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in the expedition of otto schmidt , professor vladimir visa was responsible for monitoring and analyzing the weather and ice conditions. he began to collect hundreds of data in 1931. for each month, maps of wind pressure and temperature were drawn. i expected relatively favorable conditions and a low-ice summer in the kara and barents seas and heavy ice in the chukchi sea, but i could not say anything more precisely.

now there is the arctic antarctic research institute, where they know almost everything on the ice. and that under them absolutely all ice maps for the whole century are hidden and stored, the institute appeared in the twenties, but the main work of polar explorers and scientists nevertheless began precisely after the schmitt expedition. vladimir evseev soviet polar explorer and he is 90 he is the same age as that famous campaign of otto schmidt on the account of vladimir vasilyevich 18 polar expeditions, although six of them are antarctic, it was he who was able to take soil samples of the deepest depth of the northern arctic ocean 5.5 km in the core. interesting results were found, according to which you can see climate changes at the pole, taken a column of soil four meters and a half. here and there is a clear layering. there means alternating their gray color and their

brown color. well, gray blue and so we take sveta. we're brown, it's full of frozen phytoplankton microfauna and all . you take these periods of warming, gray blue no living creatures nothing for a period of cooling, such cores are specialists, and they take them regularly and everything is stored in stylish the chambers even contain soil samples that are 10,000 years old, thanks to a century of history, the institute has the world's largest database of polar events. really. e for the last 40 years. uh, the amount of ice in the summer has significantly decreased, and in the arctic , the multi-year ice and minimum have almost completely disappeared. we e ice it was 2007-2012, yes, and it would seem already. here we are moving down the path of reduction. yes, there are estimates that it will be the fiftieth year there, yes, there will be no

farts in the summer, but i don’t think that this is the case, for example, this year it’s quite difficult and there were ice conditions primarily in the seas, and in the east siberian but also partially in the lapteka, therefore. with ice, everything is not easy, especially , according to some estimates. we are just in time for the middle of the century, we will approach a certain cold snap cycle, although the captains also confirm even with a general warming, year after year does not come, it seems that the situation, by the way, was in the thirtieth for several years in a row, people left higher to the north, well, the chelyuskins were unlucky multi-meter ice. the ship was completely blocked in the chukchi sea. today navigators, without ice forecasts. in flight does not exceed. our leading forecast is divided into short-term forecasts, the operating range of which is from one to 7 days - this is

the first dash of the fifth day, a short-term forecast , it is designed to solve operational problems. here a ship came out, how it helps them to pass the strait of the vilkinsky long strait, of course, the actual map of the ice situation and the forecast help them here. does according to information from satellites, but there are situations in the arctic when the ice situation changes rapidly in the visibility zone. the decision is made by the captain of the ship, and for further movement, the specialists of the institute make an urgent forecast. it may be ready within two or three hours, which will be, uh, provided it looks like this. thus, that is, on it the colors are special this and even on these. uh, flowers here driver. can orient where e more. uh, such powerful ice that it’s better

not to go in at all, that is, let’s say on this map. it's dark green, except for the ice. at the northern sea route. there is another important feature that requires great skill of navigators. these are shallow depths. the hydrographic enterprise will turn 90 next year and it was also formed after the schmidt expedition . recently, the enterprise has been part of the nuclear system, since it was the state corporation that was given the authority to organize navigation on the northern sea route. well, the deepest. we have the kara sea, namely, along the land depression. there are depths of 200 over meters. the shallowest i believe is the east siberian sea, here the depth is 20. uh, in some places. now, if we take the sannikov strait, which we are now purposefully working on to a greater

extent , there are also 10. approved two main routes. we leave from the kara gates we go to the prolivka after the valka by the sea laptev, we are following this route. uh, going around hmm either between them, or between them through the chukchi sea. let's leave the bering strait. and if there is an alternative route, then it will be like if there is an alternative route, then we are in the northern extremity of the new land again. but along the velikitsky strait, here directly on the laptev sea above the water, this is novosibirsk on the islands and the turns of the planned route, in short, already bending around. ah. wrangel island yes , more routes are needed so that ships disperse in the ice, as

ships disperse in the sea, especially since there are more and more large-capacity container ships to deliveries and tankers in the water area every year. welcome accepted started recording. today, surveying of the bottom topography is carried out by hydrographers on special vessels equipped with echo sounders. specialists are sent to those places where the results of past measurements are in doubt or the relief is generally unknown. in the east siberian sea , the sannikov strait and on the yenisei river. directly comes the data that we receive from the multibeam echo sounder in this kind of three-dimensional image. yes, a dynamically changing m-m picture, which with

all these depressions characterizes the indentation or smoothness or indentation of the relief, we explore the bottom completely without gaps. uh, in order to exclude the presence of any navigational dangers there, i don’t know any cans of technogens yes, some sunken objects. and other things that can actually affect the safety of advertising. incidentally, although that the bottom of the arctic ocean and the arctic seas is quite flat surprises do happen in the vilkitsky strait at the bottom lies a german submarine from the time of the second world war in the chukchi sea. chelyuskin next to it nina sagaydag, which sank in 1983. this ship is the last major victim of ice captivity. and here it is worth remembering the expedition of otto schmitt again. after all , she, too, could end very badly, these unique shots. as a ship was replaced by

a fallen propeller blade, right in the ice, they will fly around the whole world for such an operation and now few people dare, but the siberians really wanted to survive and really wanted to reach the goal at the limit of their capabilities. the crew manually dragged 400 tons of cargo to the bow and lifted the stern on the ice. if alexander sibiryakov entered the northern sea route on an ice steamer, he came out as a flying dutchman on sails in the languid from the bering strait, the propeller shaft broke off near the ship and the view sank schmidt's expedition was threatened by wintering in the ice and only vladimir's knowledge of the visa from natural drift systems for 10 days the current carried the ship under the northwest wind hexagonal tarpaulins, and all the boat showcases were raised on masts on foot traction, as the captain joked, the steamer finally reached cape dezhnev otto schmidt would later say

a real person pulls where it is difficult and these words will become the motto of polar explorers for many decades, only those work go to the arctic who really believes in their own strength, the romance of the polar professions of navigators, hydrologists , hydrographers and many others today is to a certain extent unaligned with applied tasks that must be performed and for everything in sea ​​routes both in ports and at the field. in 1935 , the hydrographic institute of the main directorate of the northern sea route was founded , where specialists were trained specifically for the arctic, meteorologists, hydrographers and oceanologists, and immediately after the war in 1945. a department for ice navigators appeared here. today , several universities in russia are engaged in the preparation of arctic seafarers at once, but the main one for the western sector of the arctic

admiral makarov heir and assignee of the traditions and competencies of the hydrographic institute. they choose the sea of ​​their profession, but only one in ten of these first years of makarov. he can say with confidence that he wants to work in the artic, and this is already a lot every year 2,000 graduates leave the wall of the university of the marine and river fleet. this specificity is necessary. not only professional, but preparing mentally and psychologically. well, not everyone is ready and can experience low low grey, skies for many months without a single sunny day there. there is also a polar night and there is an increased vibration of many different aspects there that affect a person at the university of dey. there is a training center, future navigators train on exact copies of the bridges of modern icebreakers, there is also a cpu simulator for the central control panel of a nuclear

power plant. the operating icebreakers and sailors who are retraining from southern voyages to the northern sea route also come here for retraining - this is a narrow path that is laid in the north, the depths have not been studied, which means our and not only our hydrographers will study these, uh, depths, and a lot is being said. now about development. how can you get there mainly through our great rivers, so, uh, these are both inland and mixed navigation vessels. everything closes. of course. this is what i call where we work, or we will work. well, the main knowledge, polar explorers, still receive directly. in the arctic, all cadets go to the sea during their training must undergo 12 months of practice, without which they simply will not be issued a diploma.

makarovskaya it was some. this is some a conscious decision or says, family history, as some kind of conscious choice was, i read books and then i went to the box, i and sevastopol. i have many friends who go to sea. you're freezing. no, i'm already used to it. yes, it is still warm here. minus one, only we had the lowest information in textbooks , it gives too complete a picture. and here everything is most important, you get practical experience. in this fleet, the institution of mentoring during practice is generally very developed. it is necessary to pass a test for knowledge of the vessel. the captain is personally responsible for the trainee and they ask in all severity the person should already be psychologically ready for this. because if he is not ready for this, then one will never be able to work here, one perceives that this is all his duties, and the other relates to this, with love. after all, artik is not uniquely. it is very diverse and very beautiful.

the geographical route of the nsr passes through parts of chno 12? march of the exclusive economic zone is 200 nautical miles. or within the continental chief of the country, officially the path ends before the head run. it is a pity that even despite the clear weather at such a distance, it is still not possible to consider. this is an amazing place in the middle. the bering strait is the island of large ratmanov diomede , belongs to russia maly kruzenshtern and the united states, but more often they are called the island of tomorrow and the island. yesterday. the distance between them is only 4 km, but the russian island is almost a day ahead of its american neighbor, because the international date line runs exactly between them. russia has the longest arctic coastline and

the vision of our country is the largest arctic sector, the theory of sectoral separation was initiated jointly by russia and canada; the usa, denmark and norway, and very small pieces in sweden, iceland and finland, the passage along the coast of north america is called northwestern, but depths. there are quite small up to 15 m and you have to go tacking between the archipelagos. there are a large number of islands there, and there just the whole complexity lies in the fact that there are more islands . a place where the compression of large hummocks and there is a current from different directions. and such a bulging happened that it was very difficult to pass there. although we went at the end of july at the beginning of august, it turns out, no matter how canada or the usa dreamed of developing their northern routes. and leave. the

russian northern sea route, the top of the planet, remains the most cargo-carrying route for cargo transportation. the distance from st. petersburg to vladivostok is just over 14,000 km. southern circle through the suez canal almost 24,000 it is obvious that as the load on the nsr increases, not only the need for icebreakers will change, not only their the number and model of the use of icebreakers. and now we are following the path of securing specific projects on the corresponding icebreakers, the presence of up to ten approximately icebreaking capacities solves this problem, these are seven dokols that we now have in 24, there will be eight of them, which means saving fuel and money, and with proper infrastructural development, which now russia is intensively engaged in declared volumes, cargo transportation. 150 million tons by 2030

is quite achievable. not the arctic gives russia up to 15% of gdp and up to 25% of exports. 80% is mined here gas 30% of the fish catch, as well as nickel, diamonds and rare earth metals, no other country has such economic projects in the arctic as russia . the second task, which is key, is to ensure the withdrawal from those products that are produced on the territory of our e subjects of the russian federation located in the arctic zone, since this is the shortest route from europe to asia and will to develop the transit of goods, both from the asian countries of europe, and from europe and asia, which we also observed last year, we

transported approximately 2 million tons of sowing sea route, in total, more than 70 transshipment bases and ports are located along the northern sea route. the main thing is murmansk arkhangelsk tips dudinka tiksi and the singer. all of them were built at the beginning or middle of the last century and require constant maintenance, and taking into account the extension of navigation, they were taken away. shipping development and expansion is one of the main concerns of the bottom of the deepening work, on in fact, at the moment, the main attraction zone is the development zone - this is the western sector of the northern sea route, yes, dalkin and in fact. this is the lip option, where pavlovatek projects are being implemented. all the main future projects are large, yes, which , in fact, have already begun to be implemented. so this is construction. first of all, these are the projects of the yenisei river, this is also from the rhodosai field, the port , the bay of the north, the rosneft company well, uh, those

projects that are more located in the eastern sector are, first of all, development chaman lips. as part of the project for the construction of a terminal in the mys area for gnoin. uh-huh and what kind of project is the development of the boinskoye deposit here? today there are seven nuclear-powered ships operating on the northern sea route and, of course, there are diesel-powered icebreakers. at the moment, all projects in the region are supported, but the problem in the arctic, as always, lies in the ice, and the more projects are implemented, the more acutely there is a shortage of special vessels for the development of any major projects of the artistic zone, two simple things transportation road. it is possible that a good port has already come to the conclusion that the port should be with depths of up to 12 m so that new icebreakers can provide the pilotage of the corresponding cargo ship in the round domestic navigation mode and the second

point is the indisputable electricity of the year in the northernmost city of russia in the century. floating nuclear power plants academician lomonosov provides the region not only with electricity, but also with heat, and the launch of this project, in principle, turned the world's understanding of the possibilities of the atom. in the coming years, in other several more such power units will be moored in northern ports. and this means cities will grow, enterprises will develop , moreover, a futuristic project of a huge arctic data center may well be implemented. the first one-navigation northeast passage ended on october 1, 1932 , when otto schmidt's expedition finally rounded cape dezhnev screaming. cheers fishing. ussuri minesweeper. led from a ship crippled in the ice for repairs to the

japanese yukagama when passing by peter pavlovsk-kamchatsky came on board government telegram. grief, greetings and congratulations to the members of the expedition who successfully solved the historical problem of through navigation in the arctic ocean in one navigation stalin molotov voroshilov jansen. the northern sea route was officially opened for navigation. and it was a success of world significance as early as december 17, 1932 it was founded. main directorate of the northern sea route under the leadership. ottoshmita development of infrastructure pilotage of vessels providing the necessary information and forecasts issuance of permits for entry into arctic waters. 90 years old. after announcing in the sea route. they returned the historical name along with the goals and objectives that otto schmidt laid down to ensure and maintain russia's leadership position at the leading cap of the planet.

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soon on july 28, 1932, researchers otto schmidt vladimir visa and captain vladimir voronin decided to finally pass from the white sea to the pacific ocean. and what is important to go through in one navigation? schmidt gave impetus to the development not only in northern logistics, but also in the entire dimension for the country of the northern sea route. this is the servant of the cargo owners, the servant of large projects, putin's little path, which is laid on in the north of artik it is copper, which means it is very diverse and very beautiful, it is very important from a strategic point of view, since this is the shortest route from europe to asia will be developed by the transit of goods. which of the asian countries of europe was

fiddling like this from europe? the moldovan country aims to exert maximum pressure on pridnestrovie by putting pressure on people who need treatment and need medicines. i applied to the ministry of health, but at that time there were already problems with the delivery of drugs; practically, people can not get essential goods at situation on the state border with ukraine. stable tense ukraine began to perceive pridnestrovie as a hostile territory, we began to help citizens coming from ukraine

russian troops stopped, the advancing units of the armed forces in the donetsk direction announced this today at the ministry of defense, adding that the ukrainian army and foreign mercenaries were also defeated near kupensk and the red estuaries of the military the department also commented on the massive missile strikes that were inflicted on ukraine the day before with the latest reports of the special operation boris maksudov. the transfer of foreign weapons is blocked defense plants, stopped by another massive strike with high-precision weapons hit energy facilities .