. jordanian asama hadzhash rocket fell

neutrally in poland. but figuratively on the left ukraine a. on the right , poland lizard symbolizes nato marian kamensky and slovakia but now lives in austria drawing called missiles in poland is a popular narrative. even if the rocket was ukrainian , russia is still to blame here with the author. no doubt rocket russia is written on the chair, the nato emblem is the work of ukrainian artist andrey petrenko, let's see. will there be an answer or again, some concerns of the italian del rosa, here and no words are required, everything is clear and the drawing is called the fire of war. eastern europe showed itself most clearly in this episode, the baltic countries and members of the visegrad group, except for hungary, immediately and without hesitation accused russia of attacking nato and

demanded that the western cities finally take effective measures, in fact, intervene military conflict. the idea of ​​vyshgorod cooperation arose back in the late eighties, when a wave of anti-communist uprisings swept across eastern europe, then the prime minister of hungary, jozhev, antal invited the presidents of poland and czechoslovakia, lech walesa and vaclav gavalo vishgrad. a symbolic meeting back in the middle ages three kings of poland, czech and hungarian, concluded here a military-political union, the first in central europe after seven centuries. in the ninety-first, a joint declaration on cooperation between the country appeared. deal together move backward movement has become the establishment of a free trade area. at the same time, contacts developed unevenly in 1993, after the disintegration of

slovakia, the vyshegrad trio turned into a four and the group still exists in this form, not legally formalized. it has no apparatus or center. secretariat after a five-year pause in 1998, the leaders signed an agreement on the resumption of cooperation , it is significant that before that hungary, poland and the czech republic received an invitation to join nato and later all countries. became members of the european union revival of cooperation occurred when difficulties arose, for example, in 2015, the work of the four intensified against the backdrop of the european migration crisis, the members of the higher city group developed measures for the return of migrants to their homeland and strengthened control at external borders even after the first world war. the polish leader , a user who drank for a day, proposed the idea of ​​creating a confederation between the seas, which included almost all

the countries of eastern europe, finland and the baltic countries. setting poland from the sea, to the sea has become a slogan many nationalists are remembered unofficially from time to time, and the possibility of a revision of the border the other day, the hungarian mp laszlo trotskaya congratulated poland on independence day and hinted at the partition of ukraine on twitter, he tweeted before the meeting on the common polish hungarian border. it would seem that the history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the countries of central eastern europe teach caution, the eternal risk of falling between the millstones, however , different lessons are learned, for example, to position themselves as a frontline zone and, under this sauce, demand the maximum attention and the greatest guarantees are three types, and under the front-line states. and the first - these are the very unfortunate ones who understand that,

due to geography, in the event of a conflict between the strong and the big, they will inevitably fall under the distribution, and they are terribly afraid of this, but they can do anything they perceive as a factor of fate, yes, and there is a second type of states under the front-line conditionally, yes, those that a understand that they will be terribly afraid of distribution, but they are trying to level the situation towards the possibility of peaceful there are three types of pre- frontal states, and which they terribly want to be, but just because they can receive dividends from this situation, and due to the fact that in many ways, this consolidates and strengthen their identity, a and some internal patterns of development. yes, but these are precisely the states that are today located along the perimeter, and those carried out by russia in ukraine and

the word, and they belong to the type under the front-line states that terribly want to be them, and they they wanted to be historical, because, well, it’s probably stupid to say. e that they did not understand, but by joining the north atlantic alliances with all the fibers of their souls there, striving, but they are formally turning into a pre-front zone. this is an interesting moment, indeed the former satellites of the ussr or the union republics probably felt that they should not talk about a new european one. the era, you never know how it will turn, and they believed that the expansion of the alliance to the east imposes on them a real obligation to defend the frontier, it is possible that they just did not count on the end for this, the stories are true. centers for the transfer of forces in poland and what we have seen

during this week, a hit incident. e ukrainian e in ukrainian on the territory of poland yes, and an attempt to play. uh, some intrigue around. and this is history. uh, she's just demonstrating that, uh, it's beneficial for them. it's beneficial because it allows. er, if we're talking about poland in the broader format of the european union and the euro-atlantic community. e have, and large chess sizes, but to have a pressure map, and to strengthen their negotiating positions to achieve what is needed. and this , among other things, is important due to the fact that the european union, yes, and actually itself. eh, the north atlantic alliance and they have entered the stage of the technological transformation of the economic transformation. ah, the stage of structural reforms. a-a, accumulated, large financial resources, the distribution of these financial

resources will be carried out from brussels players, now it is acting in relation to internal e, and in the struggle for these finances. and the more pressure cards you have, the better it is for poland, which, in fact, would like to receive significant funds for the implementation of structural reforms, and such a position, uh, its negotiating format significantly strengthens. there are, of course, other things related to internal political processes, and therefore this position is in front of the state for political persons, and countries as well. former baltic and poland she is just very profitable. now everything looks as if the authorities of the baltic countries,

poland, the czech republic and slovakia, romania, etc., obsessed with the desire to rebuff russia, are pushing the collective west to toughen their position with all their might and become a separate escalation factor. there is. true, a different opinion is decided anyway in the big capitals, especially on the other side of the atlantic, the reaction of washington, paris, berlin to the missile incident, and this illustrated the moment , including for the history of russian es relations. it lies in the fact that everything about what we guessed it, uh, it comes to the surface just those schemes that were used before, and more of a degree in the dark today, but they are all obvious. well, let's ask ourselves, to what extent is uh real? well, firstly, how to consolidate the space of central eastern europe, i, uh, have a hard time imagining how but to a different

degree. well, in what way how, for example, uh, these states of central eastern europe can be serious, but independent factors in the general estonian line, as they, for example, can dictate rather than agenda. and the same germany , france, or uh, there, if we are talking about the europlant community as a state, let 's see, but the czech republic yes, well, to what extent, and there a year and a half ago? and the czech republic, which, uh, seriously has russian capital, where there is close economic cooperation, that's the extent to which it, but was interested in such a serious renewal of relations with us, and up to declaring us a terrorist state. by itself, from the point of view of its internal, how would we conspire national interests. yes, in no yes, but nevertheless it happened and it seems to me that a rather obvious question is a rather obvious answer to the question of how independent they are, how much they can

represent this radical, uh, common force, but how were they, uh , so to speak, expressive of all those, but the contradictions of discontent or dissatisfaction, and which were but among the giants of the old european ones. well, which they could not or did not want to express, e, to us directly for one reason or another, then they remain them. actually. uh, them roles. as i understand it, it suits them completely, because in the internal changes of the eu in the internal european dimensions of the euro-atlantic there. and this just enhances them, and actually, but the significance, which without a. this gives the opportunity to bargain gives the opportunity. e inside. eh, some important things to win back within the european space, and in the medium term, such a status will definitely continue to

suit central eastern europe, it remains to be seen whether the costs of the crisis will cover it, hypothetical benefits, as long as the military-political aspects themselves. but the problems of light and heat have to be solved every day, report by alexander popova first leipzig then schwerin, for several months a wave of discontent caused by rising electricity prices swept through german cities for an average citizen of germany where every second house is heated by gas, the cost for the last year has increased the three times crowd of thousands in the league is not even afraid of the polity, and is not loudly chanting anti-government and anti-ukrainian slogans. we retired having accumulated a modest fortune in their lives and all our savings are now going to waste because of big politics. you can't live like that. that's why we went out into the street, we need gas from russia,

cheap gas, that's all, it will not be cheap, but the german government promises its citizens solid support, but this will be allocated 200 billion euros. now, every day, a german family can count on at least one electricity bill to be fully paid by the end of the year later. you will have to clench your teeth for a month, but since march prices are stabilizing the government plans to partially freeze them for us consumers. this means only one thing we have to start saving ourselves to identify the main energy-consuming tv radio and other devices operating in standby mode, the activity of the germans is richer than the rest critically evaluated by other members of the european. families, for example, neighboring poland cannot afford the same social support for citizens as in germany, where there is solidarity, where there is equality, where there is competition. and if the germans get such help, then others need something to give it so

purely. it's good that i didn't throw out the fireplace. now i'll probably have to use it somehow to survive, at least for one sheepskin coat, but i demand that someone take responsibility for this situation for years we have been told use coal. and now, all of a sudden, we're back. the tree is absurd, they make me collect brushwood. there is something wrong here panyan one of the thousands of poles who this year will not heat their houses with ecological coal, and despite the fact that the polish the government offered subsidies specifically for coal, and not for gas, which is mainly used for heating in polish homes, coal is used only in southern poland , assistance from the polish state 3,000 gold last year, with this money you could buy as many as three tons of coal, that is, as much as you need in the average pole for the whole winter today. the price has increased more than four times and the support does not cover even a quarter of the need. i only had two bags of coal left, so for the winter i provided myself

with the raw material that was available, that is firewood, but, unfortunately, they are sold out very quickly, only such wood waste is left in the warehouses of the polish energy group, the main supplier of coal, speak for themselves, this is the only place where you can still buy coal cheaper to stand in petya, it will take a week to the poles, supplied they fight with mats and provisions not so much in winter. how much, with complete absurdity, we enrolled in the queue for coal, but we will receive it only next wednesday. and the unknown government is trying to control the situation and says that it makes no sense to buy coal at an inflated price, there is a search for new foreign suppliers, finally, in order to calm everyone down, the ministry began to supply coal to the regions at a minimum price of 1,500 zlotys per ton, local administrations should sell it with a minimum profit of no more than 2,000 zlotys, however, not everyone will have to prove that coal is the main source of heating in the house, but i

really hope that politicians who make decisions in the field. power engineers will be able to somehow save the situation. though it's probably too late to forget turning off the light behind you or not heating the room above 18 ° is not enough. it's like a dead rearrangement to solve the problem at the international level, how the europeans will survive, the coming winter is unknown. it depends primarily on these wallets and what kind of winter will it be. harsh or not? they are trying to determine this by signs, but it is already clear that some of the states of the germans will take advantage of the offer of turfir and the coldest period will be held. in warm countries, those who do not go anywhere are left to be surprised by the new court of heating and counting days until the spring of alexander popov specially for international review. eastern europe, it was also called intermediate more than once in history, was the areno and the clashes of the great powers. there, the borders were redrawn and the inhabitants were resettled;

these processes, extremely painful for people, were going on all over the world and were previously considered. if not the norm, then the inevitability of the state arose, disappeared , changed the configuration, geopolitical circumstances. dictated reality, once forced to seek a balance of interests. and once, on the contrary, they crushed it. at the turn of the 20th century most of the small countries of modern europe were part of the larger and more influential powers of austria-hungary, england, france and russia, because even italy germany appear on the map of europe as a single state only in the second half of the 19th century, but the first world war led to the collapse of the four empires of the russian austrian significant territories were torn away from germany by the hungarian german and ottoman empire, in place of austria-hungary , austria hungary czechoslovakia appeared instead

of serbia and montenegro, the kingdom of serbs, croats and slovenes in 1918 reappeared poland at the expense of the land of the russian and german empires, as well as estonia latvia lithuania and years earlier finland , well, 20 years later, adolf hitler redraws the map of europe in the thirty-eighth, the annexation of austria takes place annexation of the judiciary region of czechoslovakia and in the thirty-ninth attack poland begins the second world war, most of the countries of the old world, with the exception of britain, become satellites of berlin in the forty-fifth after the defeat of germany in world war ii, a yalta-podsdam security system, a decisive role. it belongs to the usa and the ussr europe is divided into a sphere of influence western and eastern revival of germany begins in the forty-ninth year under the auspices of the usa i play the main role in the

military confrontation of the ussr in response to the soviet sector a german democratic republic appears in the socialist camp czechoslovakia poland hungary romania also remains bulgaria yugoslavia and albania counterbalance nato countries of the eastern bloc create an organization of the warsaw pact countries. late fifties early in the seventies, as a result of the collapse of the colonial system, many young independent states appeared on the world map. this is almost all of africa and asia. many of them do not want to choose a side in the cold war, but become participants in non-alignment movements. the berlin wall collapsed in november

809 in august 1991 the soviet union collapsed by agreement it is possible, but it seems to be why the inviolability of this has long been, to put it mildly, ghostly since the end of the last century. what has not changed, and most importantly, the concept of force has become rather vague and agreements. now some hybrids. in december 1989 , malta officially announced the end of the cold war for the first time, on september 12, 1990. in moscow, an agreement was signed on the final settlement with respect to germany, it was called 2 + 4 and determined that the united germany includes the territory of the frg of the gdr and west berlin on 3 october. the gdr ceased to exist, as a state in august 1991, as

a result of the collapse of the soviet union , 15 new states appeared on the maps of europe and asia and the borders corresponded to the borders of the union republics in the process of decentralization, they soon spread and bosnia and herzegovina macedonia serbia slovenia croatia and montenegro the yugoslav federation ceased to exist on 15 january 1992. at the same time, montenegro proclaimed itself as a sovereign state only in 2006, and torn away from serbia in the ninety-ninth year, the region of kosovo and mitohi was proclaimed an independent republic, kosovo in 2008 was the quietest and most peaceful velvet divorce of czechoslovakia on january 1, ninety- three, two countries of the czech republic and slovakia arose on its territory a the political elites did not

show each other mutual claims in africa with the end of the cold war, the thirty-year conflict between the elite separatists and the government of ethiopia ended on april 25, 93 under observation. he tells reya passed referendum, and after 2 days it was announced the creation of an independent state. at the same time, addisbaba completely lost the outlet of the red sea. and the separatists of the ethiopian state of play began their war for independence in 2011 after 20 years of civil war in neighboring ethiopia. sudan also divided into two states by mutual agreement of the parties under the auspices. the un, however, soon found out that all the oil fields ended up in south sudan, and after 2 years in 2013. a new war began there, but not between the north and

south, and inside south sudan on may 20, 2002, one of the islands in indonesia, east timor, gained state independence, but the revolutionary storms did not subside there, and in 2006 the country's president called on the governments of australia and malaysia, new zealand and portugal to bring their creative forces to the island. they came under the egelion and are there to this day. the organization of space in the modern world, the nature of borders, they are the same as before, let's talk about this wonderful specialists vladimir kolosov deputy director of the institute of geography russian academy of sciences, vladimir sash hello. good afternoon. let's start with the azov itself, it used to be that geography is , in a sense, a sentence for politics. here's how where the most handy was born. now it's also the 21st century, well, geography is still important, because

what geography is is the space in which we live. this is, firstly, the economic space, all the location with connections between thousands and thousands of economic agents. the social legal space is superimposed on it. various legislative norms on a national , regional and even municipal scale , political space, of course. all this creates the uniqueness of each place of course. these are these factors. do they lend to politics? well , take, for example, lesotho, which is surrounded on all sides by the territory of the republic of south africa, of course, this is of fundamental importance for this country or the neighborhood of small countries with larger powers, but not a single factor is geographically absolute, there is always an alternative. there are always some compensatory mechanisms that make it possible to overcome or at least mitigate the sentence in space. they also say that because of the friction

of space, indeed, geographical proximity is of great importance in our life. including, of course, in politics for communication between states. well, for example, in the european union, it has been proven that enterprises from different countries, which are simply located close to each other, cooperate much more actively, for example, you can cite a lot. okay, one more question then. it's pretty abstract, but i think important that's how it's going now. now the state creates its own borders or vice versa. uh, the borders form the state, because, for example, the russian federation arose in the ninety-first year and defined itself within the borders that they turned out to be in general in terms of history and human settlement. well, in any case, we absolutely can’t name them now, apparently, we are redefining ourselves, otherwise it’s a very interesting question, over which, uh, many experts fought, but this is a question, as they say about the

chicken and the workshop both are important, there is no definite the answer to this question is the borders, that is, state borders, in other words, which establishes these borders, protects them, form a certain identity, that is, uh, how we people associate ourselves with our country, region , and space. and, of course, we know that there was such a community to a certain extent, as the soviet people argue with this to varying degrees, but, nevertheless , all topics assume that it was or the yugoslav community, despite all the differences. that is, in other words, the state determines on the one hand, it will identically form an identity, but on the other hand, of course, identity also affects the borders well, to be clear. not always. the state succeeds in this, not always far, as we know it manages to have a strong stable identity, and therefore stable borders to take, for example, a self-proclaimed state , those that are not far away.