a the heart of parma the organization of space in the modern world, the nature of the boundaries, they are the same as before, let's

talk about this wonderful specialists vladimir kolosov, deputy director of the institute of geography of the russian academy of sciences, vladimir sash hello. good afternoon. let's start with the azov itself, it used to be that geography is , in a sense, a sentence for politics. that's where the most handy was born. now it's also the 21st century, well, geography is still important and what is geography is the space in which we we live. this is, firstly, an economic space, its location with connections between thousands and thousands of economic agents. social legal space is superimposed on it, various legislative norms, national regional and even municipal scale , political space, of course. all this creates the uniqueness of each place, of course, these factors. do they lend to politics? well , take, for example, lesotho, which is surrounded on all sides by the territory of the republic of south africa, of

course, this has for her for this country the fundamental importance or proximity of small countries to larger powers, but no factor geographically is absolutely there is always an alternative. there are always some compensatory mechanisms that make it possible to overcome or, in any case, mitigate the sentence into space. they also say from the friction of space, really. geographic proximity is of great importance in our life. including, of course, in politics for communication between states. well, for example, in the european union it has been proven that much more actively cooperates with enterprises from different countries, which are simply located close to each other, for example, you can cite a lot. okay, one more question then. it's pretty abstract, but i think it's important, that's how it's going right now. now the state creates its own borders or vice versa. uh, the borders form the state, because,

for example, the russian federation arose in the ninety-first year and defined itself within the borders that they turned out to be in general in terms of history and human settlement. well, anyway in the case, we absolutely cannot name them now, apparently, we are redefining ourselves, otherwise it is a very interesting question, over which, uh, many experts have struggled, but this is a question, as they say about chicken and itza both are important, there is no definite answer to this question of the border, that is, the state, in other words, which establishes these boundaries protects them uh, forms a certain identity, that is, uh, how we people associate ourselves with our country, region , space. and, of course, we know that to a certain extent there was such a community as soviet people argue with this to varying degrees, but, nevertheless , all topics assume that she was either a yugoslav community or a patriarnian difference. that is, in other words, the state determines, on the

one hand, identically, will form an identity, but on the other hand, of course, identity affects the borders well, to be clear. not always. the state succeeds in this, not always far, as we know, it succeeds in a strong stable identity, and therefore stable borders , take, for example, a self-proclaimed state those that are not far from us are partially recognized, the pridnestrovian moldavian republic of abkhazia south ossetia is not recognized, and the existence of the formation itself means that georgia and moldova failed to form a common identity for the entire population and regardless of its origin of ethnicity, hence the problems with the borders of the territorial conflict. that's speaking boundaries. eh, until recently it was believed that the main trend is their erasure, that is, they formally remain, but cease to play any role. and now, firstly, a new one is being erected, not only the border, but also the old walls are being redrawn. we

see this on many occasions, does that mean we went backwards, wait, uh not backwards, actually the border is in the past and there were few of those. here, as we now know, the borders between many countries were not guarded, in general, uh, there were vast border strips where people could move around, citizens of both countries and only, then later, over the years, borders. led ceased to be rigidly fixed lines in space, which the strongest influence on the life of the population and which most importantly play a huge symbolic role. this is the same identity that i was talking about. uh, and what are walls, and there are already about 70 of them all over the world, and between the most different states, not only between developed famous, say, the wall, for which the president, former donald trump was so happy, about 3,000 km long. on the border between

the united states of mecca, or the well-known wall between israel and the palestinian lands was built. sometimes. it may even be minefields, barbed wire. all of this is equipped. the latest tracking devices. what it's all about these walls aren't so much outward-facing, uh, designed not primarily to prevent the flow of illegal migration. how much are they intended for the citizens of the countries themselves? this is, uh, protection, this is an action, uh, governments. uh, showing that, uh, they want to protect their citizens from the risk of globalization from undermining the labor market due to the influx of migrants. this is where it gets cheap. uh, businesses prefer to hire migrants. they actually citizens of the country's citizens. uh, undermining the care of the enterprise and their displacement of the country's location with cheap labor, and many more. what

are the citizens so afraid of? but the changes in boundaries, we are used to. i think it's not even after the cold war, but this helsinki final act, which kind of postulated that borders don't change forces. at least. eh, well, and in general since then, it has become generally accepted that the border is unshakable. and what, in general, is a historical anomaly, because, too, in europe one cannot find the centuries when the borders would not be redrawn in the most radical way, and why does he think that the twenty-first year will be different, but, nevertheless, er. many now often say that people are carriers there do not know the national identity, and people can live anywhere, not the territory. here, uh, again we return to the territorial understanding. or is it already impossible that the number of states is multiplying, and, in my opinion, it is my deep conviction that this process will continue in the future, and the number of borders would also grow. after all, what are borders

it is a tool for adaptation, e.g. to the changing external and internal challenges, adaptation to new conditions. and uh it happens, of course, it's mostly. e in the form of a change of regime and function of the border of the border, some of their functions are transferred to the borders of another level. as we say, if e functions of control of the schengen zone, at least on the outer border, and other borders are relatively, like barriers, or vice versa, that is, there is a constant process of changing the transfer mode from one border of the function to another sometimes b in some cases, such strong impulses arise that even lead to a revision of the outlines of the border itself. this, of course, is rare and this horse certainly does not occur as a result of the use of force as a result of negotiations and other processes. well, still,

if we summarize in the xxi century. do you think the struggle for territories will remain precisely for territories for spain to expand them. well, it seems to me that the main struggle is for people for human capital for uh, the april loyalty of people for their values ​​for their view of the existing the political map of the world, because if people are loyal to some external internal political regime, then there is no need to withdraw resources from the territory. all this by itself, so to speak, will come. it comes in the right place at the right time, but, uh, experts are now saying that they really, uh, dream of a time when u borders will limit not geopolitical units, but units of life, so to speak, that is, certain territories. e where people live together have common interests

maintain in a favorable condition, the environment environment and not care about moving across those boundaries. but it seems to me that those times are still far away. that is, geopolitics will still live with us. oh yes, of course, thank you very much, vladimir votes was with us. jeffrey sachs is a man who participated in shock therapy in the nineties in russia suddenly he comes for us. i think that ukraine would be wiser if it said, we want neutrality strange, but listen, and in the current military conflict, nato wants to establish its presence in the entire black sea region. i think, that it is very dangerous. we say that we are saving ukraine, but we are not saving it, because ukraine is being destroyed as a result of this proxy war. they call it strategic dominance. in all parts of the world. i do not think that a unipolar

world is the place to be so an interview with an american economist on air american methods.

it’s really warmer outside, we go out to warm during recess. all of them are blackmailing gazprom in this way the russian leadership. i understand perfectly well that russia cares. in general, interests transnistria and humanitarianly also concerns the damage to the economy, transnistria well, he appeared for a whopping half a year. well, i think that i speak on behalf of all pridnestrovians. this week, the g20 meeting was held in indonesia, to the great

relief of the organizers, they managed to agree on the final document, a gift to the president of joka vidos, in fact, russia did. it did not block the document, although it contained criticism of the military actions in ukraine . and other opinions. let's hope that someone appreciates the breadth of soul in the absence of vladimir putin the g20 summit was overshadowed by the g2 meeting us president joe biden and chinese president although biden. in the white house for almost 2 years. first personal contact. previously referred to covid passed peacefully. neither side does not want to stir up right now so forgive dumbly all the lull, however, not a harbinger of the restoration of relations, but rather a sign of waiting. biden, after the meeting, said, honestly, we will compete fiercely, but i do not

looking for conflict. i strive to manage competition responsibly. this approach suits the chinese side at the moment, well, it’s clear that the course of separation is departure from the closest mutual dependence that determined relations for several decades and was extremely beneficial for both sides on how to get rid of symbiosis, let’s talk with our good friend ivan danin from the imo named after primakov ivan hello good afternoon. but this so-called decoupling is a beautiful word, that is, the separation of the united states and china at what stage is it now and does it actually go away? well, like any dokapling, like any divorce. the property is being divided now. this is such a process, as in the case of divorce, it is rather difficult in the sense that there are quite a few of us together, but there are joint children. i would even say that he sees these transnational oil chains of global oil chains. and, of

course, you can’t separate it just like that, but now, first of all, due to the politicization of this topic. uh, of course, painful measures can be taken, uh, the result of which may for some time be such, well, i hope, temporary yes, disconnection of a number of processes of a number of chains, well, with such generally not very unambiguous consequences for the world high-tech market. well, for the entire world economy, because, as we saw following the results of the pandemic in the midst of the shortage of chips, this is generally not painless at all, but a process for all industries and all spheres of life, and the chinese are doing something in order to keep it from -to slow down this process or they actually in fact, how is there mutual understanding, what should we part with ? i think, and so and so and so, as it often happens in life. well, somewhere they just can’t influence anything, because when, for example, they introduced restrictions on the work of american citizens, respectively, and in chinese companies there, even the chinese companies themselves

took certain measures in order to put it this way , then somehow solve this problem in favor of reducing the number. kansk citizens at home because the motives are internal. i think more complex than us it seems, here and, of course, they are very actively working to create something of their own, because, uh, there was a xinhua editorial. and i really liked this little komsomol gap, but it was very clearly stated there that china understood that a petitioner was begging there . it depends on western technologies. he can no longer develop something of his own, and in this sense, by the way, every new move of the baidan administration, it is perceived in china as a movement along this path, as confirmation of the need to strengthen its own technological sovereignty, as already and this is, accordingly, perceived as a necessity, so to speak, to build on the territory of the country. these are the key elements, there are personnel potentials and that's it. the rest of the recent uproar has been a lot of talk about the

ban for us top managers there to work for chinese companies us ban, and and it really is. star strike, that is, in other words, the chinese americans, on the contrary, have time to compensate. here is the outflow of personnel, or are they lagging behind. a judging by branch - this is really a serious matter, because it is the experience of working with the market and this is the experience of managing complex technical projects. that is, it's something that, well, you can't do it with a click. yes, this is really what is called here, we love the word unique, which has no analogues. yes, this is indeed a unique skill. and something, probably, can be intercepted. well, so for those hmm with half information, which is already china. well, as you know, it is not the most open country in this regard. but hey, how can you understand? the chinese have how a very painful issue? and there really is such a serious shift in personnel that could have a negative impact. in my opinion, the chinese haikey has such a rather long-term perspective, because, well, this is the case when you quickly

compensate for this, well, as if from nowhere. hmm. and if you look at the other side recently, it was also discussed. the decision of the american administration of the congress to allocate a lot of money for the creation of microchip production. uh in the united states well as if they were missing, that it turns out that they have something special and nothing. i believe that americans are technologically capable of doing this. but logistical in general, how long will it take one of the founders, intel, andy grow , so to speak, drove into all the alarms back in the early nineties. he wrote there, there were articles in all possible magazines that, god forbid, mother would leave america from production, he warned that it would be as it would be. well, and by the way, as it is suddenly, he was right, in many things. well , if you take the position of american technology nationalism, and he, of course, would be desirable to recreate, as he has some part of the production. i personally have another question. why exactly these and why it is necessary to build three factories in the united states of america at once is not so obvious an answer. yes, that is,

there is, well, a number of other production processes, which would also be nice to have . so said one colleague at the time. why people say they love solar panels and don't like energy efficiency next to drug efficiency take a picture for a newspaper difficult, and here next to the factory. this can be photographed show selectively. at the same time, this law itself is actually in terms of the development of american microelectronics. it is so not very unambiguous within the usa and has received an assessment, because there are so many companies, that is, actually american companies that have their own production, come down to one thing, namely inventory. and there amd and stuff, they said for a very long time that well, of course, we are glad that intel will receive state subsidies, it's nice when your competitors receives state support, but in general there is, in addition to production. here are the chips for pc mobile phones and tablets and others, as it were, directions and you would also be nice to support, and the second point is that what you said is really. how much will it be possible to correctly provide logistical and

most important personnel, because now feedback is coming from taiwanese comrades, american colleagues came to them to lure. experience, well, what to work for? no, he's been there for 30 years by that no one was doing. our staff is being prepared urgently for these factories and so on. well, i'll say it delicately. there are such very ambiguous assessments of the american comrades. that is, they said there that there are loud children who understand little, which means that they generally behave somehow without pardon. and how they will work there at these factories is not very clear. that is, there is one political decision here that it is necessary to build factories, like in taiwan, so that. how can they have it, but we do n’t have it, it starts. now don't just pull others questions, but also create some other problems that also need to be addressed. and china has alternative partners. here, let's say, let's imagine that this divorce happened and then they are parallel already moving in different directions. china has someone to cooperate with from other countries, who can, but if not to replace america, then in any case to replace some niches that fall out.

here is the most interesting question. the fact is that what is the reason for such a chinese thing that is not called nationalism, the desire to keep everything to drag everything into part of what is called just lies in the fact that their partnerships are not very good, they entered this market and these chains relatively late, so to speak, and unlike the states, they do not have their own key technologies that allow you to control these chains, which means that it is more difficult for them to deal with partners because of this. uh, who have some equivalent competencies. well , because, roughly speaking, these partners need the chinese less than the chinese need them. and in principle, the last 10 years. uh and huawei and stuff, so to speak, large companies and microelectronic electronic field. personal electronics. created created research and development centers in britain and in germany in the states and so on, just in order to gain access. these are some alternative competencies that do not

depend directly on american suppliers, that is, learn to do something yourself. but now it's clear, the reasons become a little problematic with whom they can support contact well, there is purely theoretical indians. yes , they do not want someone. well, again, how unfortunate there, for geopolitical reasons, someone wants to, but he, as it were, has nothing special to give. well, here, for example, we have there and had good competencies, for example, in the same retrography there since 2004. uh, an alternative technology to asmalovsky was developing. and by the way, they also did something for sms, generally speaking, well, we are just in time, so to speak. this, unfortunately, has not been developed. and when it was offered to the chinese 10 years ago. they i wasn't too interested in it either. well , because it seemed that i bought everything and so on, but in order to get to some level, but still, we need quite a significant amount of time, because, as the old joke says, nine women in 1 month will not give birth to a child. and it just takes long enough and consistently strong to develop something, er, that can be done

together. with china, there may be some other con. on the walkie-talkie, but that's another question plus the chinese. well that's my personal point of view hmm they lack the competence of just such an organization of equal partnership, in principle, well, they have a completely rational moment that they need to develop the economy there, it really increases employment, moreover, such that we used to call high-performance jobs . here, uh, and this is a bit like the soviet approach. let's give us technology. and then we'll bury you. yes, that is, they are not all interested. well, and here, of course, it’s a little difficult to be friends, because everyone knows about it. well, that is, as it should be a divorce it won't be easy, thank you. ivan danilin from the imo was with us. the most striking episode of the meeting in bali was the exchange of remarks between chinese president xi jinping and canadian example justin

trud. siwu was indignant that a summary of the negotiations they had introduced the day before got into the press. everything that we discussed leaked into the newspaper. it is unacceptable. we don't do things like that, if it's about frankness, then we must respect each other. we will continue free open and frank dialogue conditions to start. create for the chinese boss such a demonstrative outburst, yes, even with a scolding to the interlocutor, is extremely atypical, but, apparently, a more vivid example of a clash of cultures has burned out and you can’t imagine a monumental representative of the nomenklatura tradition, who is used to classical forms of communication, a confidential and media hero, a handsome man who draws legitimacy from continuous publicity. it seems that trud didn’t even understand and why this one got so angry, as they used to say two worlds, two childhoods, and they

can’t come together. well, one more news of the last days donald trump is running for president in 24, the events are expected, but the context has changed. the republicans performed worse in the midterm elections than they expected, and the trumpist candidates suffered the most damage as the success of florida governors . ron de santis turned him into a party favorite looks like a trump, but without his negative trail. trump will obviously not stop. he do it. he just doesn’t know how, however, it seems that his time is running out, by the way, he and baidan have a worse situation with questions, 2/3 americans do not want both to participate in the elections, both most likely will be, but there is an increasingly clear desire in the air. change is basically everywhere. it was an international review. see

you soon.

we'll take care of this. it will be the honest detective.

accustomed to watching videos install open watch russian channels and all series movies and cartoons educational programs and

documentaries for free according to the kremlin press service, they emphasized that this package agreement should be fully implemented. let me remind you. it includes not only the export of ukrainian grain from the black sea ports, but also the export of russian fertilizers and agricultural products to the world markets. another topic of conversation was the implementation of the initiative to create a gas hub in turkey .