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somehow you will find yourself on the moon and write, our receivers are there with a match. this will register studying objects that are millions of light years from the solar system. i compared them with broken nails in the firmament, they turn the nuclei of distant galaxies into beacons for terrestrial navigation by movement mice control the antenna to the right point controls multi- ton telescopes with a slight movement of the hand, russian scientists who study space and engineers who create unique devices work on the most interesting mysteries of the universe, some of the knowledge gained is applied on earth. research work is actively supported by the states, including through the national project science and the university. how exactly will we tell in our special report?

we are going up the mountain to the tower; a phrase similar to password usually sounds when the observatory staff go to a large azimuth telescope bta this place in karachay-cherkessia is called seven the springs of the atroga of mount pastukhov here is a unique astromat that allows optical observations to be made about 150 nights a year and several of these observation sets give scientists as much information to analyze, which they can spend months on for the unique astro climate. this place was chosen for the construction of the bta telescope of the special astrophysical observatory of the russian academy of sciences sauran leading in russia

the center of ground-based astronomical observations on its upper scientific platform at an altitude of more than 2,000 m. above sea level, a whole constellation of six optical telescopes bta is the largest not only on the mountain, but also on the entire continent, our telescope. can see very deep into the universe. uh, we are observing the stars of our galaxy, as i said, distant galaxies and quasars , a truly grandiose object hidden under the dome, whose height exceeds 50 m. due to the maintenance of the telescope under the dome the temperature is not much different from the one outside, so you have to be. here, in outerwear, also due to the height of the building, there is quite a noticeable echo hey inside. the design of the ten-story building is more like a spaceship than a classic telescope. why does he explain it this way? vitaly aitov, he's working on sauran's ph.d. research on exoplanets. those that live far beyond the solar system. we

don't have a telescope tube like this monolithic surface. we present it like this such an openwork design to lighten the weight of color telescopes comes. from that side, where this blue circle falls on the mirror, then the mirror, due to its shape, collects light into the primary focus, which is located in that black cylinder, which, uh, scientifically is called the observer's cabin, but we call it here cup. and in a glass, we can hang equipment directly there, part of the equipment that researchers use, the observatory appeared thanks to a national science project university, sauran employees are developing and their own devices, for example, under the guidance of the director of the institution, this unique fiber-optic spectrograph allows you to find out not only the composition, but also the features of a cosmic body from the spectrum of an object, for example, the speed of an object the size of jupiter, which is set millions of light years from earth with an accuracy of several

meters per second, we estimate the speed with which it moves along the line of sight, that is, either away from us or towards us, and we see that periodically, and star, then a little faster flies to us, then a little slower. it's time to watch the sky. after sunset, before observations, liquid nitrogen is poured into the glass. or rather, in the equipment located in it, since low temperatures are needed for its operation. there is no rain or snow wind that can interfere with observations. the engineer raises the visor of a part of the dome and opens the mirror, the real apple of the eye . the monolith of this six-meter mirror alone weighs 402 t. the observer, but already an astronomer. uh, leads the coordinates transmits over the network. us managing car. we aim at the coordinates and then the tracking mode . yes, the telescope is coming. in control mode, right? yes, yes, yes, yes bta is the world's first computer-controlled telescope. the same computer that

at first ensured the operation of the entire installation is still stored in the labyrinths of the tower was designed, er, by bagrat konstantinovich, and they are xian along with the telescope. the fact is that not a single company in the soviet union was able to design a computer, that is, computers and bagrat konstantinovich with their employees designed and made this computer the first bta control program had a capacity of 15 kb 15 kb controlled the movement of the telescope. such mobility is ensured by unique engineering solutions, for example, the telescope itself, without exaggeration, floats in oil on films of 0.15 microns, now let's sharply apply to the telescope, the telescope has surfaced and is put into operation

, the movement design is driven by two compact electric motors, in general, the power of which does not exceed one horsepower. they ensure the smooth running of the 800-ton telescope, which begins after the phrase of the operator on duty. let's go to the object going on. further vision is very low speed. well, tracking an object in the middle of the local bodies that vitaliy is watching are white dwarfs, the most famous of them is sirius b. stars turn into them, dropping the shell, starting from fading, that is, cooling down over billions of years. how much energy they had and those objects that have a magnetic field cool down more slowly than their counterparts. we conducted an experiment on the ground, that is, on braking. to energy transfer - this can be used in e, nuclear reactors, that is to control, uh, the process of heat transfer, just with the help of magnetic fields, what

they saw in space is trying to apply on earth , then another dolin 600 observer, the world's largest radio telescope with a ring antenna, this shape is optimal in order to collect as much data as possible on the radiation of space objects. this is a truly unique tool that allows you to study not only objects of deep space, for example, galaxies, but also those that are not far from our planet, for example, the sun. bro, the radio astronomy telescope of the academy of sciences is an object

more like a station for the colonization of other planets and the staff compare it to a giant satellite dish its diameter is 600 m , 895 accounts are installed in a circle. each is 2 m wide. with you heated to 37 ° c, we take tenths and hundredths of degrees, so to speak, register, and radiate a person. well, that is 10,000 times more. and in nikolai chemhensky, head of the laboratory of radio meters of the continuum, tells the principle of the work of the rotan. sauran, under his leadership , new devices appear at the facility and existing devices are modernized, which help to detect radiation from space, incident on a circular energy reflector from an area of ​​​​several thousand square meters , focuses at different points, first either on a horizontal periscope reflector, or immediately on the so-called irradiators , where secondary mirrors with signal receivers are installed. that's all what is reflected is going to a point and runs through. here

along the focal line at the inputs of the receiver. it is 30 cm 13 cm 6 cm 3 cm one and a half. 3 1/2 these dimensions, what they give is the wavelength of this radiation, the frequency corresponding to them, secondary mirrors are installed on cabins, each of which weighs at least 70 tons and moves along the rails per day, the irradiator, as it is called here, winds up to 70 km, making about a hundred permutations, the tool is so in demand by scientists around the world that it controls these giants, as a rule, fragile girls for data acquisition sets the cockpit to a position with an accuracy of millimeters, manual installation is considered the most accurate, because we wanted e laser roulette, but the slightest power gives large errors work under guard joke that lime defenders drive away jackals at night animals

a lot of mountains around, which act as a natural shield for rotan, reflecting part of the interference. all these solutions allow researchers to obtain unique data, for example, the cosmic microwave background radiation of the universe is actually an infant photograph not even childish, because if we compare the age of the universe with this age, when this radiation appeared, then it’s practically, if we turn 14 million billion years into 14 years, then the age of this radiation is only three hours, that is, it’s practically in a maternity hospital filmed this child knowledge of the origin of the first steps of the universe will help to understand how it will develop, and with it space objects that even eminent scientists sometimes admire pulsar in this respect is an absolutely amazing star. eh, this a star, it is clear that it is comparable in mass to the mass of our sun, but the size is not a million kilometers, like our sun a is approximately 10 km. that is, it is less than there, i don’t know how

, uh, the distance u from the center to the moscow ring road is amazing formations, but they are also visible at very large distances. there are pulsars that are already visible to other galaxies. and this, of course, is an amazing property of the pulse. in the future , interplanetary navigation will help, playing the role of such neutron star beacons, scientists are already working in this direction, conducting special experiments on russian spacecraft, for example, on the unique spektrg observatory , will be discussed in more detail by moscow scientists. the 2019 footage of the proton m launch vehicle launches a unique scientific apparatus into space at the spektra rg observatory, on which two x-ray telescopes german and rosita and

russian artex c are installed at once, it was named after mikhail pavlinsky, the creator and the first scientific director of the telescope , returning to her surrender it is to measure to see, and there are several million such objects of all the massive black hole bazaars that are located in the centers. to measure the distance to distant galaxies using optical observations, more than 40 instruments created by specialists from the institute of space research today in the collagen orbit of the moon of mars and on the way to mercury along with them receive invaluable scientific data from the x-ray telescope rt operating in the hard x-ray range. soft x-rays mean it, so that photons with energies come to us. approximately there is 1 kilometer in favor, so to speak conditionally, if we translate this into the usual temperature. this is an example of 10 million degrees, if it is 10 km, this is already harder x-ray radiation. actually, where we work and, accordingly, 10 times more energetic photons, such photons are rather difficult to form; there are not very many of them

in the universe, but they are formed precisely near objects that have high gravity, these are black holes and neutron stars, to see such space objects need special x-ray detectors. left. we have the body itself, er, the detector itself, and on the right is its body, the beryllium window, the part that incoming radiation enters the detector and the body that protects this development of specialists. iran high-tech production is organized. here on the basis of the institute. this is the so-called clean room, it is here that specialists collect elements for detectors that will work on spacecraft in the future vasily levin manages the sector, whose employees collect these for real. unique devices every working day begins putting on a suit, as they say here as an astronaut. the detectors

consist of a sensitive element. this is usually a semiconductor crystal of either tuloridocadmium or silicon and the electronics serving it. if a welding point gets on a speck of dust, then welding will not work and, accordingly, this product will either immediately be inoperable or fail, then during operation in space. it is interesting that even welding machines make test samples in the form of stars, for example, the sun, as children usually draw it, i would compare this work with the work of an embroiderer. here, which very accurately makes small rhymes and embroiders a picture. that's about the same way this machine works, only it uses wire, either aluminum or gold, to embroider a picture on a hybrid integrated circuit. circuits should be as sensitive as possible, so specialists use different production technologies. in addition to welding, for example, they use the so-called bamboiding pulses of electric

current, which are issued by the sensitive element of the detector, can easily. to refuse due to parasitic effects in electrical circuits or under the influence of interference, in order to avoid this, various e, design solutions are used, and e, the key here is to minimize the distance, e from the sensing element to the microcircuit that performs primary signal processing. these elements, like the retina of the eye, are installed behind the lens by a system of x-ray mirrors . telescope artex c a7 blocks of x-ray detectors. these are the same hybrids, integrated circuits of detectors. actually. they stand inside. here are the blocks. they are protected from external influencing factors with the help of a hermetically sealed case with a saving window for detectors. x-ray photons fall into a kind of trap system of oblique-incidence mirrors, this is a prototype of the artex telescope for design to boat tests, exactly this is

now working in space, extracting invaluable data for scientists. mira, on this sample, scientists they can work out non-standard commands to solve various problems, check on the ground how the system will behave in space even before launch, the body was sheathed with copper armor, when the american nostar observatory was launched in 2012. it is there, well, a little bit using other technologies, it was also made for other tasks, but it was found that well, i think it’s a rather specific layout, that in addition to the light that passes through the mirror system to the detector, there is a huge side illumination. here, a solution was proposed in top of the telescope cover here such a layer of copper, which we actually called the armor, which allowed us to significantly shield. this lateral radiation telescope has already made four complete surveys of the starry sky, it has already looked at more than a quarter of the galactic plane. it can be said that currently engaged in the census of x-ray sources in our galaxy in the milky way was very exciting when the spring threw back the lid and

the actual telescopes opened their eyes. we started to open. such objects that have not been seen before by the telescope are discovered by neutron stars, black holes, pulsars, and other objects with the most powerful x-rays. they are of great interest to world science, a big, big red star, but shed such a bullet shell. and like what betaldehydeze did recently, when everyone was talking about the fact that it was going out, and this dusty shell began to eat, a nearby neutron star in the same binary system. this is a rather rare so -called symbiotic double among cosmic bodies that observe art-se there is and quasars are extremely bright black holes at the hearts of galaxies. it is impossible to imagine the work of glonass gps and other navigation systems without them . scientists from st. petersburg will tell more about their role in the life of earthlings.

radio astronomy observatory svetlayaya institute of applied astronomy iran on its basis a quasar-vo complex was created, solving the most important tasks for the russian system of global satellite navigation and space geodesy our mirror complex, which was created by our institute, is a fundamental segment, and glonass is implemented using special e, technologies, the so-called ultra-long baseline radio interferometry, its principle is that radio telescopes in different parts of the globe observe the same object, and the space one is very distant. the so-called quasars of the observatory in the leningrad region. the karachay-cherkessia of buryatia form a triangle with sides from two to four and a half thousand kilometers, their radio telescopes can be said to work like one giant mirror, synchronously, aiming before our eyes to receive information from these celestial beacons

, the rt13 radio telescopes of its older brothers rt32 help. we are attached to the avars and thanks to the fact that the whole complex is working, that is, yes, we get four antennas. well, here is the most accurate data that can be obtained in russia in general, in principle, in russia there is no longer such a complex, and brt-32 is told by alexander saenko, the leading engineer of the lakeside department and paran. he and his colleagues are developing equipment for the observatory together with him we climb to the very top of the telescope on the mirror is metal. yes aluminum metal, thickness 5 mm, the thickness was chosen to hold the load, yes. snowy uh, there's a wind load of man and aluminium. in general, they were made precisely because the diameter of the structures is 30 km large. yes, you see, a huge area on the mirror of the telescope. there is even a special rope made from ok elements of climbing equipment in order to get as close as possible to the stairs in case the surface is slippery, and now

you can climb this ladder to the highest point of this unique measuring tool. this observatory in the leningrad region is located at a distance of 100 km from st. petersburg, which allows you to minimize some interference, at the highest point of the telescope at a height of 39 m, it is quite cold and you have to be in the hood, but you can clearly see the reflecting surface of the telescope from here. it is made up of over 350 aluminum shields. the shields form a single, reflective surface that collects signals and directs them to a secondary counter-reflector mirror, the signal received by our dumbbell. on it is so minimal. yes, we can register one and even less than one yang. yes, what is yang is watts per meter minus the twenty-sixth degree. well, no one understands. what it is. yes, but i'll explain, if somehow you end up on the moon and drop it. there, with a match, our receivers - it will register a

counter-reflector resembling an inverted mushroom cap; it is mobile; it directs the received radiation to different groups of receivers; it emits in a different wavelength range, all equipment, like a receiver, uh, recording and cryo equipment, systems are all developments of the institute. most of the telescope's work processes are assembled into the apparatus by the most automated equipment and modernize regularly. including thanks to the national project of science of the university vacuum cooling system, by the way, one of alexander's projects, the sound device in operation resembles a heart. the same heart beats inside the neighboring thirteen-meter telescope. it's the same sound. uh, because the same microclinogenic the system works vacuum, a c and here is the signal that is received at the receiver. it is on above our head is the white stairs, perhaps. the first thing that catches your eye when entering the cockpit. this ladder under the ceiling of the elevation cabin of

the 13-meter telescope is not accidental. it is necessary in order to carry out maintenance of the equipment, which is usually located at the top, but with the necessary manipulations, and it can turn 90 °, this is a cabin and specialists can already have access necessary equipment in an hour this telescope can make about a hundred permutations. observing different parts of the sky is an applied task. we are just deciding with the help of these e radio telescopes, which are faster mobile. uh, but they can perform some tasks for fundamental science, and large radio telescopes, they can perform applied and scientific tasks, but more slowly, but more slowly. yes, both multi-ton telescopes begin to perform tasks thanks to the slight movements of women's hands. yes, it is 800 or 900 tons. with one movement of the mouse, problem the antenna to the desired point.

she does not scour the neibut, she does not look for any signals. that is, we are here where she sent it, the operator of the radio telescopes of all three observatories of the quasar system works according to a single standard of time and frequency, which is received in the basements of the observatory thanks to a special hydrogen stop that gives the reference values. that is why we are with you. right now it's underground. yes, in order to generally minimize any there, er, effects on hydrogen, temperature vibration effects. yeah some there somebody out there walking there the movement of cars and the stabilization of the temperature are achieved in this way. well, you know, yes, underground temperature, it's about the same all year round. here we have achieved such a control algorithm, that is, a system that we will support year-round here, 22 °, the most accurate 5 mhz, the most accurate 10 mhz and the most accurate 100 mhz, so that the data obtained is as accurate as possible when calculating even the slightest changes in gravity. after all, this can also affect the final results by another means

of space geodesy. actively used observatory is a quantum optical seedling system. roughly speaking, a quantum optical system, a laser range finder, we measure the distance of the slant range to spacecraft, pilot unmanned vehicles, parking ships in the port. we need accuracy, we need accuracy in centimeters, maybe even millimeters. here without similar devices without a network of similar devices without knowledge. we cannot provide this accuracy with the parameters of the earth of all and sundry; all information enters the main building of the institute of applied astronomy, where processed on a supercomputer correlator. it

analyzes the signals of quasars recorded at different stations, calculates the delay, showing. why did telescopes in different parts of the country receive a radio signal from quasars? qr-kovo. we can determine how the system is complex oriented relative to quasars, the main task of the institute is to work with system navigation space geodesy at the scientific group is also engaged in other areas, for example, the problems of space debris, as well as the asteroid comet hazard. we have another fifty-centimeter optical telescope. he allows enough. well, successfully study uh, first of all asteroids coming from the earth and the chemical composition of this object, which allows you to really clarify. for example, the impact area of

​​this asteroid telescope and a number of other instruments purchased by the institute through the national project of science and university, which helps russian scientists to implement innovative research programs both on earth and beyond its borders to make new fundamental discoveries to solve applied problems.

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on the main events of this minute in our news release, joint energy projects and the creation of a gas hub in turkey were discussed by vladimir putin and recep tayyip erdogan, taking into account the results of negotiations in istanbul chairman of the board of gazprom alexei miller also discussed the expansion of cooperation in other areas, considered the implementation of the istanbul agreements, and the export of ukrainian grain and the export of russian agricultural products and fertilizers, the leaders emphasized the need to remove the obstacle for supplies from russia to the countries that most need it. vladimir putin also outlined his fundamental assessments of the situation around ukraine, discussed the problems of syria in the context of compliance with the russian turkish sochi memorandum. we agreed that the defense and external.