hello in the polar winter, it’s more difficult to work, because no one has canceled everything for a person, and at night it’s always a hunt to sleep. endless blizzards in the arctic are created by winds that lift snow from ice floes and precipitation. at the same time, the hottest month of july is not so frequent in the middle of the calendar summer. the temperature does not exceed plus five degrees, and in january it drops a little below -20, it seems not so cold, but the polar night in high latitudes lasts 174 days, and the polar day is 190 days. new year is coming soon beauty products with

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in the expedition of otto schmidt , professor vladimir was responsible for monitoring and analyzing weather and ice conditions. he began to collect hundreds of data in 1931 , for each month maps of wind pressure and temperature were drawn. visa expected relatively favorable conditions and low-ice summer in the kara and barents seas and heavy ice in chukchi, but could not say anything more precisely. now there is the arctic antarctic research institute, where they know almost everything about ice, and what is hidden under them and

store absolutely all ice maps for the whole century. the institute appeared in the twenties, but the main work of polar explorers and scientists nevertheless began precisely after the schmitt expedition. the soviet polar explorer and he is 90. he is the same age as that famous ottoshmit campaign on the account of vladimir vasilyevich 18 polar expeditions. true, six of them in antarctica, it was he who was able to take soil samples from the deepest depths of the arctic ocean 5.5 km. in the core. interesting results were found, according to which you can see climate changes at the pole, taken a column of soil four meters and a half. there is a clear layering there. there, it means that our gray color and e brown color alternate, well, gray blue, so we take the colors. we're brown, it's full of frozen microfossil phytoplankton and everything.

you take these periods of warming, gray blue, no living creatures, nothing during the cooling period, such cores are specialists, and they take them regularly, and that’s all stored in freezers. there are even soil samples that are 10,000 years old, thanks to a century of history, the institute has the most extensive database of polar events in the world. indeed, a over the past 40 years. uh, the amount of ice in the summer has significantly decreased, and multi-year ice has almost completely disappeared in the arctic. we have, uh, yes, it was 2007 2012. yes, and it would seem that we are already moving along the path of reduction. yes, there are estimates that the fiftieth year is there, yes, there will be no farts in the summer, but i don’t think that this is the case, for example, this year quite difficult and there were ice conditions

primarily in the seas, and the eastern siberian but also partial laptev, therefore. with ice, everything is not easy, especially, according to some estimates. we are just in time for the middle of the century, we will approach a certain cooling cycle, to speak with caution. although the captains also confirm even with a general warming year after year, a similar situation, by the way, was in the thirtieth for several years in a row, the ice went higher to the north, but the chelyuskins were unlucky with many meters of ice. the ship was completely blocked in the chukchi sea. today navigators without ice forecasts. they don't go on a flight. we are divided into short-term which is from one to 700 days operating range - this is the first dash of the fifth day of the short-term forecast, it is intended for the treatment of operational tasks. here comes the ship. how to pass

the prolivka long here, of course, the ice conditions map, actual and forecast, helps, the most difficult navigation areas are the straits of the long nin. the institute makes maps to maneuver among the ice using information from satellites, but there are situations in the arctic that when the ice situation changes rapidly in the visibility zone, the decision is made by the captain of the ship, and for further movement, the specialists of the institute make an urgent forecast. it can be ready within 2-3 hours by the card itself, which will be e provided judging by the driver. it looks like this, that is, it has special colors on it and even on these. uh, flowers driver. can orient where e more. uh, such a powerful ice that it is better not to enter at all. that is, let's say on this map. this is dark green except for ice. at the northern sea route. there is another important feature that requires great

skill of navigators. these are shallow depths. the hydrographic enterprise will turn 90 next year, and it was also formed after the schmidt expedition. recently, the enterprise. it will be in the contour, mustachioed, since it was the state corporations that were given the authority to organize navigation on the northern sea route, but the deepest we have is the kara sea, namely along the novaya zemlya depression. there are depths of 200-200 s extra meters, the smallest. i believe that this is the east siberian sea, here the depth is 20. uh, in some places. now, if we take the sannikov strait, which we are now, uh, purposefully working on to a greater extent, there are also 10. two

main routes have been identified and approved. we leave, we go to the prolivka after the valkinsky along the laptev sea, we go these here is the route. e, bending around hmm either between them, or between them and we leave, or just the chukchi sea, but we leave the bering strait. and if there is an alternative route, then it will be like. and if it is an alternative route, then we are in the northern extremity of the new land. again along the vilkitsky strait. here, directly on the laptev sea, just above this is novosibirsk on the islands. and here is the planned route, in short, already going around, but wrangel island, right? routes so that ships disperse in the ice, as well as in the sea, especially since large tonnage container ships to more and more deliveries and tankers in the water area every year. today

, hydrographers survey the bottom topography on special vessels equipped with echo sounders. specialists are sent to those places where the results of past measurements are in doubt or the relief is generally unknown. in the east siberian sea, the sannikov strait and on the yenisei river. which we receive from a multi-person echo sounder in this kind of three-dimensional image. yes, a dynamically changing hmm picture, which with all these depressions characterizes the irregularity or smoothness or irregularity of the relief, we explore the bottom completely without gaps. uh, in order to exclude

the presence of any navigational hazards there, i don’t know any cans of technogens yes , sunken objects, etc., which can actually affect the safety of advertising. incidentally, although that the bottom of the arctic ocean and the arctic seas is quite flat surprises do happen in the vilkitsky strait at the bottom lies a german submarine from the time of the second world war in the chukchi sea. chelyuskin next to it nina sagaydag, which sank in 1983. this ship is the last major victim of ice captivity. and here it is worth remembering the expedition of otto schmitt again. after all, she, too, could end very badly, these unique shots. how steamships replaced a fallen propeller blade, directly in the ice, they will fly around the whole world for such an operation, and now it is not enough,

who dares, but the siberians really wanted to survive and really wanted to reach the goal at the limit of their capabilities. the crew manually dragged 400 tons of cargo to the bow and lifted the stern on the ice. if alexander sibiryakov entered the northern sea route on an ice steamer, he came out as a flying dutchman on sails in the languid from the bering strait, the propeller shaft broke off near the ship and the view sank schmidt's expedition was threatened by wintering in the ice and only vladimir's knowledge of the visa from natural drift systems for 10 days for the ship under northwest wind with six coal tarpaulins, and all the boat showcases were raised on masts on footcloth traction, as the captain of the steamer joked, we finally reached today's otto schmidt later will say a real man pulls where it is difficult and these words will become the motto of polar explorers for many for decades, only those who

really believe in themselves have been working in the arctic. perform and on everything in the sea route and in ports and at the field. in 1935, the hydrographic institute of the main directorate of the northern sea route was founded, where specialists were trained specifically for the arctic, meteorologists , hydrographers and oceanologists, and immediately after the war in 1945. a department for ice navigators appeared here. today , several universities in russia are engaged in the preparation of arctic seafarers at once, but the main one for the western sector of the arctic is the university named after admiral makarov heir and assignee of the traditions and competence of the hydrographic institute. they choose the sea

of ​​their profession, but only every tenth of these first-rate makarovites can say with confidence that they want to work in the arctic, and this is already quite a lot every year 2,000 graduates leave the wall of the university of the marine and river fleet. this specificity is necessary. not only professionally, but preparing mentally and psychologically. well, not everyone is ready. and maybe for many months to feel the low low grey, the sky without a single sunny day there. there is also a polar night, and there is an increased vibration, there are many different aspects that affect a person. a unique training center operates at the university. future navigators train on exact copies of the bridges of modern icebreakers, there is also a cpu simulator for the central control panel of a nuclear power plant. active icebreakers and

sailors who are retraining from southern voyages to northern voyages also come here for retraining. the northern sea route is a duckling the path that was laid in the north of the depths has not been studied, which means ours and not only our dehydrographers will study these, uh, depths and a lot, and now they are talking about the development of siberia, how you can get there mainly through our great rivers, therefore, uh, these are ships domestic and here mixed navigation. everything closes. of course. this is what i call where we work or will work. polar explorers still receive directly in the arctic all cadets-navigators during their training must pass a 12-month practice, without this they they just won't give you a degree. makarovka - it was some kind of conscious decision or says, a family story, as some kind of conscious choice, i learned, read books and

then went to the box. i have many friends who go to sea. you're freezing. no, i'm already used to it. yes, it's still warm here. minus one, only we had the lowest information in textbooks, it gives too complete a picture. and here everything is most important, you get practical experience. yes, in this case, the institution of mentoring during practice is generally very developed. it is necessary to pass a test for knowledge of the vessel. the captain is personally responsible for the trainee and they ask in all severity the person should already be psychologically ready for this. because if he is not ready for this, then one will never be able to work here, one perceives that this is all his duties, and the other relates to this, with love, because artik is not unambiguous. it is very diverse and very beautiful. the geographical routes of the nsr pass partly in the territorial waters within twelve nautical miles from the coast of russia or in

within the exclusive economic zone. this is 200 nautical miles. or within the continental shelf of the country, officially the path ends in the bering strait. it is a pity that even despite the clear weather at such a distance, it is still not possible to consider. this is an amazing place in the middle. the bering strait is the island of large ratmanov diomede, belongs to russia maly kruzenshtern usa but more often they are called the island of tomorrow and the island. yesterday. the distance between them is only 4 km, but the russian island is almost a day ahead of the american neighbor, because exactly between them there is a date change line russia has the largest length of the arctic coastline and the introduction of our country is the largest arctic sector the theory of sectoral separation was initiated jointly by russia and canada

, the united states has its own plots in the arctic, denmark and norway and very small pieces near sweden, iceland and finland, the passage along the coast of north america is called northwestern, but the depths there are very small. up to 15 m and you have to go maneuvering between the archipelagos in canada there are a large number of islands. and there, just the whole complexity lies in the fact that there are more islands. places where the compression is large hummocks and there is a current from different sides. and such a gouging happened that it was very difficult to pass there. at least they went at the end of july at the beginning of august, it turns out, no matter how canada or the usa dreamed of developing their northern routes and their part of the arctic against. and therefore, the russian northern sea route, the top of the planet, remains the shortest and most profitable for cargo transportation. the distance from st. petersburg to vladivostok

is a little over 14,000 km, the southern circle across the suez canal is almost 24,000 km, it is obvious that as the load on the nsr increases, not only the need for icebreakers will change, not only their number and the very model of using icebreakers. uh, now we are on the path of assigning specific projects to the relevant icebreakers. the presence of up to ten approximately icebreaking capacities solves this problem. these are the seven icebreakers that we have now in 24 there will be eight of them saving time means saving fuel and money, and with proper infrastructural development, which russia is now intensively engaged in, the declared volumes. cargo transportation 150 million tons in 2030. quite achievable today, the arctic gives russia up to 15% of gdp and up to 25% of exports.

80% of the gas is produced here, 30% of the fish catch, as well as nickel, diamonds and rare earth metals, no other country has such economic projects in the arctic as russia. what are the main tasks that the northern sea route solves in general ? northern delivery, the second task, which is key, is to ensure the withdrawal from the products that are produced on the territory of our subjects of the russian federation located in the arctic zone, since this is the shortest route from europe to asia and the transit of goods will develop, as from the asian countries of europe this is how europe and asia, which we also observed last year, we transported approximately 2 million tons in a passive sea route, in total, more than 70 transshipment bases and ports are located along the northern sea route.

the main thing is murmansk arkhangelsk. dudinka tiksi and all of them were built at the beginning or middle of the last century and require constant maintenance. and taking into account the extension of navigation and the increase in shipping development and expansion, one of the main concerns is the bottom of deepening work. actually. here is the main zone of attraction at the moment. the development zone is the western sector of the northern sea route. yes, yes, in fact, this is the lip option, where pavlov’s projects are being implemented. all major future projects are large, yes which have already begun. e to implementation. so this is construction. these are, first of all, the projects of the yenisei river, this is the syroedesskaya birthplace, the port bay of the north, the company rosneft well, uh, those projects that are more located in the eastern sector are primarily the development of chauns, like bays. as part of the terminal construction project in the cape region on the rotten. uh-huh and what kind of project is coming up here

companies treat icebreakers in advance today there are seven nuclear-powered icebreakers operating on the northern sea route and, of course, there are diesel icebreakers. for now at the moment, all projects in the region are supported, but the problem in the arctic, as always, lies in the waters, and the more projects are implemented, the more acute there is a shortage of special vessels for the development of any large projects of the artist's zone, two simple things are needed, transport, roads possible good port has already come to that that the port should be with depths of up to 12 m so that the new icebreakers can provide the wiring of the corresponding cargo ship in the round patriotic navigation mode and the second point is undeniably electricity years in the northernmost city of russia, pevek plav.

nuclear power plant academician lomonosov provides the region not only with electricity, but also with heat, and the launch of this project, in principle, turned the world's idea of ​​​​the possibilities of nuclear generation in the coming years , several more such power units will be moored in other northern ports. and this means cities will grow , enterprises will develop, moreover, a futuristic project of a huge arctic data center may well be implemented. first northeast the passage in one navigation ended on october 1, 1932 , when the expedition of otto schmidt finally rounded dezhnev and me screaming. hurray fishing comrades of the ussuri. he took a ship from a ship crippled in ice for repairs to a japanese yukagama when passing by petropavlovsk-kamchatsky, a government telegram came on board. warm greetings and

congratulations to the members of the expedition who successfully solved the historical problem of through navigation in the arctic ocean in one navigation stalin molotov voroshilov jansen. the northern sea route was officially open for shipping. and it was a success of world significance already on december 17, 1932, the main department of the northern sea route was founded under the leadership. otto schmitt infrastructure development. escort of vessels providing the necessary information and forecasts, issuance of permits for entry into the arctic waters. 90 years old. after announcing in the sea route. they returned the historical name along with the goals and objectives that otto schmidt laid down to ensure and maintain russia's leadership position at the leading cap of the planet.

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the russian troops stopped, the advancing units of the armed forces in the donetsk direction announced this today in the ministry of defense, adding that the ukrainian army and foreign mercenaries were also defeated in the kupensky and krasno-limansky direction, the military department also commented on the massive missile strikes that were inflicted on ukraine the day before with the latest reports of the special operation of the borissuds foreign weapons, blocked defense plants, stopped by another massive strike of high-precision weapons, hit the energy facilities of the military administration and the defense complex. the air defense of the enemy once again failed to cope with russian missiles on friday this december, according to the military command and control systems, the defense of the industrial complex and the energy facility that provides them. ukraine dealt a massive blow high.