hello this is a question of science. i am aleksey semekhav, our house is a small land. in general, the planet where we live so comfortably surrounded by an environment that is completely uncomfortable for us, which, moreover, is able

from time to time to remind of itself the earth. it can simply collide with other bodies located there, a collision with a steroid can have quite radical consequences for our civilization. the fact that in the memory of mankind, nothing too serious has happened. is it great luck or the result of some general rules, like in general, the world of near-earth asteroids is arranged. how many of them, how they behave and what are their intentions regarding us on earth today my guest is doctor of mathematical sciences and ph.d. russian academy of sciences natan andreevich eisman natan andreevich hello , thank you very much for taking the time to come to the studio. hello, thanks for inviting me.

our topic today is, in general, our long-term well-being on earth in the environment. near-earth asteroids, but let's start with the fact that, generally speaking, a planet is such a thing that is massive enough that, as astronomers say, it clears its own orbit. this means that it scatters or absorbs asteroids for some time, which large asteroids could also fall on it, for no reason, every 5 minutes, they don’t fall to the ground, so no. yes every 5 minutes do not fall. but if we talk about some very small asteroids, they fall almost every day. but it's so

small that we can see it, it's like shooting stars, these asteroids, but there are asteroids that still fly quite close, but nevertheless do not enter the earth's atmosphere. well, they say the earth is flat, it doesn’t fall , such events happen, but you can’t say. to e sharply yes well of the recent events that attracted a lot of attention. this, of course, is the chebarkulsky asteroid or meteorite. here chelyabinsky is also called it, in fact, we can say that it is lucky event lucky event that it's safe. yes? but why? why happy occasion, because uh drop this ester. well, when did it go into the atmosphere? he, of course, got up, immediately meteorite. it was on the canopy of the trajectory. that is, he had a rather long path, a long

path yes, when he slowed down, that is, well, he burned well there, but burned well and burned out. well now its size of the diameter is estimated. well, about 225 m 25 m, that is, small so small small. yes, i understand correctly that right there in the train of asteroids beyond mars there are those. which kilometer in diameter there are millions of them, yes, yes, and those that are near the earth, the so-called near- earth ones, those that are close to the earth's orbit and cross it, there are estimated to be about 100,000. well, of those that are well with a diameter, well, more than 10 m. here are 100,000 of these according to today's modern fathers here in our near-earth. yes space 100,000 asteroids. and forgive me, please, but we started, you seemed to agree, uh, with the statement that the planet of its gravity scatters around itself in fact. this is the correct expression, in any case, i

agree with him that he scatters, he scatters, he scatters. this means that if if this asteroid happens to be well close enough to earth? so, close enough, then? well, let's say like the moon, like the moon. eh yes, how he is even closer even closer, yes, then the earth changes. moreover, it changes the trajectory in such a way that this asteroid can actually fly somewhere far away and not even return, yes, here, or maybe actually go to a more dangerous orbit, that is come back and come back many, many times. and we can from such esters, i will immediately say. what does this mean, as an example. yes examples. well, probably a lot. i 'll tell you one thing. but he is interesting. this is an example of apophysis is the asteroid apophysis that was discovered, er in 2004 and the discovery of this asteroid. actually greatly stimulated the work in the

field of observation of the study of asteroids, because after you opened the year 2004. uh, well, they opened it. what does it mean to have discovered? yes, but as soon as it detects, we immediately determine the tractor, we are engaged orbit. yes, yes, we determined where he was flying and it turned out that he would fly to the ground and in 2036 , somewhere around april 13, he would crash into the ground. and it's actually a small asteroid. well, what do you mean small? well, its weight is about 50 million tons. that is, it is a lot, a lot of hiroshima. if you want to. yes, well, that is, probably, well, dozens, if not hundreds, heroes, that is, and the assessment was such an assessment that it would crash? with what probability i directly hear the key word was. yes, not the same, not the same, but not the same. she when happened, well, everyone tensed up. ugh scared. although everyone will say. come to think of it, there, i didn't

say a figure estimate of the probability it was well, two and a half five percent. it’s in this range, but for the catastrophe that awaited us, it’s certainly a lot, so all the astronomers in the world have directed all their efforts to still clarify its orbit when it returns, so i say. this asteroid rotates, for example, once every 7 years it returns to the earth and after 7 years. well in the eleventh year he came back carefully all observatories. whoever was able to take measurements made an observation and exhaled, exhaled, because they established it quite definitely, you understand this did not happen. yes, that yes, yes, that he will miss the truth. you know, if he misses just a little, he will fly three distances of the moon. no, that 30,000 km from

the surface of the earth it somehow makes it makes the story much more interesting a tenth of the distance to the moon and it will happen in the twenty-ninth year. soon. and very soon yes, great. do you know when you say, that's determined the trajectory. eh, i see some difficulties here, because they probably don’t have keplers and orbits. and mars flies almost in an ellipse, because, of course, it is influenced, but weakly by a thing that flies around the earth and goes towards venus , or maybe mars periodically experiences their influence. as far as their orbits are unstable and subject to twitching from the side of the earth at moments, for example, those same approaches they are subject to twitching, but now super-powerful computers. well, these are about what we couldn't even dream at all, that is , the entire solar system is now being modeled. and it is modeled very well. here i am back at the office. and i will say. uh, what

is the error in determining the distance? yes, now, yes, on the basis of modeling , the solar system is modeled, the attraction of all known asteroids is taken into account. everyone. like this. yes, even so, that is, there thousands of thousands are taken into account tens. thousand. all this is taken into account in the model. yes, because. well, you can do it, and as a result, the error is now estimated. well 20 might be 30 m. now meters. for up to 29 years it's amazing it's amazing, of course, for them to appear in a computer. they need to be discovered. near-earth asteroids began to be discovered. this is the mass number when . after the apophys, i can say, we don’t wait for this, please. sorry, 20 years ago. we didn't know that there were 100,000 asteroids around us. well, there were estimates. well, i don't know, now i can say how many near-

earth open trajectories are known. yes, yes, more than 30.000 problem. what is the problem the fact that they are small themselves do not shine and often interferes, the sun, yes, and go and see some ice flying there, bye. she didn't get too close to earth , there's one more thing. if we take them into account, yes, then we need to know their masses. but to find out their mass is not very easy. why is it not very easy? because now, as ours determines in size, and the size is small. you also need to know how well they shine albedes. yes, if they are dim, yes, then we can calculate that this is an asteroid, well, let's say small, but maybe there is little ice on it, maybe there is little ice on it, that's why he has a small, low albert yeah, well, in general, we do n't know their mass well, we know their mass, so we don't know well how they affect to others. yes, that is, this is a very important task. it is also trying to solve it in a special way, that is, to determine the masses of these

esters for everyone, in order to understand how they affect others, if we want to accurately predict the movement, because this is a self -consistent system. and the more we learn about some, the better we will know about next. but please forgive me, i cannot but ask directly the fact that we have opened 30,000 over the past decades. well , tens of thousands means practically we, maybe 30,000 more have not been discovered. so, when we talked about 100,000, we didn’t open them , only 30 small thousand, but according to estimates, well, of a different nature, it is believed that there are about 100 of them. at 27 you can in the thirty-fifth year still intersect with concretely. with the earth with this how with this? that's right, that is, what people who study asteroids say, well, it's clear that they say it, yes, well, here they are, uh, research was subsidized. they say

the danger is an asteroid. maybe, well, catastrophically dangerous will arrive or not , he will not have any questions, the question will definitely arrive , when, if you look at the picture as a whole, then here, in general, it is visible. here is such a web or something, the web of literally these same near-earth asteroids. here here the first orbit is mercury then, respectively, venus then the earth and further mars, here we see that from earth to mars they are so quite free, everyone feels quite at ease, they fly wherever they want. yes , absolutely right. exactly where they want, because they have, uh, these are the orbits, uh, which they are represented here with the fairies, well, somewhere there, as you can see here. well, well up to. well, he's flying somewhere for mars. yes, and those that were poured. yes, they are somewhere already narrowing well, towards venus yes , it’s quite dense near the earth, that is, the orbits cross the earth’s orbit, but the earth

is simply not at that point and cautiously located in that point at this point, cross other orbits. yes, a few other inclinations, because because of other inclinations it is not so scary. here it is projected, but the intersection occurs. yes increasingly would still, if different orbits. they all e planes pass through the sun, that is, naturally , e, they inevitably have these orbits of their plane. yes, that is, anyway. anyway, there is such a danger, and uh, if we evaluate now, uh, here are those that we managed to notice, we managed to catalog them . this means to determine orbit parameters are so good that we can predict. yes, for example, how can we predict the orbits of dangerous plants, yes, the more time passes, the lower the accuracy naturally becomes, what asteroids we know, which really carry their danger. these are

the known ones for the next 100 years. two yeah, these are bina and lyuba, it so happened that these are exactly the asteroids that we have already visited, which means that seryoga took a rock sample and loaded it into the apparatus. this device is already yes, he is already studying on earth, but bina. well, they did the same thing, took a sample, loaded it now, this device is lucky. there in less than a year. he will also take us, let's hope that everything will be in order with the course of the atmosphere of this apparatus, and then it will be possible to see. and what is the rock of these e, what are these very asteroids made of? in this picture we can see the surface of the asteroid binola - this is from the one from which the rock samples were taken and which are being taken from the earth. and what's interesting here? it is interesting that this one is testing, in fact

, exactly what the pile of rubble calls. that is, it turned out to be very porous. such a loose asteroid, that is, its density is estimated at approximately one. that is how water burns up in the atmosphere. if anything, if anything, then it will crumble well, crumble. it's all. in fact, it's probably not dangerous, but this steroid in 100 years has a chance - it's among the potential that it will fall into the ground. he is one of two yes the other asteroid. he looks a lot like this asteroid eryugu its uh, the soil has already been brought to earth. but if you look closely, it is somewhat larger than the asteroid binon asteroid approximately there diameter, well, about 500 m. this one is almost a kilogram of 900 km. yeah, yeah, yeah, that is, it's big. this is already hundreds of millions of tons. well, it looks like it looks like, it is also a pile, with which too and it is actually in a sense good good, for what, because such

an asteroid is very well suited for fighting asteroids. how is it a technique for dealing with asteroids. well, very simple using other asteroids the fact is that if we want the danger of an asteroid to deviate from its trajectory, then, well, it's kind of the first thought that comes to mind. let's send a spacecraft there. it will strike and everything will be fine reject this steroid trained recently. yes, absolutely right. this is exactly what training is. training in the part where it confirms that we can hit, yes, as far as we can reject well, to the extent that newton's mass apparatus allowed yes, quite right. but it turns out that if this is an asteroid size, let's say, here, uh, also all ribs. yes , it’s hundreds of millions of tons there, then we rejected a fluff for me for him at 30 km / s. it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter, that is,

if we want to reject something more substantial than more than another master. what is good if we use for this, well, such a technique, actually not very simple, but actually technological, implemented with the help of gravite. i'll say two words later about it, then everything seems to work out if we don't too big an asteroid as a projectile to use. yes, but you have to find them. that is, we need some means and we are looking among the asteroids. we will disperse someone so that he can then shove another device. this is due to the fact that why why it is beneficial we can transfer momentum for a long time. this is our fast fast the fact is that this is the asteroid that we use as a projectile. yes, it will still be big. well, what we need is a big one, but not so big that we

can't say we can't change its speed. well, let's say ten more. well 50, yes meters per second. it can be what? do i need to hit 20 devices one after the other? no, but how if we take such a small one. well, yes, a small one. well, let's say with a diameter, well, 10 m. we can already reject such masteroids if they do it in time, but it's well, let's say the same office. yes, we can reject reject gravitationally not to deal with stress in order to direct it. yes, that 's what i'm saying, it's thousands of tons, yes, send 1,000 tons. how do you make you mean so far we know how to manage weighing devices. well, up to 5 tons, yes , we can, and here we need thousands of here, but this is the same asteroid that we will control thousands of tons with the help of a gravity maneuver graph. let's say it's best near the

earth, that is, we will fly near the earth, but we didn't just fly by. so after this flight, our gray projectile will fly into a dangerous one, just this picture, or it will destroy this method of using a gravity maneuver in order to, well, reject well, in this case, it’s just the office specifically. prepared a very long time ago, when they thought that in the thirty-first year it would be bad. uh huh yes. yes, yes, absolutely right. well, now it seems to be shown that everything is fine, but there are others and others. they are ancient idea here. what does it mean that we send a spacecraft to the election as an asteroid projectile? we land the apparatus, fix it, and then we turn on the engine of the spacecraft so as not to change the flight path of the asteroid projectile very much. but so that as a result

this little maneuver. but this is, well, tens of meters per second. yes, it's a bit. so actually we, uh, their spacecraft, uh, change their trajectories by applying kilometers per second. yes, but here it is 10 m. that is, it is not much. it's realizable. so we will send a small asteroid on the ground, but towards the ground in a special way. so after the flight, he will fly to the danger of the genus kapofisu. nevertheless, this is some kind of pinnacle of accuracy of calculations and accuracy of execution. this is modern technology. it 's not what can be done now today and for something a task that we don’t know where the danger will come from, but we want to prepare aha yes, if we do according to the scheme that was given, then this means that we have chosen some kind of asteroid in advance and carried out all these operations with him in accordance with the scenario, which assumes there, if we want to prepare, it is generally unknown where to place the shells. and

how to choose? yes and for this, here's what it is, well, it's also a simple idea. we can put that asteroi projectile in orbit such an orbit on duty that we, well, if we have some kind of reserve at any moment, we can use in order to use it as a starting army, that is, such a magic orbit is an orbit that is very simple in fact and in fact again- still, well, the simulation shows that it's easy to do, really easy. we are distilling that asteroid projectile not on a flight path to a dangerous master, but we are distilling a resonant earth resonant orbit. a pile of earth, however, graf maneuver to the earth, we can transfer the asteroid to orbit at whose period is the same as that of the earth yes one to one one, and the distance from the earth is the distance here from time to time. somewhere we

fly close, but once a year we get close somewhere to the distance that suits us with the earth. yes, and every time we, uh, we are waiting. how could an asteroid have arrived? yes, if it suddenly flies, the danger hits the ground, we make a maneuver near the earth in this case, which will transfer this asteroid to the orbit of meeting with the dangerous one and we will definitely meet with it. why because it flies from the ground? he is not maybe, actually. here, on the set itself, such a virtual set is obtained. these are orbits for intercepting dangerous asteroids. and you are applying to think around the earth's orbit by drawing several other orbits in resonance. and in some other suitable ryazan one one in one land. so from time to time at our disposal arise. but is it not necessary to use this asteroid now. yeah, let's use it, we can already do a lot of things with one, that is, it almost overlaps

all the negativity. but if we want to properly stock up, yes, with our capabilities, the pictures in the picture just show cases like when we succeed here. yes, well, according to the simulation , place it. uh, relative to the earth here, relative to the earth. here these are showing all the asteroids to place the asteroids. here in this position relative to the earth, they, together with the earth, are somewhere there. uh, they will rotate, yes, that is, from time to time, well, once a year they lie with the ground in case both are needed in order to fly to a dangerous master here such a technique, of course we have so much as here it is not necessary. well, if we say there will be one or a couple, then this is already well, not just a guarantee, but in any case, some kind of protection. yes, that is, a significant part of the sky. well, in the sense, so to speak, reducing the danger of the appearance of some kind of asteroid that

could harm the earth? we will generally overlap, yes. in conclusion, if possible very briefly, uh in the study of near-earth asteroids, so that you would like the main thing to happen in the next i don’t know what we would know for next 3 years. what do we need to feel and feel safe and understood. er, about these asteroids more better deeper, er from a practical scientific point of view, maybe you would like what achievement would be the most desirable for the coming years from your point of view. well, if we talk about the nearest eh , then we would like to consider e. the office will fly very close to 30.000 km of earth in 209 on april 13th. i would like to see it up close. and yes, there are plans to see him. that is, since it is not for us, then we are for it. yes, we can fly up to it and

examine it very close, and we even have an apparatus that is practically suitable for this, practically the apparatus that is now in working orbit, this is the apparatus of the spectrum . it is actually for exploring the sky or sources. find it on the berlin range, but he has, uh, all the equipment that will allow him to, let's say , see up close. apophysis, when it flies up, that is, slightly its working orbit to change tv fuel. now we we looked at this fuel enough to take a closer look and go back to our work even like that, that is, it is, in general, real. so if the machine works until the age of 29, i'm almost sure that yes, we will do it. we are waiting for the twenty-ninth year and this wonderful adventure. and before that, there may

be some other positive events that do not threaten. the asteroid will provide us with the opportunity to see itself and maybe we will be able to find out something about it. yes, it’s quite possible, in fact, now the earth is equipped with observatories telescopes that can do a lot more than at the moment when it appeared was discovered at the office, yes, and this actually caused literally the entire community that deals with these problems to panic. and not only thank you for the knowledge. in this case, this is literally literally a force, we follow the near-earth outer space. we study it thank you very much for your interesting story. best wishes. goodbye. thank you

belarusian shepherd dog, a woman should have a head on her shoulders, a hat, i will exchange your eared puppy for your quiet life.

but it's best to check.

defense minister sergei shoigu inspected russian troops in the military special operation zone during a working trip, the minister flew around the areas where the units were deployed, checked the positions of troops on the front line, he talked to the soldiers and thanked them for their exemplary performance of combat missions of the function of command and control of the grouping shoigu heard reports from commanders on the current situation and actions troops in the special operation areas, the minister of defense paid special attention to the field conditions of the fighters, and how the support was organized.