and play too.

hello this is a question of science. i am aleksey semehav chemistry is a science and a set of practitioners who are responsible, including for the lion's share of what has been created around us from medicines to covering the pan. the nobel prize in chemistry for 2022 was awarded for the so-called click chemistry. it seems that something like a lego constructor has been invented that allows you to assemble complex molecules from simple ones. is this my guest today, doctor of chemistry, head of the laboratory of the element of organic compounds russian academy of sciences dmitry sergeevich perekalin sergeevich hello and thank you very much for taking the time to come to the studio. hello dmitry sergeevich a-a click chemistry, but

first the simplest question - is this a universal thing or is it something very special in a particular situation, which for some reason has become a working tool in a number of areas of chemical reactions, i don’t know, millions billions an incalculable number, and for some reason, attention, uh, was attracted to a set of chemical reactions that is not so big and everyone is so happy that it is awarded the nobel prize. uh, click chemistry is, shall we say , a very reliable, working reaction. that is to say , when sharpe's bare of the mean proposed this idea to there, er, many at his institute. they were twiddling their thumbs at the temple. so they were saying something like they

just said that there are already quite a lot of chemical reactions. what else does he need. ah, but the idea is that the idea of ​​click chemistry is to make the reaction work, that's pretty much always the case. that is , this is click - this means how the lock snaps into place or there is a button. so the idea is that this button snaps into place, regardless of whether you are snapping it on your jacket or closing your backpack. that's because most of the chemical reactions are still very demanding, which means how the rest of the molecule is arranged in you click chemistry is independent. i just completely stopped i just completely stopped understanding, because when click does in my belt on the plane, it's a specially made buckle and this thing that goes in there, and chemical reaction - this is something objective. uh, how can he build a click mechanism in it, or we will return to my question, that there are five reactions, uh, and that's it. well of them. eh, as one might

say, usually the click of a reaction is called in general only one thing, this is the reaction of azi with alchemy and the most important property in it is that it works. that's reliable. this is azide saakin, this is this very buckle. yes, that means a person for a minute here, i completely stopped understanding, you now have to unravel me, which means, uh, bari sharpis or his colleagues invented this reaction, the alkyne addition cycle ozide and the nobel prize for one reaction. and there are millions and millions of others nearby. and the nobel prize. in this case, three things. first, for the very idea that a is for the idea and the implementation of this idea, that we need reactions that are independent of the rest of the molecule. this is actually the concept of clip chemistry, that the reaction should take place only here in a given place and nowhere else. a it's pretty hard to do and implement it. this is also how to say big achievement. here is the third point, which, well, as

expected, it should ideally be for the nobel prize. there are enough opinions on the chemistry of application, it is now used, well, all over the world , absolutely, both by scientists and all sorts of industrial processes, there is one reaction that is used very one reaction that is used to connect two molecules into one. if √x if you if you say so, if you have one molecule in which there is you put means one one piece of the buckle and in another molecule. you into it put another piece, buckles then, then you can securely connect them together. and this is regardless of whether the attachment mechanism has been developed, and the task of those who want to use it is to attach the buckle and the opposite thing e to other molecules. as it turns out, it will turn out, yes, but you tell me. besides, this click does not affect the rest of the molecule. and it

seems to be very cool and great. and it 's pretty hard. well how would reach here but it was achieved to a large extent, that is, almost always it does not affect the steel molecules. let me show in the picture, yes, that is, here we have, uh, we have. uh, a molecule in blue marked a molecule of zid in green is marked with a molecule, and they are like a buckle and a lock just to clarify, azide is anything. in this blue hook and there is a significant moment further, three nitrogen atoms, with some e polarization. yes. yes, charge, yes. uh, in general, three otmazot this is enough. here, and the meaning of chemistry is that this reaction, which drawn, that is, these two fragments interact, two molecules combine into one; it occurs. and regardless of what these large molecules are. whatever they were, that is. uh, for example, so i'll show the next slide,

maybe a molecule. some kind of huge protein, and most of the molecules are bio-males, which means something that is not completely unimaginable for us, they contain thousands, then hundreds of thousands of atoms. there is also one small buckle in it. so the task is to, uh, means to attach it is precisely to this buckle, and not to all or to any other atom that this huge molecule contains, in general, this is a difficult task. and that's exactly what was decided. in general, quite. and when you said and said that it is a rare situation when the rest of the molecule is not involved and is not subject to any influence. this is why why they usually participate are affected by the change because the electrical charges are redistributed. after that, there are some pieces that want to fall off. after joining what i attached, but because it means if the molecule

is not capable of reaction at all, and that is, for example, polyethylene, yes, then it is usually not very interesting, that is, there are certainly a lot of applications for polyethylene, but no one modifies it, that is, with it do not carry out the reaction. he just carries. it was possible to modify already modified. yes , it already means in the form of a package and that's it. now, if this molecule, acting somehow, that is, they go with it. for example, bio-molecules that have their own functions. they are there in the body. not know there. uh, alcohol turns, so it turns into aldehyde, which then causes a hangover. here, ah, well, i mean, they're minding their own business. this means that they are, in principle, by definition dynamic, that is, they are able to react quite easily and slip them a reagent that would not interfere with their own chemistry. and only now, it means a click, and it means that it clung to it. this is a tricky achievement for sharp fox. barry sherpes is what he came up with. here are these two

mutually opposed things that are so well behaved. yes, yes, that is, he told the chemist that we this kind of reaction is needed, because, in principle, at that time the chemists were satisfied, as they actually are now quite satisfied. yes , most of the available methods, chemists do not invent a new nut and a new screw there. yes, which means he uses those screws and nuts that travel in order to assemble his structure there. so bari charles said that these are the screws that we have. they don't suit us. you know very faces in this mentioned. that was part of my self right next question. and everyone even wants to ask, but before you what did not do such good things. e from what you say, i heard that not very much and wanted not very much puzzled. yes, that is, in general, it means, uh, this reaction itself, oddly enough, it was made, in my opinion, at the very beginning of the 20th century. here but firstly, then it was not, how would it be done as well as it was made? sharpe from i fokin that is to say, she walked very slowly, and that means with a

pobo. all sorts of substances were formed here, and secondly, it is not enough to have a reaction. yes, so you need to understand why it is needed? here is this one the idea that it could be a method of connecting two molecules into one whole is, so to speak, well, it’s not enough to make a discovery, you need to make a discovery in time, you need to understand that you made it right and announce that it will let others know what it is for something is needed. there is such an energy balance that this thing sits firmly, after a significant moment has also occurred. uh, you're opening carbon bonds there. eh, wolves. yes, everything in between. well yes, yes, yes, how do you achieve achieves that until no one sits down another? and that's exactly what we want here are the catalysts, this is the same catalyzed reactions catalysed. yes, this is a catalytic reaction and actually performed by bare sharp from fokine. there they achieve their chemical point of view is that they found that it is capitalized by copper and so on.

it happens instantly, it does not need to be heated, and therefore. yes, but it turns into such a click method about opening the connection, and it's so difficult to just answer. why exactly in this case she goes very well. well, here they are, rather, they were looking for some kind of reaction that would meet these conditions, that it should go very well. that 's how the environment of a liquid medium in a solution is not a solution. here they were looking for it to go very well and found it. there, it seems that sharpes had various graduate students who were doing this, it’s just that fokin found a-a about fokin . uh, laureates, this is a carlingbertocik and a mortin medal. and now, in fact, bars has been attracted to several since fokin was mentioned, fokin is three, here are three zero and one is not nobel yes, yes, he hated the row in the lower right corner, but this is valery fokin valery fokin, uh, worked for sharpis at the very beginning,

when he was in shape. on this idea, and in fact, i found the thing that sharpened at that time was already a nobel prize, the laureate for the ball is the second nobel prize, and he received the first in 2001 . that is a very long time ago. and here it is clear that he himself did not put reactions in flasks. but he proposed an idea, and fokin found its implementation. uh, means, well, there, at the same time as he found it. uh, this same meldol, uh, which you want, which you wanted to comment on, yes, which was given the belev prize. here they are, then, e fokin. oh, they didn’t give amel, they did, well, that means a controversial issue, that is, in my opinion, meldo found this reaction, but he did not understand what he found there, if you read his original works. it was as if he did not realize the importance of this process, here, and sharpes fokin, they realized this importance. that's why it

seems to me that it would be more appropriate to give fokine. i am i don’t know what the decision of the nobel committee was dictated by, but hmm, it’s possible, the fact is that it’s just that sharpe from fokine from one kind of group, uh, meldel, was separate from them, so it means to give, as it were, to the same group two. well, as if two laureates, considering that the scarf from receives this award for the second time. this in itself is a completely unique event. here, apparently, the nobel committee believed that this was too much, that is, about this question about whether lego constructor or not lego is such a lego constructor with only two elements that are hooked, and your task, those who want to use it, is to sew these attachments to something else. very how complex things are and if people are looking for another click another click reaction. eh, and maybe already found and maybe different and in different ways, these click elements are embedded in other molecules in different ways. this is also an art in its own right. eh, very precise wording. yes, that is, this

is not a lego constructor with a mass of parts, but two parts that connect very well and they need to be attached to other molecules. so, sewing them on to other molecules is not so, uh, not a big problem, because you can do this relatively speaking in advance and there i use the mass arsenal of organic chemistry that was accumulated there over the previous century. here, but this very stage click to do, then only when you need it. eh, here, but it means that in addition to this asia , he pushed the annexations, which are now here, if when they say click-reactions they mean it, there is a set of others. uh, click reaction, and actually found some of them. all the same bar sharpress. eh, here, but they have not received such distribution due to the fact that they are there for some reason, well, for some less convenient ones there, which means that the original ones are less accessible. well, it just

means, but in principle, it’s not so convenient, but in principle, the reaction is distinguished by this, here is alkyd , always yes, yes, that is, it has become very convenient, it has become very popular. please tell me, but when you say it became popular, but how to understand instead of what it began to be used, that's what changed in the lives of your colleagues, chemists s. when the opportunity arose to use the nobel prize in some sense, they gave, what exactly, because not instead of what, that is, there is no such analogous reaction that works so reliably in a completely variety of other methods. now life has become better than other methods of combining two molecules into one, of course. existed in fact, well, i don’t know, there is the reaction of diels alder, for which they also gave the nobel prize there in the middle of the 20th century, which also combines two molecules into one. here but it is not similar, not how to say not by how it proceeds to the click reaction. she often requires there heating often does not pour. more precisely heating - this

means that it simply causes you, for example, to not be able to carry out the reaction in water, because the water will boil or you cannot carry out the reaction. this means that i really like fokina. there is such work. uh, so when he makes glue based on the click-rection, that is, you just take it, then you need a copper bar on it apply means one thing, and that same thing, and a molecule means the second copper juice of the second molecules, then they are stronger, the more copper metal copper itself is a catalyst. here, and then this connection is so strong that if you start to stretch the stretched copper is not the place where the bonding stretches the copper stretches the copper itself. yes, what is the name of such glue. what store sells it? i don't think it's for sale anywhere. it's such a scientific value. that's because you know how many scientific things. they can impress with its properties, but at the same time be, well, unjustified roads or have some other disadvantages, but nonetheless. this is a good illustration. reliability and simplicity

of the reaction. that is, you just applied two or two bars, and that's it, and she reacted. yes, yes, such reactions. in general, quite a few. i would say chemistry. i mean, i won't even say it. and tell me, please, it means that in our computer object is the age of computer simulations. here is the complex behavior of molecules. and we are looking for new ones like this wonderful reagents, ways to attach them, and so on. to what extent is it computerized and and how, as it were, how even to ask whether this one here is click e, reaction in a sense , to competitors, but a computational computational method when i look for some complicated ways to connect something. but here he is, and that is, he delivered. is it some people from some lengthy calculations on supercomputers, or is it a separate thing that develops completely independently, because far from everything. uh, is subject to processing with the help of these clovers, which

means it is not a competitor, that is, uh, click-reaction - this is exactly the method. that is, like, well, i don’t know how a nut is, and you can see it in this sense, when you are building some kind of engineering structure. yes, you know that you have nuts and screws, but this does not affect what you need to calculate. with what load the bridge will withstand, here, uh, it means uh, and, in general, search uh, let's say predictions, yes, the chemical behavior of chemical reactions or the properties of substances. it's possible say, the main problem of chemistry is already, well, there since the moment since the moment of mendeleev on the main one, but now there are some hopes that e due to the corresponding power. computer methods and simply means the power of the computers themselves, this problem will be somehow more or less solved. bye. so until now . this is a very difficult decision to make. that is, how this click-reaction was found, well, in fact, by typing. yes, this is what it means

. this is not quite a poke - this is erudition, a chemist. that is, it's not straight forward, here. eh, that means mixing everything. there, of course, there is a lot of logic. uh, why exactly this should be mixed, but it is also difficult to predict with a computer that this particular option will go well, which means that neighboring ones will go badly in uh, the announcement of the nobel committee also appears. uh, carolinbertocic for the bioetagonal reaction. this is what, and how it is connected with this sticky reaction, which means in a ninety-gonal reaction - this means that the reaction proceeds regardless. from e-e processes occurring in a living cell or with just with biomolecules? that is, this means that the reaction does not affect the processes typical of biosystems, that is, bio. this means that it will work in a living cell. yes, orthogonal

probably means it's not affected at all. uh, other reactions don't spoil, don't spoil them, don't change course over other rows ideally. and what, to what extent this ideal stands out, again, that this is an idea? or is it a specific implementation, but to a large extent this idea has been implemented. but it begins with the fact that e standard or reactions. here is this azite and alkyne, which means on the slide, are indicated in blue and green, and neither one nor the other, uh, group of the molecule. yes , the functional group is not contained in living, uh, systems. that is, it is already defined. in what sense it is burtegan, because neither one nor the other is encountered, the environment is not trained to react with it. yes, yes, so the task was only to carry out this click reaction inside, for example, a living cell or

on the surface of a living cell, which means, but there was an obstacle associated with the use of copper. this is to make noise, in general, quite toxic elements, if it enters the body, not very toxic, but does not mean quite toxic, it can disrupt just all sorts of processes. and bertose's achievement lies in the fact that she found such a variant of the reaction cry, which goes without changes. that is, it is all the same as shown here. not the same as pictured. here we need to take alkyne, which, uh, initially it was, as it were, twisted into mutton. horn and he really wants to react because of this. that is, he is initially distorted tense. yes, yes, tense. here, and then he reacts without copper, and in this, in fact, it. that is, she found it on the one hand. here is this method, and on the other hand. she came up with the idea that let's uh, so uh-click in living systems. and this, in fact, is now the main application of the click reaction. that is, the main thing i just wanted to ask is, why do we

use e in cells, or use an adhesive reaction on the surface of the cell, well, there is a lot of mass use cases, for example, you have a substance that you know that it gets there, it means selectively, i don’t know, in the brain. well the brain is hard in the kidneys. there is a medicine that treats some kidney disease there, but it does not get into the kidneys of catfish. so you took a reaction between them and made a scream reaction and you got such a combination drug that has a little train that will take you to the kidneys and so there is a medicinal substance that will cure these kidneys. it's not another option. e, on which the masses enjoy. this is absolutely, it means that you want to study some kind of biomolecule, how it walks through the body there. here is what you can do. in fact, radioactive labels are very often used by various methods. but in particular, you can make a fluorescent label, which also somehow needs to be attached, that is, it is needed. here you have

the biomolecule you are interested in. i don’t know there, let’s suppose some insulin. and, therefore, you want to see how he walks through the body. with the help of a click reaction, you can attach some kind of florescent label to it and look further, and the glow is yes, that is, where where it glows and to understand where, what is horrible is very short. and the nobel prize is either, uh, a statement of what everyone knows and what everyone uses, or, to some extent, a shift in attention towards something new, which, perhaps, will be developed here with us. uh, what an option and anyway, uh, this is the nobel prize. eh what? means for the development of uh, chemistry, maybe even for you personally for your scientific, so this is the first option. that is, this click-reaction is used massively. here, well, we're in our laboratory used the click reaction, that is, and this is a mass method. uh,

this year's nobel prize itself was predicted for the first time in 2013, which is almost 10 years ago. and, by the way, then it was just predicted what would happen, but sharply my fokina. there were no other names there at that moment. so, it will affect. well , this is more of a recognition of merits, that is, it cannot be said that from the fact that the nobel prize was awarded, the reaction clique will begin to use more and more often they will pay more attention to it, and so already are used a lot. that is, it is an acknowledgment that, yes, this is an established method that has changed altogether. uh, chemical research. like this for you in your work, what is this nobel prize, and what does this method reveal? what is he pushing you to? why is he taking you? well, on the one hand. we are just glad that, as it were, we have been waiting for a long time for this nobel prize to be given. well,

it means nice. we have such a joke that not every time the nobel prize in chemistry is given for chemistry, in general, very often it is given for something that not very clear at all. there are many biochemists. so, uh, sometimes you come across some chemists who are hard to understand what it is in general, but here everything is clear. this is our home. here, on the other hand, some things. we've kind of researched ourselves, which means, well, we have work that's related to indirectly, so, uh, collectively, i can show slide one, uh. here we were engaged in generation of such which can enter into a click-reaction with the help of light. that is, now this is also an actively developing direction in the use of light in chemistry. why because uh light allows you to control the reaction, firstly by timing? that is, until you shine, your reaction does not go as soon as you have dedicated. it started, and secondly, in place, that is, well,

a classic example from photography, yes, when you have where the light hit, it means it was colored there, where the light didn’t hit, everything remained dark here but this, naturally . we can apply not only photographs of completely different areas. and now we have such work, which means that it is difficult to explain it to a wide audience, but it is connected indirectly with chemistry that flows with the help of light, that is, and and you say it's wonderful that the nobel prize. oh chemistry, and awarded for chemistry the most real chemistry science and art thanks to which which is around us. so many wonderful uh things, and they are made by uh, people. yes, it's a very good format. thank you for your story all the best, goodbye.

we'll take care of this. it will be the honest detective.

starting the situation in the donbass, artillery strikes on the territory of the people's republics have been launched since the evening, 10 shellings have been recorded fired about 40 rounds of ammunition, shells flew towards donetsk gorlovka and hay and the village of krasny partizan, kiev formations are hitting elderly quarters and artillery made by nato countries is actively using highmars rocket launchers and grads. russian military engineers