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hello. kirill vyshinsky is with you, and this is a typical ukraine program. our program is rainy, we record it in advance and go out on a weekly basis. we don't compete with news releases. we talk about what made ukraine the way we know it today, the typical and, of course, the peculiar path that little russia went through from the ussr ukraine before it ended up in current point. that's what we're interested in, we hope that it's interesting for you, and that's what we'll talk about today. land on the edge how many ukraine was there and why was she left alone? what the conversation with the program expert on land achievements of the admirals led to, how cities grew

in russia, if the answer to the question of where the russian land came from, we know thanks to the chronicler nestor, the author of the tale of bygone years, then the name ukraine is more complicated. in the annals of the late middle ages of the thirteenth-fourteenth centuries the so-called outskirts of various principalities were ryazan, suzdal, polish, lithuanian and other ukraine, these were not their own geographical names, as a rule, border or outlying lands that were then under the protectorate of russia, poland, lithuania, the crimean khanate or moldova were used in this way, such names were used along with definitions. lithuanian ukraine ukraine polish sovereigns of ukraine city. the moscow principality, for example, had russian ukraine, which limited it to populated areas

grand duchy of lithuania and kingdom of poland. only in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, one land began to be singled out from the numerous ukraines, the kiev pereyaslav and chernigov principalities. they lay along the two banks of the dnieper and were controlled. poland behind them to the south lay the steppe, where the crimean khanate ruled. it is believed that for the first time ukraine appeared on european maps in the middle of the 17th century, thanks to the french military engineer in the polish service , guillem webaplan. he wrote a description of these territories, mapped them and called ukraine several dnieper provinces of the commonwealth at about the same time, the term ukraine began to be used in kazakh correspondence to refer to the lands of the hetmanate state, which was created and conquered from poland by bohdan khmelnitsky, from

the name of which until 1648 the steppe borderland of the polish kingdom was called . ukraine has become the name of the kazakh state, formed on the lands of the three crown eastern voivodeships, kiev braslav and chernikov. only after the accession of ukraine to russia in 1654 in the year in official papers, ukraine appears which is called little russia or little russian ukraine on the left bank of the dnieper, the right bank was called polish ukraine, the inhabitants of the left-bank ukraine in russian documents called cherkasy, the name little russians appears by the end of the 17th century and only by the end of the 18th century, they begin to be called ukrainians. so, if in general terms ukraine and ukrainians appeared, so that

various historians and politicians in ukraine would not talk about it today, but about how the political the theory of ukrainianness and what it resulted in in the plot of anna efimova ukraine in 5 minutes. this three voyage in the relatively recent past exploded the massive internet in the song became part of the ukrainian national patriotic project called so the memory of free artists works. they created their masterpiece soon after the creative president volodymyr zelensky came to power with the assistance of the ministry of information policy of ukraine, and it seems like they managed to bury the centuries-old history of kiev rus' in a box. however, where the horde actually is is still a big question, kiev almost to the ground, destroyed during the invasion of the mongol-tatars in the 13th century and the adjacent territory along the dnieper for

several centuries, became, in fact, wild. a field where the polish lords for the time being were even afraid to plant their administration. and by chance there was a significant orientalization, that is, about the orientalization of life and the life of that of the slavic people. here, pay attention to these famous shavat. but it was actually for nomads characteristic or famous haircut, this same father. yes, but in general, this is violence and fats. and even before this god, in fact, in how the history of ukraine itself was formed, there was little ukrainian, but a lot of ukrainized , until the sixteenth century, significantly the land of little russia. they were part of the full grand duchy of lithuania, whose name, by the way, sounded like the grand duchy of lithuania and russian, it competed with moscow russia in the struggle for dominance in eastern europe and the collection of lands. however, in the end, as an independent political

player, the principality lost and the case ended with the signing of the union of lublin, in fact, the absorption of the lithuanian lands by poland. as soon as this union was signed. and this is what matters. so, together with this union, all the lands of modern ukraine became an integral part of the polish crown. that is, they were withdrawn from the grand duchy of lithuania and a new state formation was created, the speech of the commonwealth or burn the commonwealth, but at the same time, lithuania lost a significant part of its lands, which have now begun to be actively polized, but the global consequences of this polonization will make themselves felt later after several sections of the commonwealth. when the russian empire departs almost all the lands of the right-bank ukraine, there is a noticeable polish influence on these territories. eh, this is the history of the nineteenth century. oddly enough, as part of the russian empire. that's when the big uh, the migration of the poles to kiev and,

i must say, to kharkov and the subordination of the system of higher education to themselves, and uh. we can say such a polonization of e-e kiev as a result of which already in the second half of the 19th century, it was argued that, well, kiev is just as polish, a city like tver, the moscow city, the authorities of the russian empire did not interfere with this process in any way, relying that, according to the class principle, they could rely on the polish nobility, as on their own, moreover the legal gentry retained all legal rights to their estates. national self-consciousness was alien to the russian elites. but close to the poles, who never ceased to consider these territories theirs, so the ukrainian nationalism began to ripen literally next to st. petersburg, and it all started with harmless folklore experiments in the poltava region. we can look at the biography, for example, ivan franko a. he was the so-called moscow phil, and he considered it possible to

use the russian literary language, but then , under the influence of immigrants from drahomanovo, well, a major figure in the ukrainian movement, he came to the idea of ​​this ukrainian movement and became. tired of one of the largest poets writing in that language, which was created on the basis of poltava dialects, the paradox is that galicia, which in the mass consciousness is considered almost the stronghold of all primordially ukrainian being. first , more, then under the austrian empire, and then again under poland, ukrainization resisted just the desperation of all lviv, for example. one of the last only in the xviii century. he accepted the union , the radicalization of the ukrainian church underwent, just at the beginning of the 20th century, shortly before the start of the first world war, and is directly related to the activities of metropolitan andrey sheptytsky, who in 1914 openly called in sermons. at a very important

time, a war is being waged between our tsar and the moscow tsar, a war is being waged, the moscow tsar, fair on our part , wants to take away our freedom to shackle us, the marker of the attitude of the local population for the most part of the rusyns to the russian empire was 1914, when lvov met with jubilation, russian troops entering the city, it must be said that such popular sentiments were extremely wary, perceived in vienna by the wave of the first world war, the russian troops rolled back, and then together with them, more than 100,000 rusyns left the golitsa, those who remained waiting for a terrible fate, all sympathies for ties with russia were considered with vienna as potentially dangerous and repressions by ukrainians began. during the first world war, when on the territory of historical galina, rubber was thrown into the tolergic camps to go. the people of the rusyns because they refused to give

up their luxury. and to refuse russianness in favor of what is right ukrainians in the first concentration camps of world history talergs and terezin destroyed several tens of thousands of civilians , destroyed indicatively when the first world war ended for the austro-hungarian empire. exactly like for the rest of the german ottoman and russian collapse, the figures of the polish pans again loomed on the threshold all this time, suffering to revive their empire, speech to the commonwealth, but when the poles really came, there was no longer any need for the ukrainians they had created, on the contrary, it began the suppression of the ukrainian movement and the polonization of the rusyns, the results of this centuries-old experiment in the artificial division of peoples and the planting of hatred between them are clearly illustrated by the terrible shots of the volyn massacre. anna efimova valery savelyev anastasia popova typical ukraine ukrainianness as a political and ideological

project in the twentieth and 21st century, we will talk with our permanent expert, historian and political scientist rostyslav. ishchenko rostislav good afternoon. good afternoon, rostislav, in short, what is political ukrainianism. well, i would characterize it as anti-russian in the first place, because uh hmm i already talked about this once, but i think it's not a sin to repeat it. so it's no coincidence. uh, the political ukrainians are ukrainian nationalists. so this was put forward by their main slogan, kill the russian in yourself, that is, they proceeded from the fact that a ukrainian can appear only by killing himself a russian. non-polish, and there are no jews, no armenians, which means not greeks. although these nationalities are also represented in ukraine, something in a large number of precisely russian means in this way. they are russian as part of the russian world. yes , in this way they actually confirmed that they

once were, right? or even now they are russian. if they haven’t finished off the russian in themselves yet, but they want to become ukrainians. and in order to become ukrainians, it is necessary to completely destroy this russianness in oneself, and therefore, accordingly, in order to build a ukrainian state. it should be at full speed in russia and who was most interested in this ideology and at what cost was introduced, firstly, i really didn’t say that, firstly, these are scientists and cultural figures. this is the very first who literally dived into ukrainians, because, uh, there in the ninety-first ninety- two. uh, actually ukrainian nationalists who got ukraine from the soviet union was enough. at least a few dozen. here but they were immediately joined by figures of science and culture, because they quickly orientated themselves and did not understand that there would be no more soviet state, and they served the interests of the state. and for that they got

money, and they began to build themselves a nationalist ukraine on the model of the soviet one, that is. now, if you look at e, the development of the ukrainian state, then it is a very long time. i just changed the entourage, that is, repainted the banners in other colors. she changed the coat of arms, well, there she renamed it the state administration, there and so on, but it continued to live practically in the regime of the soviet state. that is, they tried to keep for themselves such a familiar feeder. yes and well they have achieved that state. yes, even though a bad girl, she became to finance, there is also culture, which means it is necessary, uh, state historical. well. the idea that ukraine appeared there 100,000 years ago means that there are either 400,000 years ago, and the proof of this brand was financed by the state quite well, then. uh, there's a government bureaucracy. she has new opportunities. and

not only the language, there is an opportunity to engage in privatization. and even if you don’t privatize yourself, then appoint legarhs and receive cards for this and earn money. on this very good good money. so, what if we go back. e in the empire, then you are again provincial bureaucrats over you in life with a different boss. this means that who can decide for himself who is to privatize this pledge not to privatize his possibilities are reduced. i understood the bureaucracy very quickly and it also began to mean fighting for independence. well , then once the case was already pulled up, by the way , the nationalists, who were filmed more and more every day, because it became fashionable. so it became profitable, so well naturally, their ranks began to grow, and then after a while, given that in the field of education in the region, enlightenment, which means in the field of culture, nationally cleansing

propaganda was constantly going on, naturally. a new generation that has entered into life. they have already been brought up in the appropriate spirit. what led to the planting of this political ukrainian. and what will happen next? well, the fact is that, uh, again, i have said many times, but i can repeat once again that u cannot renounce oneself and think that everything will be ok. here, uh, in essence, political ukrainianism is, uh, a renunciation of oneself from one's own identity and a renunciation of one's history. eh, why didn’t they even hide it, that any state is born with a historical myth, we will invent new historical myths for ourselves. ukrainian and we will have a new ukrainian state and really come up with our own ukrainian history. yes, but it simply does not fit into the framework of the world. that is, when normal people

begin to read it, they begin to laugh, because even then it turned out that the ukrainians are russian, this is the one who lived on the territory of ukraine. yes, and then the question arises. why the ukrainian state? why do we need all these torments from the birth of the ukrainian language, there is a lack of culture and so on. we do n't plant the astrakhan ideal in russia, they don't say it, but then, because it's beautiful, this is what, as a result, the state has already come. the ukrainian state disappeared along with yanukovych when he crossed the border, the ukrainian state fled with him. so because it was not the first, but it was the last, in fact. cases are the case when e power was changed by force; power was changed against the will of the majority of the population ; power was changed in the interests of a narrow group or three countries and as a result of the interests of external sponsors. in this group. ukraine has demonstrated its inability to independently elect and even

maintain the elected power of the state. this is a very pragmatic thing. it is based on the real economy, and the real economy does not ask russian. this is ukrainian armenia she asks this profitable or not profitable, it is profitable to buy here and sell there, so it will work. if it is not profitable to do so. you can put 10 credit flags and 25 resources on it. but it will still remain unprofitable if you build your economy according to ideological principles. everything falls apart before judgment. thank you for a very detailed informative story. the development of new territories in the south of russia in the 18th-19th centuries, the construction of fortresses, the shipyards of cities, is directly related to the names of russian military leaders and admirals that it was then called novorossia in the steppes of the sea of ​​\u200b\u200bazov and the black sea region became an outpost of russia in the fight against the ottoman empire on these lands, the military were both

defenders and builders and administrators. the city of kherson with a fortress catherine the great instructed to lay the foundation for general-general ivan abramovich hannibal, the son of the famous arap peter the great and the noble grandfather of alexander sergeevich pushkin , the general took up the business of reino in a short time built in the shipyard and began to build a fortified city after 3 years there was a palace in kherson admiralty death foundry house and arsenal barracks and private houses in the fortress housed the garrison and 220 guns in the harbor. we went into the military and merchant ships. foreign trading houses opened in the city. another iconic city of novorossia, nikolaev owed many of its innovations in the urban economy to admiral mikhail lazarev, the discoverer of antarctica, the commander of the

black sea fleet in the first half of the 19th century. commanding the fleet, lazarev was also the military governor of nikolaev, it was he who approved the project for the name of the streets many cities have not yet been renamed. the supply of drinking water to the townspeople was improved. in 1838, at the request of mikhail lazarev, he ordered the creation of a city archive and the registration of residents. at the request of mikhail lazarev, a decree was issued by emperor nicholas ii concerning merchants or locals of sevastopol and nikolaev, they were granted tax and duty benefits for 10 years, so lazarev stimulated the development of trade in crafts and people who not only protected the southern borders of russia but also mastered these new lands in the 18th-19th centuries in the plot of olga mokhovaya cannon, sea ships

the battles of the shipyard of the gymnasium hospital and peaceful and military were one common cause of the admiral of the second half of the 18th century on the practically uninhabited and uninhabited novorossiysk lands, which gradually became part of the russian empire . they largely determined the future appearance of cities. at the time of the entry of the beginning of the entry of novorossia into the russian empire, the black sea fleet did not exist in parallel, there was a 2% creation of the black sea fleet, the development of novorossia and its settlement, when kherson was founded in 1778, it was assumed that there would be build the young black sea fleet. here it will be based, and the city itself will become the center of maritime trade, but planned at a certain time. the construction of seven battleships never happened. to correct the situation, the novorossiysk governor-general grigory potemkin appoints fedot-klakachev at that time the commander of the azov flotilla, he

managed quite a lot in six months. he managed to do more than hannibal for 5 years. already at the end of september, the first ship of the line left the slipway. uh, glory to ekaterina it is fedut klokachev became the first commander of the black sea fleet, however, he soon died of a plague that hit the northern black sea region in the fall of 1783. in the same year, the captain of the second rank took command of the ship st. paul, which was being built in kherson. fedorushakov is familiar with quarantine measures in mediterranean ports. he fenced the camp of his team, divided the personnel into artels of the sick, isolated the plague in kherson, took about 10,000 people from the crew. ushakov did not die, none of the measures that ushakov took, were subsequently taken into account russian army and russian navy. and when subsequently i had to fight the plague,

which periodically came from the ottoman empire to the northern cause of the sea, then potemkin, respectively. this is the method used later. i command st. paul, the future admiral ushakov will win resounding victories during the growth of the turkish war of 1787-91. in the same war, a spaniard by origin, commander of a small russian flotilla of gunboats, josé de ribos , distinguished himself in the capture of the island. berezan a. later , the storm took the fortress. hajibi. the presence of this rowing flotilla prompted the construction of a new harbor equidistant from the dnieper and danube estuaries. osip deribas and his associate. uh, military engineer franz devalon. they suggested using such a small settlement gb which is now known to us as the city of odessa. well, this harbor turned out to be, firstly, very

convenient. it is beautifully protected from the wind, and secondly, there were, e, fresh water sources quickly built the city, laying not only a harbor, but also a trust for the repair of ships, as well as a military the hospital, according to the plan proposed by the udevalans, the city was equipped until the twenties of the 19th century, mass stone construction in odessa and also in sevastopol was already launched by another admiral of the naval, russian minister ivan de traverses. this was perhaps the only frenchman in russian military service who was not dismissed during the war with napoleon. he proposed one of the first plans. construction of a highway throughout the crimea e with the expectation that e unite e, crimean ports with ports novorossiysk, that is, and according to his plan, these highways were supposed to reach all the way to odessa.

this project was already implemented in the thirties of the xix century by the new ruler, novorossiy count mikhail vorontsov . can rightfully be considered a pioneer of many large-scale undertakings, on his initiative, the first commercial shipping company in the black sea region was created in odessa. he was also the initiator of the first archaeological excavations at the site of the ancient chersonese, he obtained from emperor alexander i permission to build in nikolaev the first large observatory in southern russia, and this observatory was at that time one of the best in europe. in addition, greik founded three schools for boatswain sailors in nikolaev and plotnikov built a modern shipyard at that time , where they began to build the first steamships in russia, but after

the unsuccessful outcome of the crimean war of 1853-56, nikolaev was threatened with decline under the terms of the paris peace treaty. the black sea was declared neutral, and russia and the ottoman empire were deprived of the right to have a navy, a difficult period for the city of shipbuilders, in 1860 he arrived here as a military governor. admiral bogdan eye. he relied on the development of the city as a center of trade, not being afraid of competition with odessa already. e in april 1862. e has been published. uh, from st. petersburg came about to, uh, make nikolaev a commercial port already in june 1800, 1700. or rather, the eighty-third year it was earned. uh, the customs office is up and uh, the whole city is starting dawn, when in 1871 the neutralization of the

black sea was canceled nikolaev again became the center for the construction of ships for the black sea fleet, but at the same time it also acquired the glory of a major trading port, eventually becoming the third city of the russian empire in terms of maritime trade turnover olga mokhova anastasia popova valery savelyev typical, ukraine that's all we wanted to say. kirill vyshinsky was with you today. good luck to you. the supreme court, why is our judicial system, it is the most accessible? any person can apply to supreme saturday. this is the achievement of some kind of general justice, when a person complains to us, then we should look precisely from this, how we can help him above the supreme court in russia there is no instance, and we have themis with open eyes or closed eyes to solve the most difficult issues

here understand. vadim, the price ceiling for russian oil will start at $60. and it may be shifted in the future, but will the european union agree on this and which countries are against such a decision? in