its final act with ten principles , the principle of immutability of borders became, as if it were an axiom that the force cannot be changed by agreement, but it seems to be why the inviolability of this has long been, to put it mildly, ghostly since the end of the last century. what has not changed, and most importantly, the concept of force has become rather vague and agreements. now some hybrids. in december 89, malta officially announced the end of the cold war for the first time, on september 12, 1990. in moscow, an agreement was signed on the final settlement in in relation to germany, he received the name two plus four and determined that the united germany includes the territory of the frg of the gdr and west berlin on october 3. the gdr ceased to exist as a state in august 91 as

a result of the collapse of the soviet union , 15 new states appeared on the maps of europe and asia and the borders corresponded to the borders of the union republics in the process of decentralization, they soon spread and bosnia and herzegovina alternately left it from its composition bosnia and herzegovina serbia slovenia croatia and montenegro the yugoslav federation ceased to exist on 15 january 1992. at the same time, montenegro proclaimed itself as a sovereign state only in 2006, and torn away from serbia in the ninety-ninth year, the region of kosovo and mitukha was proclaimed an independent republic, kosovo in 2008 was the quietest and most peaceful territories, two countries of the czech republic and slovakia arose and the political elites did not

present mutual claims to each other in africa with the end of the cold war, the thirty-year conflict between the elytra separatists and the government of ethiopia ended on april 25, 93 under observation. he says to reya a referendum was held, and after 2 days it was announced the creation of an independent state. at the same time, odessa-woman completely lost the exit of the red sea. and the separatists of the ethiopian state started their war for independence in 2011 after 20 years of civil war neighboring ethiopia. sudan was also divided into two states by mutual agreement of the parties under auspices. the un, however, soon found out that all the oil fields ended up in south sudan, and 2 years later, in 2013, a new war began there, but not between north and south, but inside south

sudan on may 20, 2002, one of the islands in east indonesia gained state independence timor, but the revolutionary storms did not subside there, and in 2006 the country's president called on the government of australia, malaysia, new zealand and portugal to bring their creative forces to the island. they came under the egelion and are there to this day day. the organization of space in the modern world, the nature of the boundaries, they are the same as before, let's talk about this wonderful specialists vladimir kolosov, deputy director of the institute of geography of the russian academy of sciences, vladimir sash hello. good afternoon. let's start with the azov itself, it used to be that geography is , in a sense, a sentence for politics. here's how where the most handy was born. now it's also the 21st century, well, geography is still important and what is geography is the space in which we

we live. this is, firstly, the economic space, all the location with connections between thousands and thousands of economic agents. social legal space is superimposed on it, various legislative norms, national regional and even municipal scale , political space, of course. all this creates the uniqueness of each place of course. this factor influences policy. well , take, for example, lesotho, which is surrounded on all sides by the territory of the republic of south africa, of course, this has for her for this country the fundamental importance or neighborhood of small countries with larger powers, but no factor is geographically absolute there is always an alternative. there are always some compensatory mechanisms that make it possible to overcome or, in any case, mitigate the sentence into space. they also say from the friction of space, really.

geographic proximity is of great importance in our life. including, of course, in politics for communication between states. well, for example, the european union has proven that it is much more active cooperates with enterprises from different countries, which are simply located close to each other, for example, you can cite a lot. okay, one more question then. it's pretty abstract, but i think it's important, that's how it's going right now. now the state creates its own borders, or, conversely, the border forms the state, because, for example, the russian federation arose in the ninety-first year and defined itself within the borders that they turned out to be in general in terms of history and the resettlement of people. well, anyway in the case, we absolutely cannot name them now, apparently, we are redefining ourselves, otherwise it is a very interesting question, over which, uh, many experts have struggled, but this is a question, as they say about the chicken and the goal, and both are important, there is no

definite answer to this question of the border , that is, the state, in other words, which establishes these boundaries protects them uh, forms a certain identity, that is, uh, how we people associate ourselves with our country, region , space. and, of course, we know that to a certain extent there was such a community as soviet people argue with this to varying degrees, but, nevertheless , all topics assume that it was or the yugoslav community, despite all the differences. that is, in other words, the state determines, on the one hand, identically, will form an identity, but on the other hand, of course, identity affects the borders well, to be clear. not always. the state succeeds in this, not always far, as we know, it succeeds in a strong stable identity, and therefore stable borders , take, for example, a self-proclaimed state those that are not far from us are partially recognized, the pridnestrovian moldavian republic of

abkhazia south ossetia is not recognized, and the existence of the formation itself means that georgia and moldova failed to form a common identity for the entire population and regardless of this origin of ethnicity, hence the problems with the borders of the territorial conflict. here they say borders. eh, until recently i thought that the main trend is their erasure, that is, they formally remain, but cease to play any role. and now, firstly, a new one is being erected, not only the border, but also the old walls are being redrawn. we see this in many cases, does it mean that we have gone backwards in development, er not backwards, actually borders. uh, in the past there were few such as we now know, between many countries the borders were not guarded, in general, uh, there were vast border strips where people could move around , citizens could do household chores, both

countries, and only then later over the years borders. led ceased to be rigidly fixed lines in space, which have the strongest influence on the life of the population and which, most importantly , play a huge symbolic role. this is the same identity that i was talking about. uh, and what are walls, and there are already about 70 of them all over the world, and between the most different states, not only between the developed famous , say, the wall, for which its president, former donald trump is so happy, is about 3,000 km long. on the border between the united states of mexico , a well-known wall was built between israel and the palestinian lands. sometimes it can even be minefields, barbed wire. all of this is equipped. the latest tracking devices. what it's for these walls are not so much outward-facing, designed primarily to prevent the flow of illegal

migration. how much are they intended for the citizens of the countries themselves? this is uh protection - this is the action of uh, governments. uh, showing that, uh, it wants they want to protect their citizens from the risks of globalization from undermining the labor market due to the influx of migrants. this is where it gets cheap. uh, prefer the enterprise to hire migrants, rather than the actual citizens of the country's citizens. uh, undermining the care of the enterprise, moving them to the location of the country with cheap labor, and many more. what are the citizens so afraid of? but the changes in boundaries, we are used to. i think it's not even post-cold war. and here is this helsinki final act, which seems to have postulated that the borders do not change forces. at least. eh, well, and in general since then, it has become generally accepted that the border is unshakable. and what, in general, is an anomaly historical,

because also in europe one cannot find a century when the borders would not be radically redrawn and why he thinks that the 21st century will be different, but, nevertheless, here. many now often say that people are carriers there do not know the national identity, and people can live anywhere, not the territory. here, uh, again we return to the territorial understanding. or is it already impossible that the number of states is multiplying, and, in my opinion, it is my deep conviction that this process will continue in the future and the number of borders. after all, what else is a border? it is a tool for adaptation, e.g. to changing external challenges and internal adaptation to new conditions. and it happens, of course. this is mainly. e in the form of a change in the modes of the function of the border of the border, some functions of their own are transferred to the borders of another level. as we say, if e functions of control of the schengen area,

at least on the outer border, and other borders are relatively, like barriers or vice versa, that is, there is a constant process of changing the transfer mode from one border of the function to to others sometimes. in some cases, such strong impulses arise that even lead to a revision of the outlines of the border itself. this, of course, is rare and this certainly should not happen as a result of the use of force as a result of negotiations and other processes. well , still, if we summarize in the xxi century. do you think the struggle for territories will remain precisely for territories for spain to expand them. well, it seems to me that the main struggle is for people for human capital for, uh, a certain loyalty people for their values ​​for their view of the existing political map of the world, because if people are

loyal to some external internal political regime, then there is no need to take resources out of the territory. all this by itself, so to speak, will come. it goes to the right place at the right time, but, uh, experts are now saying that they really, uh, dream of a time when u borders will limit non-geopolitical units, and units of life, so to speak, that is, certain territories. uh where are the people live together have common interests maintain a favorable environment, and do not care about moving across these borders. but it seems to me that these times are still far away from us. yes definitely thank you very much vladimir votes was with us.

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social network where everyone will find their own. appendix this week the g20 meeting was held in indonesia, to the great relief of the organizers, it was possible to agree on the final document, a gift to the president, joka vidos, in fact, russia did. it did not block the document, although it

contained criticism of the military actions in ukraine. there are other opinions. let's hope that someone will appreciate the breadth of soul in the absence of vladimir putin deuces us president joe biden and chinese president although biden. in the white house for almost 2 years. the first personal contact more casually referred to covid passed peacefully. neither side does not want to stir up right now so forgive dumbly all the lull, however, not a harbinger of the restoration of relations, but rather a sign of waiting. biden, after the meeting, said, honestly, we will compete fiercely, but i do not seek conflict. i strive to manage competition responsibly. on the chinese side, this approach at the moment it suits, but it is clear that the course of separation is moving away from the closest mutual

dependence that has determined relations for several decades and has been extremely beneficial for both sides about how to get rid of the symbiosis, let's talk with our good friend ivan danin from the primakov mmo ivan hello dobry day. but this so-called deep-coupling is a beautiful word, that is, the separation of the united states and china, at what stage is it now and is it really passing? well, like any dokpling, like any divorce. the property is being divided now. this is such a process, as in the case of divorce, it is rather difficult in the sense that it is quite a lot together, but there are joint children. i would even say in the form of these transnational esti of the main global chains. of course, you can’t separate it just like that, but now, first of all, due to the politicization of this topic. uh, of course, painful measures can be taken, uh, which could result for a while in

such a, well, i hope, temporary yes separation a number of processes of a number of chains, well, with such generally not very unambiguous consequences for the high-tech world market. well, for the entire world economy, because, as we saw following the results of the pandemic in the midst of the shortage of chips, this is generally not painless at all, but a process for all industries and all spheres of life, and the chinese are doing something in order to keep it from -for slowing down this process or are they really, how is there mutual understanding that we need to diverge? i think, and so and so, as often happens in life. well, somewhere they simply ca n’t influence anything, because when, for example, they introduced restrictions on the work of american citizens, respectively, and in chinese companies there, even the chinese companies themselves took certain measures in order to put it this way , then somehow solve this problem in favor of reducing the number. kansk citizens at home because the motives are internal. i think more complex than we think, so of course they are very actively working

to create something of their own, because uh was a xinhua editorial. and i really liked this little komsomol gap, but it was very clearly stated there that china understood that a petitioner was begging there. it depends on western technologies. he can no longer develop something of his own, and in this sense, by the way , every new move of the baidan administration, it is perceived in china as a movement along this path, as confirmation of the need to strengthen its own technological sovereignty, as already and this, respectively, as necessity, so to speak to build on the territory of the country. these are the key elements, there are personnel potentials and that's all. the rest of the recent noise has been a lot of talk about a ban for american top managers to work there, that is, american ban companies. and this is true. star strike, that is, in other words, the chinese americans, on the contrary, have time to compensate. here is the outflow of personnel, or

are they lagging behind. and, judging by the industry, this is really a serious matter, because this is the experience of working with the market and this is the experience of leadership complex technical projects. that is, it 's something that, well, you can't do it with a click. yes, this is really what is called here, we love the word unique, which has no analogues. yes, this is indeed a unique skill. and something, probably, can be intercepted. well, so for those hmm with half information, which is already china. well, as you know, it is not the most open country in this regard. but uh, as you can understand, namely the chinese is perceived as a very painful issue. and it really goes there. such a serious shift in personnel that could have a negative impact. in my opinion, chinese hi-tech has such a rather long-term perspective, because, well, this is the case when you quickly compensate for this, well, no matter where. hmm and if you look at the other side recently, it was also discussed. the decision of the american administration of the congress to allocate a lot of money for the creation of microchip production. uh, in the

united states well, as if they were missing, that it turns out that there is nothing special at home. i believe that technologically americans are capable of do it. but logistical in general, no matter how long it takes, this is one of the founders, intel andy grow, so to speak, drove into all the alarms back in the early nineties. he wrote there, there were articles in all possible magazines that, god forbid, mother would leave america from production, he warned that it would be as it would be. well, and by the way, as it suddenly happens, he was right, on many things. well , if you take the position of the american technique of nationalism. well, of course it would be desirable. here is to create at least some part of the production. i personally have another question. why exactly these and why it is necessary to build three factories in the united states of america at once is not so obvious an answer. yes, that is, there is, well, a number of other production processes, which would also be nice to have. as one colleague once said, why do people say they love solar panels, they don’t like energy efficiency next to drug efficiency , it’s difficult to take a picture for a newspaper, and here,

next to a factory, you can take a picture like that show selectively. at the same time, this law itself is actually in terms of the development of american microelectronics. it is so not very unambiguous inside the usa, it received an assessment, because there are a lot of companies, that is, actually american companies that have their own production, come down to one thing, namely intel and amd and so on, they said for a very long time that well , of course, we are glad that intel will receive state subsidies, it's nice to somehow wean competitors from receiving state support, but in general there is, in addition to production. these chips for pc mobile phones and tablets and others, as it were, would also be nice to support, and the second point is that what you said is true. as long as it succeeds, this all correctly provides logistical and most important personnel, because now feedback is coming from taiwanese comrades , american colleagues came to them to entice them. experience, well, what to work? he is not there for 30 years, if no one was engaged, our personnel is being prepared urgently for these factories and so on. well, i

'll say it delicately. there are very ambiguous assessments of american comrades. that is, they said there that there are loud children who understand silently, which means that they generally behave somehow without pardon. and how they will work there at these factories is not very clear. that is, there is one political decision here that it is necessary to build factories, like in taiwan, so that. how come they have it, we don’t have it, it is starting. now, not only to drag out other issues, but also to create some other problems that also need to be addressed. and china has alternative partners. here, let's say, let's imagine that this divorce happened and then they are parallel already moving in different directions. china has someone to cooperate with from other countries, who can, but if you do not replace america, then at least replace some niches that fall out. here is the most interesting question. the fact is that what is the reason for the chinese is what is called not nationalism, the desire to keep everything to drag everything in part, what is called just lies in the fact that their partnerships are not very good, they entered relatively late on here

this, so to speak, market is also in these chains, and unlike the states, they do not have their own key technologies that allow them to control these chains, which means that because of this it is more difficult for them to deal with partners. uh, who have some equivalent competencies. well, because, roughly speaking, these partners need the chinese less than they are the chinese. but in principle, the last 10 years, e and huawei and so on, so to speak, large companies and microelectronic electronic in the field. personal electronics. created created research and development centers in britain and in germany in the states and so on, just in order to gain access. these are some alternative competencies that do not depend directly on american suppliers, that is, learn to do something yourself. but now it's clear, the reasons become a little problematic with whom they can keep in touch. well, it's purely theoretical. yes, they do not want someone. well,

again, as a failure, or there, for geopolitical reasons, someone wants, but he seems to have nothing special to give. well, here, for example, we have there and had good competencies, for example, in the same rettography there since 2004. uh, an alternative technology to asmalovsky was developing. and by the way, they also did something for sms, generally speaking, well, we are just in time, so to speak. this, unfortunately, has not been developed. and when it was offered to the chinese 10 years ago. they, too, somehow strong were not interested in this. well, because it seemed that we would buy everything and so on. and in order to get to some level, but still we need quite significant time, because, as an old joke, nine women in 1 month will not give birth to a child. and it just takes long enough and consistency to develop something, uh, that can be done together. with china, it may be somehow in some other con. on the walkie-talkie, but that's another question plus the chinese. well, this is my private point of view. hmm, they lack the competence of just such an organization of

equal partnership, in principle, well, they have a completely rational moment, what they need there really develop the economy, increase employment, and such that we used to call a highly productive workplace. here, uh, and this is a little like the soviet approach. let's give us technology. and then we'll bury you. that is, not everyone is interested. well, and here, of course, to be friends. uh, a little tricky because everyone knows about it. well, that is, as it should be, divorce will not be easy, absolutely thank you. ivan danilin from mmo was with us. the most striking episode of the meeting in bali was the exchange remarks between chinese president xi jinping and canadian prime minister justin labor. siwu was embarrassed that the summary of the negotiations that they had introduced the day before got into the press. we discussed leaked to the newspaper. it is unacceptable. we don't do things like that, if it's about frankness, then we must respect each

other. we will continue free open and frank dialogue conditions to start. create such a demonstrative outburst for the chinese boss, yes, even with a scolding, the interlocutor is extremely atypical, but, apparently, the more obvious you can’t think of an example of a clash of cultures – a monumental representative of the nomenklatura tradition, who is used to classical forms of communication, a confidential and media hero, a handsome man who draws legitimacy from continuous publicity. it seems that trudeau didn’t even understand and why this one got so excited, as they used to say two worlds, two childhoods and they can’t get together. well, another news of recent days donald trump is running for president in 24, the events are expected, but the context has changed, the republicans spoke out on

the midterm elections are worse than expected, and the trumpists have suffered the most damage as the success of the governor of florida. ron de santis turned him into a party leader in terms of views looks like trump, but without his negative trail. trump will obviously not stop. he does it. he just doesn’t know how, however, it seems that his time is running out, by the way, he and baidan have a worse situation on issues, 2/3 of americans do not want both to participate in the elections, both will most likely be, but the desire is more and more clear in the air change is basically everywhere. it was an international review. see you.

to be an honest prince of perm. maybe i'm not human. who?

you play a stone of a person let 's translate from a clerical, but understandable, everything is not so scary if there is an instruction.

on the fact of a gas explosion in a residential building on sakhalin , a criminal case has been initiated under two articles and there is already an order to transfer it to the central office of the investigative committee for the residents of the five-story building, they organized a temporary accommodation center with sleeping places, hot meals and necessary things, according to information by this hour nine dead. four of them are children, the removal of rubble continues. the group of rescuers has now stepped up on direct communication, even the correspondent alexander krasnopyorov. he has all the details alexander hello how