a moment that you want to consider and see what happened behind the scenes, only our only program happens where it is especially interesting. where the world is heading, you may have come to the station

. somehow you will find yourself on the moon and write, our receivers are there with a match. this will register studying objects that are millions of light years from the solar system. i compared them with broken nails in the sky. they turn the nuclei of distant galaxies into beacons for terrestrial navigation. by moving the mouse, we control the antenna to the desired point . multi-ton telescopes with a slight movement of the hand, russian scientists, space scientists and engineers who create unique devices are working on the most interesting mysteries of the universe, some of the knowledge gained is applied on earth. research work is actively supported by the states, including through the national project science and the university. how exactly will we tell

in our special report? we are going up the mountain to the tower a phrase similar to password usually sounds when the observatory staff goes to a large azimuth telescope bta this place in karachay-cherkessia is called seven springs of the atroga of mount pastukhov here is a unique astroclimate that allows optical observations to be made about 150 nights a year and several of these observation sets give scientists as much information to analyze, which they can for months precisely because of the unique astronomical climate. this place was chosen for the construction of the bta telescope of the special astrophysical observatory of the

russian academy of sciences sauran, the leading center in russia for ground-based astronomical observations on its the upper scientific site at an altitude of more than 2,000 m. above sea level, a whole constellation of six optical telescopes bta is the largest not only on the mountain, but also on the entire continent, our telescope. can see very deep into the universe. uh, we are observing the stars of our galaxy, as i said, distant galaxies and quasars are a really grand object hidden under the dome, the height of which exceeds 50 m due to the maintenance of the telescope under the dome , the temperature is not much different from what outside and therefore have to be. here, in outerwear, also because of the height of the building, there is quite a noticeable echo hey inside. the design of the ten-story building is more like a spaceship than a classic telescope. why does he explain it this way? vitaly aitov, he is working on sauran's

ph.d., following exoplanets. those that live far beyond the solar system. we don't have a telescope tube like this monolithic uh surface. we have it presented here such an openwork design to lighten the weight telescopes color comes. from that side, where this blue circle falls on the mirror, then the mirror, due to its shape, collects the color into the primary focus, which is located in that black cylinder, which, uh, scientifically is called the observer's cabin, but we call it here cup. and in a glass, we can hang equipment directly there, part of the equipment that researchers use, the observatory appeared thanks to the national project by the university of science, sauran employees are developing and own instruments, for example, under the guidance of the director of the institution, this unique fiber-optic spectrograph makes it possible to learn from the spectrum of an object not only the composition, but also the features of a cosmic body, for example, the speed of an object the size of jupiter, which is measured in millions of light years from the

earth with an accuracy of several meters per second, we evaluate the speed with which it moves along the line of sight, that is, either from us or towards us, and we see that periodically, and the star either flies a little faster towards us, then a little slower. it's time to watch the sky. after sunset, before observations, liquid nitrogen is poured into the glass. rather, in the equipment located in it. since low temperatures are needed for its operation, if answers, wait or snow, which may interfere with observations, the engineer raises the visor of a part of the dome and opens the mirror, the real apple of the eye, the monolith of this six-meter mirror alone weighs 42 t observer. but already an astronomer. uh, leads the coordinates transmits over the network. us a control car. we are aiming at the coordinates gave the mode of vision. yes, the telescope goes into tracking mode, or what? yes, yes, yes, yes bta is the world's first

computer-controlled telescope. the same computer that at first ensured the operation of the entire installation is still stored in the labyrinths of the tower was designed, er, by bagrat konstantinovich, and they are xian along with the telescope. the fact is that not a single company in the soviet union was able to design a computer, that is, computers and bagrat konstantinovich with their employees designed and made this computer themselves. the first bta control program had a capacity of 15 kb 15 kb controlled the movement of the telescope. such mobility is provided by unique engineering solutions, for example, the telescope itself, without exaggeration, floats in oil on an oil film of 0.15 microns, now let's sharply attack the telescope. the telescope has surfaced and is

put into operation; the structure is set in motion by two compact electric motors. in general, the power of which does not exceed one horsepower. they ensure the smooth running of the 800-ton telescope, which begins after the phrase of the operator on duty. let's go to the facility going on driving very low speed. well, tracking an object among the celestial bodies that vitaliy is watching are white dwarfs, the most famous of them is sirius b. stars turn into them , dropping the shell, they begin to fade, that is, to cool down over billions of years. how much energy was in them. and these objects, which have a magnetic field, cool down more slowly than their counterparts. we conducted an experiment on the ground. that is, by braking to energy transfer. this can be used in, uh, nuclear reactors, that is, to control. uh, heat transfer process, just and with the help of magnetic fields, what they saw in

space they try to apply on earth due to the elevation difference on the serpentine, the two largest telescopes of the observatory are laying their ears an hour away from each other, if one is a mountain lover, then the other observer of the rotan valley 600 is the world's largest radio telescope with the ring antenna, this shape is optimal in order to collect as much data as possible on the radiation of space objects. this is a truly unique tool that allows you to study not only distant objects outer space, for example, the galaxy, but also those that are not far from our planet, for example, the sun. bro,

the radio astronomy telescope of the academy of sciences is an object more like a station for the colonization of other planets and the staff compare it to a giant satellite dish its diameter is 600 m , 895 accounts are installed in a circle. each is 2 m wide. with you heated to 37 ° c, we take tenths and hundredths of degrees, we register, so to speak, and it radiates a person, but that is, he is 10,000 times larger. and in principle, the work of the rotan tells nikolai nezhelsky, head of the sauran continuum radiometer laboratory, under his leadership , new devices appear at the facility and existing devices are modernized, which help to detect radiation from space falling on a circular energy reflector from an area of ​​​​several thousand square meters is focused at different points, first either on a horizontal reflector periscope , or directly to the so-called irradiators, where secondary mirrors with signal receivers are installed. here is everything

that is reflected from going to the point and running through. here along the focal line at the inputs of the receivers. it is 30 cm 13 cm 6 cm 3 cm one and a half. three and a half of these dimensions, what they give is the wavelength of this radiation, the frequency corresponding to them; secondary mirrors are installed on cabins, each of which weighs at least 70 tons and moves along rails per day ; about a hundred permutations, so the tool is in demand by scientists around the world controls these giants, as a rule, fragile girls to obtain data sets the cockpit to a position with an accuracy of millimeters, manual installation is considered the most accurate, because we wanted e laser roulette, but the slightest power gives big errors work under guard joke that

lime defenders drive away jackals at night animals a lot of mountains around that act for rotan with a natural shield, reflecting part of the hindrance. all these solutions allow researchers to obtain unique data, for example, about the cosmic background radiation of the universe, this is actually an infant photograph , not even a child’s one, because if we compare the age universe with this age, when is when this radiation appeared, then it is practically, if 14 million billion years turn 14 years, then the age of this radiation is only three hours. that is, this child was filmed practically in the maternity hospital. knowledge of the birth of the first steps of the universe will help to understand how it will develop, and with it space objects, which even eminent scientists have. sometimes the cursor is admired. in this regard, an absolutely amazing star. uh, this is a star, it is clear that it is comparable in mass to the mass our sun but the size is not a million kilometers, like

our sun a is about 10 km. that is, it is less than there, i don’t know how, uh, the distance u from the center to the moscow ring road is amazing formations, but they are also visible at very large distances. there are pulsars that are already visible to other galaxies. and this, of course, is an amazing property of the pulse. in the future , interplanetary navigation will help, playing the role of such neutron star beacons, scientists are already working in this direction, conducting special experiments on russian spacecraft, for example, at the unique spektr observatory in more detail, which moscow scientists will tell about. footage of 2019, the proton m launch vehicle launches a unique scientific apparatus into space at the spektr rg observatory, on which two

x-ray telescopes german and rosita and russian artex are installed at once, c was named after mikhail pavlinsky creator and first scientific director of the telescope . gama here, returning to the task. it is to measure to see, and there are several million such objects from all the massive black hole bazaars, which are located in the centers. e distant. galaxies to measure the distance to them using the heat of optical observations of more than forty instruments created by specialists of the institute of space research today in a collagen orbit near the moon, mars and on the way to mercury, along with them, invaluable scientific data is obtained by the artex c x-ray telescope operating in the hard x-ray range. soft x-rays, this implies that photons with energies arrive at us. approximately there 1 kilometer in favor so relatively speaking if translate this into habitual temperature. degrees it 's about 10 million degrees, if it's 10 k electron you're already harder x-rays. actually, where we work and, accordingly, 10 times more energetic photons, such photons are

quite difficult to form; there are not very many of them in the universe, but they form precisely near objects that have high gravity, these are black holes and neutron stars, in order to see such space objects special x-ray detectors are needed. left. we have ourselves by itself, the housing er, the detector itself, and on the right is its housing the beryl window is the part that the incoming radiation falls on the detector and the housing that protects this development, specialists and keran high-tech production is organized. here on the basis of the institute. this is the so -called clean room, it is here that specialists assemble elements for detectors that will work on spacecraft in the future . vasily levin is in charge of the sector, whose employees actually assemble these. unique devices every working day dressing in a suit begins, as they say here as an astronaut. the detectors

consist of a sensitive element. this is usually a semiconductor crystal of either cadmium tulurido or silicon and serving its electronics. if a welding point gets on a speck of dust, then welding will not work and, accordingly, this product will either immediately be inoperable or fail, then during operation in space. it is interesting that even test samples of welding machines are made in the form of stars, for example, the sun, as children usually draw it, i would compare this work with work and embroiderers. here, which very accurately makes small rhymes and embroiders a picture. this machine works in approximately the same way, only it uses wire, either aluminum or gold, to embroider a picture on a hybrid integrated circuit. circuits should be as sensitive as possible, so specialists use different production technologies. in addition to welding, for example,

so-called bamboiding electric current pulses are used, which are emitted by the sensitive element of the detector can easily be distorted due to but effects electrical circuits or under the influence of interference , in order to avoid this, various e, design solutions are used, and the key here is to minimize the distance, e from the sensing element to the microcircuit that performs the primary signal processing. these elements, like the retina of the eye, are installed behind the lens of the mirror system of the artex c a7 x-ray telescope of x-ray detector units. these are the same hybrids, integrated circuits of detectors. actually. they stand inside. here are the blocks. they are protected from external influencing factors, using a sealed housing with a saving window on the detectors. x-ray photons fall into a kind of trap system of incidence mirrors, this is a prototype of the artex telescope for design

development tests. exactly the same is now working in space, extracting invaluable data for scientists around the world. on this sample, scientists can work out non-standard commands for solving various problems, check on the ground how the system will behave in space. even before the start of the hull, they sewed a copper armor, then in 2012 the american nostar observatory was launched. it is there, well, a little bit using other technologies, it was also made for other tasks, but it was found that well, i think it’s a rather specific layout, that in addition to the light that passes through the mirror system to the detector, there is a huge side illumination. here, a solution was proposed in cover the upper part of the telescope with such a layer of copper, which we actually called the armor, which allowed us to significantly shield. this side-radiation telescope has already made four full survey of the starry sky, has already examined more than a quarter of the galactic plane. it can be said that currently engaged in the census of x-ray sources in our

galaxy in the milky way was very exciting when the spring threw back the lid and the actual telescopes opened their eyes. we began to discover objects that had not been seen before. the telescope is discovering neutron stars. black holes. pulsars, other objects with the most powerful x- rays. they are of great interest for world science, the big red star, but shed such a dust shell. and like what the betagizes did recently, when everyone was talking about the fact that it was going out, er, and this dust shell began to be eaten by a nearby nontron star in the same binary system. this is a rather rare so-called symbiotic double among the cosmic bodies that art-exe observes, there are quasars and extremely bright black holes in the hearts of galaxies. without them, it is impossible to imagine the work of glonass gps and other navigation systems more about their role in the life of earthlings will be told by the scientists of st. petersburg. radio astronomy

observatory svetlayaya institute of applied astronomy iran on its basis the quasar quo complex was created, solving the most important tasks for the russian system of global satellite navigation and space geodesy. our mirror complex, which was created by our institute, is a fundamental segment, and glonass is implemented using special electronic technologies such called ultra-long baseline radio interferimetry, its principle is that radio telescopes in different parts of the globe observes the same object, while space is very distant. the so -called quasars of the observatory in the leningrad region. the karachay-cherkessia of buryatia form a triangle with sides from two to four and a half thousand kilometers, their radio telescopes can be said to work like one giant mirror, synchronously, aiming before our eyes to receive

information from these celestial lighthouses, radio telescopes rt-13 help. older brothers rt-32, we are attached to the lazars and due to the fact that the work is the whole complex, that is, yes, these are four we get antennas. well, here is the most accurate data that can be obtained in russia in general, in principle, in russia there is no longer such an art-32 complex, says alexander saenko, leading engineer of the lakeside department and paran. he and his colleagues are developing equipment for the observatory together with him we climb to the very top of the telescope on the mirror is metal. yes, aluminum metal, thickness 5 mm, the thickness was chosen to withstand the load, yes. snowy uh, there wind load human and aluminum. in general, they were made precisely because to facilitate the design large 30 km diameter. yes, you see, a huge area on the mirror of the telescope. there is even a special rope such elements of climbing equipment in order to get as close as possible to the stairs in case

the surface is slippery. and now you can climb this ladder to the highest point of this unique measuring tool. this observatory in the leningrad region is located at a distance of 100 km from st. petersburg, which allows you to minimize some interference, at the highest point of the telescope at a height of 39 m, it is quite cold and you have to be in a hood, but you can clearly see the reflecting surface of the telescope from here. it consists of more than 350 aluminum shields. the shields form a single, reflective surface that collects signals and directs them to the secondary mirror, the counter-reflector, the received signal from our antenna. so minimal. yes, we can register one and even less than one yang. yes, what is yang is watts per meter minus the twenty-sixth degree. well, no one understands. what it is. yes, but i'll explain, if somehow

you end up on the moon and drop it. there, with a match, our receivers - this will register a counter-reflector, resembling an inverted mushroom cap, is mobile, directs the received radiation into different groups and emits receivers at once. in the nominal wavelength range, all equipment, both receiving, e.g., recording and creo equipment, systemically, all this is the development of the institute. most of the telescope operation processes are assembled, the most automated equipment is modernized regularly. including thanks to the national project of science and the university of vacuum cooling system, by the way, one of alexander's projects, the sound of the device in operation resembles a heart. the same heart is beating inside the neighboring thirteen-meter telescope, this is such a sound. uh, because the same microcliogenic system works as a vacuum system, a c and here is the signal that is received at the receiver. it is on above our head is the white stairs, perhaps. the first thing that catches your eye when entering the cockpit. this is

a staircase, under the ceiling of the corner of the local cabin the thirteen-meter telescope is located not by chance. it is necessary in order to carry out maintenance of equipment, which is usually located at the top, but with the help of necessary manipulations. it can rotate by 90°. this is a cabin and specialists can already have access to the necessary equipment in an hour. this telescope can make about a hundred permutations. observing different parts of the sky is an applied task. we are just deciding with the help of these e radio telescopes, which are faster and more mobile. uh, but some tasks for they can perform fundamental science, but they can perform large radio telescopes and applied tasks and scientific ones, but more slowly, but more slowly yes, both multi-ton telescopes begin to perform tasks thanks to the slight movements of women's hands. yes, it is 800 or 900 tons. with one

movement of the mouse, the problem is at the right point. she does not scour, as if she is not looking for any signals. that is, she sent her here, the operator of the radio telescopes of all three observatories of the quasar system in work according to a single time standard and frequencies and receives, which in the cellars of the observatory thanks to special road stops, giving reference values. that is why we are with you. right now it's underground. yes , in order to generally minimize any impact on hydrogen there. temperature vibration here. yes , some people there, walking there, the movement of cars and stabilization of the temperature are achieved in this way. well, you know, yes, underground temperature, it's about the same all year round. here we have achieved such a system control algorithm that we will support year-round here 22 °, the most precise 5 mhz , the most accurate 10 mhz and the most accurate 100 mhz, so that the data obtained are as accurate as possible, even the slightest changes in

gravity are taken into account in the calculations. after all, this can also affect the final result by another means of space geodesy. an actively used observatory is a quantum, optical seedling system. quantum optical system roughly speaking, laser ranging distance slant range to spacecraft pilot unmanned transport, parking ships in the port. we need accuracy, we need accuracy in centimeters, maybe even millimeters. here without similar devices without a network of similar devices without knowledge. we cannot provide this accuracy with the parameters of the earth of all and sundry. all information enters the main building of the institute of applied astronomy,

where it is processed on a supercomputer correlator. it analyzes the signals of quasars recorded at different stations, calculates the delay shows. why did telescopes in different parts of the country receive a signal from quasars here. i compared them with nails driven into a celestial hole, so having obtained the clanarkov system using our signal arrival delay correlator for different telescopes, we can determine how the complex system is oriented relative to quasars, the main task of the institute is to work with system navigation of space geodesy at the scientific group and is also engaged in other areas, for example problems of space debris, as well as the asteroid comet hazard. and we have another 50 cm optical telescope. he allows enough. well, successfully study uh, first turn asteroids with coming from the earth and the chemical composition of this object, which allows you to

really clarify. for example, the impact area of ​​this asteroid telescope and a number of other instruments were purchased by the institute for the leninist national science project of the university, which help russian scientists to implement innovative research programs, both on earth and beyond, to make new fundamental discoveries to solve applied problems.

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