why neutrino particles are an ideal tool for exploring distant worlds, who and where catches neutrinos does neutrino research really begin? well, building a map of the neutrino sky, that's what this is such a completely new epoch with today's epoch in astronomy. why is the largest non-trina deep-sea telescope installed exactly on baikal how many years russian scientists have been working on this project a key element of our telescope of such modules we have installed in baikal and about 3,000 now and there will be more and more more about what and how can be investigated with the help

of neutrons. what is the purpose of the installation of the peak colossification of our reactor, e, it is, as it were, not completely closed, like at natian stations. yes, we have channels inside us to recreate under laboratory conditions a special state of matter in which our universe was in the first moments after the big bang for modern russia in modern russia this is the first superconducting accelerator in recent years national research center kurchatov institute st. petersburg institute of nuclear physics seven the main activities of 70 doctors and 260 candidates of sciences thanks to the national project science and universities implemented by the ministry of education and science. the sciences of russia are creating unique scientific installations of the mega-size class - these are a whole complex. they will make it possible to conduct research and discoveries of world significance in russia; a network of such installations will ensure the creation of breakthrough technologies

based on synchronous and neutron studies. we will talk about three installations of the megasize class. the term neutrino translated from italian small, the neutron was introduced experimentally by the scientist erika farm in 1934, neutrinos will be discovered in 1956 neutrinos stand out among other elementary particles for their exceptionally small mass and their very weak interaction with any known substance, the neutrino travels a huge distance without interacting with the matter through which it passes without changing their trajectories with the same vector that the neutrino received at birth , this is ideal, of course. in this sense, a tool for research. so to speak distant worlds distant and in the sense of distance in the sense of time, but

for research. so to speak, the most powerful most striking processes that occur in the universe, neutrinos are emitted and the matter of the iranium elements in the composition of the earth, they are emitted uh, during thermonuclear reactions in the sun they are emitted. stars and galaxies, the nuclei of galaxies at very high with very high energies, in a word, a tiny particle, a neutrino is a real storehouse, thanks to the study of a neutrino, you can get such information that cannot be obtained in any other way, the study of the natural flow, the neutrino is an experimental study of the universe in any experiment. the main initial idea is how to

investigate neutrinos, high-energy neutrinos, interacting with water gives rise to charged particles. these are charged particles. moved at high speed in water faster than the speed of light. they begin to emit a glow, the so-called glow of vavilov cherenkov, registering it, you can understand where the non-trines came from. assess their energy no one ever registers from moses markov's idea of study, neutrino before trying. implementation took years in the mid-1970s, the americans offered our scientists to work together in the hawaiian islands, but later it became obvious that we had to implement this idea ourselves in 1960. soviet scientists. markov proposes to use large bodies of water for the study of nitrine , such as the oceans in the mid- seventies experimenter. chudakov proposes

to build such a detector on lake baikal. 2014 thanks to the active participation of the joint institute for nuclear research. a ceremonial launch of the deep-sea nitrite telescope on lake baikal took place here in dubna. a year later, in 2015, the first dubna cluster of the deep-sea nitrite telescope on lake baikal was launched, the high energy neutrino astrophysics laboratory. it was necessary back in 1980 to start creating from scratch, an outstanding physicist was elected its head. grigory domogatsky, who by that time was already successfully working on neutrinos since then, grigory domogatsky has been heading this project class mega-sans grigory domogatsky corresponding member of the russian academy of sciences, who has been in charge of the baikal dmitry project since 1980. before that

, our scientists under the leadership of domogatsky had never set up experiments in such conditions, they started working on baikal there was no deep-sea equipment there was no photo of multipliers found a place on the lake at the beginning they put one block this photo 1980 on them domogatsky's team at baikal slower slower in 2014 became create a giant telescope-detector to register not three per kilometer in volume 2015 launched the baikal jvd project, the official launch of the baikal deep-sea neutrino telescope to the mega-sans dan class project in the spring of 2021. now it is one of three underwater under-ice neutrino telescopes in the world, the second largest and the largest in the northern hemisphere. igor golova optikov, head of the baikal dvd project at the joint nuclear research studio, researcher at the laboratory of nuclear problems, joint institute for nuclear research. in

the case of such complex projects, everything happens slowly in 1998 it was possible to prove that neutrinos can be caught by launching garlands with optical modes under water. this was done for the first time by russian scientists. this is a detector with a volume of 1 billion tons. well, that is, it is, respectively, kilometer per kilometer per kilometer, to represent it. here is the telescope. this is a big telescope. it consists of small blocks. here is one block. we call it a cluster. here is a cluster - this is e eight garlands, on which each of which is located e, which means there are 36 optical modules. here is one detecting element main detecting element. this is the optical module, the key

element of the telescope is optics of such modules at the baikal telescope, 3,000 of them will be installed more and more modules are attached to shorts using a stainless frame, power is supplied to the module , data is taken from it, what it consists of. and the most important element of this module is super sensitive to light. here is a large area. and he is glued, uh, into this glass sphere, which can withstand very high external pressure. since these modules are located almost at the very bottom at depths of 1.275 m

. it must be reliable not to fail. each module costs about 5,000 dollars. here, expensive glass photomultipliers, but the main thing is that electronics engineer maxim kruglov joins the two halves of the module. after that, it is necessary to conduct a test that will show that everything is assembled correctly and the signal goes on, the module is placed in a dark, light-insulated box and conducts a new test to check the operation the design of the photomultiplier tube that we are now seeing is the latest generation of the optical module, because before that, what designs we had had no anti-rot screens that reduce. on the earth's field somewhere in 5-6 times also the screens are previously exchanged. that is, how much they reduce the earth's magnetic field, all the components that are present in the structure here. they are all non-magnetic engineer. maxim kruglov is conducting experiments on the

selection of materials is working to ensure that to improve the design, an incredible turn took place in his life, because before he got into this mega-sans project, he was dubbed. he was doing a completely different job. history. let's just say the beginning of this participation in this project is very interesting before that. i generally served in the fire department, was a fireman, was a fire truck driver. but then, by coincidence , this is not the most interesting type of activity. it seemed to me. uh, got an offer from a friend. well, just come see what he's up to. do you want to join us? came looked interesting liked it. and now i’m here, starting from the seventeenth year, it’s clear that maxim kruglov’s abilities, his willingness to work, interest, clarity came in the laboratory to the yard of physics, theorists cannot do without the help of practical physicists and the help

of engineers who, in this case, assemble the expedition modules on baikal lasts only 2 months - mid-february, and until the beginning of april, scientists here in dubna at the joint institute for nuclear research process data for 10 months and they are preparing for the next expedition in the same way they are waiting for the expedition, these modules, which are assembled here in the alpha hall at the end of february, the deep-water lake is covered with good ice, the thickness of which is about 80 cm. the cable stretches from the coast to the installation. this is 4 km, they cut out the ice and they are located on the same operating garlands with the help of gps and over the future they once cut the ice by hand, then they came up with a special technique. the observatory on baikal is larger than the ostankino tower, but if there are 2-4 events a year, this is already a good the result is considered by grigory domogatsky astronomy is making the most fundamental forward. before that, it was

only electromagnetic. now, and generally very pretty, and epoch b in this one in astrophysics, they are now starting to really work. together there are already two large neutrino telescopes. this is, uh, ice cube is international, well, it's led by the united states. a hmm america germany sweden basically a and here is our baikal and uh, we work in constant interaction, so to speak, that is, we inform each other about events that occur and we begin to say so, here is a joint analysis of them. that is, in this sense. here it is. some points in the sky are already beginning to appear,

which arouse mutual interest. and where we are, so to speak, this is where we look for events, that is, here begins a truly neutral study. well, the construction of a map of the neutrino sky, that's what this is such a completely new epoch since today's epoch in astronomy at the moment, the baikal telescope has registered several dozen candidates for astrophysical neutrinos. they flew to us from the depths of space and traveled millions of light years. scientists do not like the word discovery, but what is the excitement, for example, for velolapticolades. uh, in fact, always e arises when you decide, and some problems, when a problem arises, this also applies to the expedition, this also applies to working here in a hurry, when a problem arises. and now you are looking for

solutions. that's the most excitement - this is when you peck. here you intuitively already feel. this solution is here, and you have to work systematically to achieve the goal. and of course pico. moment for the whole team of domogatsky they managed to prove that the technique that was proposed by the physicist moses markov in 1960 is being worked by bair shoibonov, a senior researcher at the experimental department of spectroscopy and radiochemistry of the laboratory of nuclear problems, united institute for nuclear research. bair shoibonov was born in irkutsk, studied in myth, when he had to write a term paper, he came to the joint institute for nuclear research, which is the main one for the baikal project, when i was a student of the mission. er, i knew, more or less. what are some interesting projects? in our country, one of them is the baikal experiment and not the trinity. and

in general, it takes place in my small homeland, you can say, and i can go there. e at work. e on an expedition, so as not to lose touch with the roots, of course, it is impossible not to ask a question. and what or who can interfere with the work of the observatory under water , this rarely happens when it takes away the nets from the fishermen, that is, if the lower ones, the lower module costs somewhere from 1.300 m, yes, then the upper module is about 750 m there, there, natural living creatures practically none, but we once lowered the camera there, well, for technical reasons, for technical necessity, and there is what we watched from fat content, but there, uh, glasses of crustaceans swim sideways there , at the bottom, they were very pleased with our manifestation, otherwise they have its boring there. here in dubna, they are working on

another installation of the megasize class, thanks to the national project science and universities, nika, the first hadron collider in russia, is being built here, by and large, the goal of scientists who are engaged in nothing similar to their goals . colleagues of physicists working at baikal, this task is to recreate in laboratory conditions a special state of matter in which our universe was in the first instant after the big bang, namely, quark, glen plasma, quarks and glions can be called the building blocks of matter, they are inside, and dronov and with the pain after the big bang. they could freely roam the intruders. here is an area to explore. eh, the state is a mixed state, e of nuclear matter and real matter. it is just and e. we consider the

mixed phases of nuclear matter as the main uh interesting object for study for nika's project. nika is a kind of time machine that will take scientists 14 billion years ago. this is a whole complex consisting of a chain of accelerators, each of which accelerates particles, but a part of this chain of ever higher energies can be called historical here in dubna . it was built for him a separate building in 2020 it was stopped, it ran out of resources, its filling was dismantled in this vacated tunnel, scientists launched a new accelerator for modern russia in modern russia, this is the first superconducting accelerator in all the past years. this accelerator is the second in the acceleration chain. uh, after the linear accelerator, the beam gets here, it is not injected, it is accelerated to intermediate energies and then it

is taken out of this ring, it is stripped already to the bare core of the chemical element, uh, which then is transferred to the main accelerator of our nuclotron complex, on the basis of which the entire nika complex is being built, where it is accelerated already to the design energy, e, which is necessary for conducting a physical experiment and, in particular, for filling the rings of the wells. so the whole chain of booster linear accelerators has darkened the throne, which will accelerate the particles to an energy of about 4.5 gigaelectrovolts . well, the clatron transmits particles to a large ring of the collider, where the collision of ions will take place, we got the absolute exceptional opportunities. we are now inside there or the collider. there are two rectangular segments where detectors and two arches are installed. and these are huge. magnets in each arch, 40 magnets here in a separate building. there is a factory of magnets, a technology for creating superconducting magnets, developed precisely in

dubna, this machine is called the heart of the magnet, it prepares a superconducting cable. dmitry nikiforov shows this collider superconducting cable, it consists of eighteen superconducting stands. in each of there are more than 10.000 of them, niobium titanium fibers. this is the main superconductor that is used here. uh, magnetic materials are there, uh, with which we hang magnets on the refrigerator. and there are, uh, magnets, which are electromagnets that we create ourselves, that is, in our magnet and the main element is transformer steel. that is, it is not magnets under normal conditions, but in the presence of e, its internal winding and low temperatures, but it becomes possible to store it in this magnet. uh, stable field in two tsos, here we are we will use the field soon it will take place in uyai, the first

operating experiment on nika, the complex itself is still under construction, the experiment will take place on a fixed target, and it will accelerate their xenon in the maclatron booster, then they will fly 200 m along the ion guide and hit the target. the decay products will be recorded by various systems. well, you know how they used to show some in films. uh, the cowboys with galloped and have put their ear and speaks. here it jumped. there are three horses, two gray ones, one black one an hour ago. that's about and we're also only horses in a million times fewer horses there are thousands of times more. and so they flew by. we have to tell everything about it, we have to say. what particles arrived with what energies? with what impulses? because the particles that we observe they behave differently depending on whether we had the same phase transition that sergey merz is looking for on the channel, a graduate of the st. petersburg state university, a leading researcher at the high energy physics laboratory, joint institute for nuclear research merz was born

in kegostrov, a small village near arkhangelsk, at school he was going to become a programmer in st. petersburg. university specialized in computational physics, soon he was invited to dubna. merce also writes lyric. poems published some in a sense, this is a place of power. yes , you come here like this, and here you are surrounded by living legends and in the form of monuments of the legend of the past. you can work somewhere else. you can sit there from home. or are you on campus? and you understand that well, here somehow here get back a little differently. there is some feeling here, i don’t know the importance of your history, that you are part of this great joint institute for nuclear research three flagship projects of a strongly laboratory 1,500 scientific articles a year. the peak is another installation of the mega sense class, which we will tell you, it is also created by nuclear physicists in the same place of power as oh me and in dubna this

division prostrate. kurchatov institute petersburg institute of nuclear physics named after konstantinov in gatchina is a flagship project here the creation of a peak is a beam research corpus. it is interesting that the peak began to create here since the 1970s this process. so, not fast, but it slowed down a lot after the chernobyl accident, then after the collapse of the soviet union, and only in 2013 did a new era begin in the creation of the peak, the phrase nuclear reactor is always associated with a nuclear reaction, which is accompanied by the release of energy, and this energy is used by a person in industry, economy, but there is research reactors. all of them are not are similar to each other. everyone has different devices and peak tasks. just like that, it was launched in 2011. one of the most powerful high- flux neutron sources in the world, gatchina peak, was solemnly brought to the

energy mode of operation on february 8, 2021 in the presence of the president of the country and the heads. we have now entered the controlled access zone. here comes the control of ionizing radiation, therefore, in uniform in white coats. and each individual dosimeter is our guide. vladislav tarnovich is here. we go with him to one of the main halls, where there will be placed experimental facilities? we are entering the so-called neutron-water hall. it is still under construction. they are located in it. neutron water. they are designed to transport neutrons from the reactor to physical facilities. that is, an experimental facility will be located at each end of the netronovod. well, now these netron guides are now behind our backs, this is a casing of thorny guides, beautiful orange tubes of the inner ones will be located special optical sections. well, while there is nothing inside inside free space, in in which, e, special optical sections will be located, through which neutrons

will be delivered to installations with minimal losses. why is it necessary to do so? because if we just let them fly through the air at a distance, there are 10-20-30 meters. they will dissipate and exactly everything will reach the installation with a score of nothing it would seem that there are other research methods. moreover, cheaper ones do not need to operate the reactor. however, the neutron is unique, it has a high depth of penetration of the substance with the help of x-rays. we can only see the surface layer, we will not see. elements such as hydrogen, and the neutron will help to do this with neutrons, you can study magnetic materials, which is impossible to do by other methods . neutron tomographs can examine objects, for example, archaeological rarities, without violating their integrity. is the study of objects of the microworld peaking, for example, the nodes of the crystal lattice, how will our

peak from the rest of the reactors by what at the moment its design capacity is its design capacity. it will be higher than, uh, power. uh, well, the most powerful research reactors, the more power the more neutrons, the more neutrons, the faster, firstly, we will conduct experiments again. secondly, we will be able to carry out m-th series of experiments that will be impossible to carry out, for example, on low-power reactions. here , as well as through a netrin telescope with my modules and a scalider in dubna, non-standard work the installation is being assembled. as a designer, there are no ready-made schemes and techniques, starting from 2019, five experimental installations were built, the plan was compressed. timing scientists lived at work. we started working in the open field. that is, we had a reactor. there was an empty space around it. there was not even e. there were no holes for the neutron beam to be extracted. at that time, we had just a reactor completely sheathed with protection and we, and

our task was to place installations on this reactor so that they work, what is on them neutrons arrived so that the neutrons hit the sample were reflected. we could do some kind of science, his colleagues are waiting for the construction of the peak to be finally completed and the operation to begin. it will be possible to completely immerse yourself in science at all three mega-sized installations, about which we have told, mostly young people work. specialists for all dubna and gatchina is a place of power where they can realize their creative ambitions and participate in world-class projects thanks to the national project science and universities

no, not everyone will. and play with dashing, who

is right, you are to blame, the one who will protect her.

investigators are investigating the circumstances of the fire in the center of moscow. the fire started tonight in a warehouse on komsomolskaya square. in the area of ​​​​three stations, the fire spread quickly, soon it was assigned the third level of complexity, the ceilings between the first and second floors collapsed , more than 100 people and more than 140 pieces of equipment were thrown to extinguish, as well as three helicopters and two fire trains, the publication was evacuated. seven people the fire was localized over an area of ​​2,500 km. localized information about the victims at the moment has not

been received by soviet equipment 121 people of the personnel of the moscow ministry of emergency situations also flew in a fire train. ukrainian troops and this morning fired twice at the zaporozhye nuclear power plant around the perimeter, about a dozen strikes were inflicted, including storage facilities for new and spent nuclear fuel. fortunately, there were no serious damages and the radiation background in the area of ​​​​the station is normal. however, experts they fear that the threat remains and could lead to irreparable consequences with details elizaveta khramtsova. the situation at the largest nuclear power plant in europe, which with great difficulty, but still could be called a relative lull, deteriorated sharply on saturday evening, broken glass, and shell craters, slashed by fragments of the wall, such shots are published by employees, the nuclear power plant for the second day, experiencing shelling the day before in the perimeter of the station hit.