in 1831, during the polish uprising, all the students of the kremennitsa lyceum, russian little russians , poles, left to fight to defend independence. poland, a few more graduates fought in the crimean war on the side of britain stormed the russian sevastopol, one of them, a publicist and historian frantisek duhinsky, wrote that muscovites are not slavs, not christians. they remain nomads to this day and will remain nomads forever, however, the most famous pupil of the polish professorship was nikolai kostomarov, one of the greatest russian historians of the nineteenth century, graduation from kharkov university, who is this man who devoted his whole life to the destruction of the russian empire in 1845. kostomarov created in kiev the cyril of methodius brotherhood, a circle of young intellectuals and teachers. for the first time

in russian history, they declare a lot to ukraine. this and not russia is a separate country and a special people of ukrainians lives in it. cyril and the methodius brotherhood was the first such intellectual circle, but it was it that created the structure of the future ukrainian panteleymonkulish, also a pupil of polish teachers, an ideological ukrainian nationalist, was an active participant in identity, brotherhood, he first created an alphabet for the little russian dialect, which he hastened to declare the ukrainian language as a full-fledged language of the new nation, for example, since the time of romanticism there was a desire for a folk language, of course. it was a local language, a folk language around the dnieper region , different from the one spoken in poltava, so just take the local dialect and codify it there somehow there e to issue a couple of letters to enter

and here you are, please, a new language, and then on this basis a new nation grows. actually, it could be anywhere. to carry out such an operation not only, let’s say in little russia it’s arkhangelsky, so oh, how well we write a dictionary, we passed it, it seems, how we do ethnography, but in fact politics, and many understood what this was leading to even when little russian intellectuals began to produce press in ukrainian. the so-called kuleshovki did not read her ukrainian finnish magazine based in in the early sixties of the 19th century, it closed because it had no subscribers until the kulish books were published in the young russian dialect , but they were printed in the usual russian alphabet. the poltava intelligentsia and nobles spoke, wrote, read in russian. they didn't understand. why invent a new language in the middle of the 19th century, every educated

person in russia knew that the literary russian language was created, including by the kiev enlighteners, by the southern rusyns, who at one time. petrine times and even before peter is it was already the end of the 17th century. hmm, play a colossal role in the establishment of the russian tsardom, then the russian empire until peter i , russians . this is semyon fuflotsky and current ukraine and asia berrynda. innocentil. semyon polotsky was one of the founders and the famous slavic greek-latin academy in moscow, just on the basis of the moscow slavic greek-latin the academy was opened in 1755. moscow

university, that is, it was kiev russian scientists and educators who laid the foundations for the future general russian academic science, therefore, if we talk about the moscow language, then this is nothing more than the high kiev language of the 18th century, which very organically fit into, uh, great russian civilization but contrary to common sense, liberal circles of intellectuals in little russia continued to propagate the ideas of ukrainianism and spread the ukrainian language. many went to the people carrying there ukrainian literature, but these books were printed not in russia but abroad. for the most part, in lvov, in austrian galicia , in western russia, the ukrainian language turned into a formidable and dangerous political instrument, with which they bloodied a new map of europe, e.g., the territory that remained in austria . they have become

just, the area where it begins. a rather tough fight of the golitsy until the beginning of the 20th century, and then i go to the middle of the 20th century. it remained part of other states for a long time. this was polish territory. why , in fact, the domination of the polish landownership developed there, then it became part of hungary; the westernmost outskirts of the russian world after the partition of poland came under the rule of the austrian crowns of russians here in the western manner they called rusyns or ruts during the years of being under the rule of poland, galician russians abandoned orthodoxy became russians peasants, polish landowners mercilessly exploited the polish dominance.

the austrian emperor was an objective ally for the rusyns in the struggle against their the austrians did their own polish landowners, by the way, at a certain stage, they relied on support. this ruthenian movement, the viennese court carried out drastic reforms and reduced the corvée in vienna at the lunyansky church. st. barbara's first theological seminary was opened to train catholic priests and teachers of izgale russians

. austria was perceived as a counterbalance to polish superiority, the taelan leaders pinned their hopes on. to gain a greater degree of autonomy and independence from polish tutelage, the ruthenians became probably the most loyal subjects of the vienna court during the polish uprising of 1809 and the hungarian uprising of 1848. with weapons in their hands, the ruthenians came out on the side of the emperor. austria showed a fair amount of courage. the governor handed the russians their new regimental standard to their emperors, which the empress herself wove the words loyalty is coming to victory. already imagined a two-tone yellow-blue. more canvas. after the suppression of the

flipped uprisings, the austrian court faced the contradiction of its own domestic policy, because on the one hand, of course, it was good to use rusyn against the poles, but on the other hand. they were well aware that this was a limited province. and that a people lives in it, which, in terms of language, culture and mentality, are related to the people of the people living on the other side of the border in the russian empire. naturally from the face among they were afraid that under certain conditions, this province would gravitate to the transition under russian rule to control the russians in 1848, the authorities allowed the creation in lvov of the main russian rainbow, which united

and coordinated the political demands of galician rus, however, the governor of galicia, the stadium, immediately put. conditions you can count on the support of the government only if you want to be an independent people and refuse national unity with the people into a non-state precisely in russia, that is, if if you want to be ruthenians, it won’t hurt you if you accept a new name in order to be different from russians living outside of austria in 1849, the first meeting of galician russians with russians from the russian empire took place in 1849, the troops of general paskevich, who nicholas i sent to suppress the hungarian revolution , the rusyns returned home through the golitsa, communicated with the russian military in almost the

same language, went to services performed by regimental russian priests. every day more and more, making sure they are one people. whoever lives in lvov kiev moscow in lvov begin to publish a russian newspaper, zarya galitskaya can easily be read by any of us in the texts there are dialect words, but this is without any doubt. russian language issue dated march 9, 1853 poems on the death of the transcarpathian uzhgorod priest and educator andrei baludyansky a sad voice made its way to us from the pose of a gloomy carp, father. andrei rested our homogeneous rusin brother, the daughter-in-law went out, carrying a body that was greatness. that's how cute our charge sky is to the top in the fifties of the xix century, the galician intelligentsia openly spoke about reunification with russia within the russian rada.

there has been a split in the intelligentsia. she was called the moscow finns, she believed that the public enlightenment needed to be led. in the russian literary language, the other was sure that it was necessary to come up with their own special galician russian script, and this part of the russian rada was called narodovtsy, the court made a completely logical choice in such a situation ; local weekly. they focused on the fact that this group represents a different people in general, that non-russian ukrainians actually live in these territories. they have their own language, their own culture, that they have nothing in common with the russian population of the russian empire, and so on. in 1859, a

work by a czech philologist called latin was published in vienna in german. letters account of the imperial ministry but it was not possible to force rusina to switch to the latin alphabet, then the austrian authorities decided to form a new language and system spelling on the basis of the already existing abc of panteleimon kulish instead of the dialect of the policeman, which was spoken by the galician peasantry, began to call the ukrainian language, in fact, the figure of galician rus osip monchalovsky in the seventies of the xix century

described the process of creating a new language. so each of the professors of lviv university has his own special independent native language, in essence it is not a language, but only an artificial mixture of russian polish and each of the ukrainian arbitrarily invented words and expressions. panteleymonkuly, towards the end of his life, having departed from the idea of ​​little russian nationalism and ukrainianism, was horrified by what was happening in galicia. how his alphabet is used, but he has already created the ground for the formation of identity , it was already impossible to fix anything for the galician scientist teacher of the ukrainian language, the party omelyan. i swear that if the poles will print my spelling to commemorate our discord with great russia, if our phonetic spelling will be exhibited

in no way help, the people to enlightenment and how our banner of russian hatred, then i wrote in my own way in ukrainian. i will print the etymological old-world spelling, an interesting detail, the austrian subjects promoted the ukrainian language and ukrainian literature, but he still considered himself a ruthenian russian. in lviv, an organization of ukrainian-speaking teachers was thrown down, who called the amazing thing ruska pedagogical partnership, that is, the russian pedagogical society cannot be translated in any other way from the carpathian russian dialect into modern russian. with all desire. the galician-russian writer vasily vavrik recalled that it was difficult for a peasant to immediately cross himself from russia to ukrainians. it was hard for him to trample on what was sacred and dear to him, it was even harder for him to understand

why ukrainian professors somehow change russia into ukraine and confuse one name with another with all their being , the people realized that what was happening was not true false treason, but the austrian authorities rigidly imposed a line on the formation of a new identity among russians by writers and journalists who refused to use the new language. school textbooks were declared to be muscovite spies disgruntled teachers were published in ukrainian dissatisfied teachers were fired during the very first world war the publishing house of the austrian ministry of war released a phrase book designed so that soldiers called up from different parts of the empire could at least somehow understand each other a phrase book was released in six languages ​​german hungarian polish czech croatian and russian ukrainian language phrasebooks were not found. they say it's an artificial language and i can say what exactly, but uh, on

this language can be both spoken and written, and literary works must be written. but this raises a question. why ukrainians and western or eastern ukraine speaks russian very much in recent days. they speak russian. i ask, are you russians? we ukrainians do n't know why we speak russian. in 1898, the lvov publicist and russian public figure osip konchalovsky wrote in a book of literary and political ukrainophilism to be ukrainian. it means to give up your past, to be ashamed of belonging to the russian people. even the name rus is russian to refuse the tradition of history, to carefully erase all the common russian peculiar features and try to imitate the regional

ukrainian identity. and by the way, i must say that for a very long time the term was ukrainian. well, until the twenties of the xx century, a was used. including, which is important to emphasize, the adherents of ukrainian nationalism of ukrainianism themselves used the ethnic term in no way. e to characterize all of this little russian e-rusyn force. but as a term denoting adherents of the ukrainian party, odessa may 2, 2014, kulikovo field the last minutes before the tragedy there and the advantages and ourselves we go into the building and we will fight back there the sector begins to warm up the football fans and the youth who joined the nationalists.

in modern times, here, uh, a third of the right sector are ethnic russians. naturally. now everyone has become ukrainians. and this, by the way, is, uh, a clear confirmation that russian and ukrainian identities are, uh,

communicating vessels and one flows into the other. by and large very often asked a question. well, where are these your mythical bandera? can you please admire them in all their glory? most of the clicks are in russian in russian, the killers are screaming in russian, asking for victims. what are you doing ukrainian gunners in the

donbass comment on your actions in russian , is he hitting a peaceful city? in the near future we will cover and clean up. under this slogan, now the russians are killing russians again, just like 100 years ago in the austrian talerk concentration camp, where western russia was destroyed and ukraine was born but about this in the next series

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right now they are happening everywhere people share their festive mood and inspire each other to help a miracle when a beloved grandmother says that happy it is a miracle to remember this and thank the one who taught you to believe in yourself and win at the first step.

an air raid alert sounds in the center and in the south of ukraine in the cherkasy, kirovohrad and nikolaev regions. ukrainian authorities, according to the online map of the ukrainian ministry of digital transformation, the alarm is also sounding in the territories controlled by kiev in the kherson region. russia is determined to further

actively develop relations with brazil , federation council speaker valentina matvienko said, she led our delegation at the inauguration ceremony of the elected president of brazil and also held bilateral meetings with him from the main delegations of some other countries. as for the inauguration? i want to say that she very personable over uh, 100 delegations from different countries over 20 heads of state came to this event. and, of course, these are not only such protocol events. this is the possibility of uh bilateral contacts. discussion of a wide range of issues and the stability and economic situation of the financial situation in the world search for solutions. in large russian cities , new year's festivities are held without fireworks and concerts, but still there is something

to see and how to cheer yourself up, where you can go in chelyabinsk in nizhny novgorod, yekaterinburg and other cities of russia will tell maria valeeva, the journey to a fairy tale begins on manezhnaya square, the guests in the magical forest are met by the boyars leshy and santa claus for visitors a mass of surprises this opportunity to try the national dishes of different peoples of russia and master classes for children. very beautiful for a child. the most important thing is that everyone likes the new year mood happy new year. congratulations new year's decoration is very cool very here it's great ah. everything is so colorful, but really very beautiful. everything is so decorated, everything is original. and i really liked the lights on the streets, colorful installations, masquerade masks, huge luminous balls and openwork arches are everywhere in the capital, and hundreds of strings of garlands in the alleys are an imitation of the starry sky. the 200 m long light tunnel on tverskoy boulevard is called a romantic symbol of the new year's capital

, an excellent place for dates and colorful photo shoots against the backdrop of colorful lights. the new year of the capital is met modestly, but with taste, muscovites decided to abandon street concerts and fireworks and supported the decision mayor, so that the income of the city budget from holding fairs and festive events would be directed to support, the military personnel of their families and the restoration of the affected regions, there are humanitarian aid points. at each site of the capital 's christmas travel festival, there are small houses among the fair chalets on which moscow helps is written. we support the boys of the fighters. yes, so that we only have it for us. yes, it is festive to create installations. here, salut of course, a concert. well, it’s probably not very good now according to the situation, as it were right. i would like to thank say thank you and health and all. come back here to wish them the strength of patience and, of course,

a huge gratitude to everyone in st. petersburg, too, they canceled festivities, including a concert on palace square, but they did not refuse new year's decoration in the northern capital, the city was decorated on an imperial scale in honor of the celebration of 350 anniversary of peter the great last year are impressive and the installations in the youth capital of russia in nizhny novgorod everywhere luminous figures of passers-by are greeted by fairy-tale heroes, and arches the alleys and boulevards of krasnoyarsk are decorated with light patterns. and in the center of chelyabinsk , an ice town has become a place of attraction for local residents and tourists, the gray scale is just so beautiful, you rejoice at the heart and the christmas tree was decorated in an unusual way for children. in general, this is a paradise place. i think it's great. everything is done very fun for children, very wonderful. generally good. the town was made very beautifully , the lights lit up sharply, as if on a festive tree. one two three christmas tree, it burns. children are very happy with the slides , we hope that everything will work. everything

holidays, with new year’s lights, i’m lit up and the avenues of yekaterinburg in the city center are luminous figures, from three to 6 m high. this is a ship with scarlet sails and a polar bear in street festivities on new year’s eve, according to the ministry of internal affairs, about two people took part across the country million people maria valieva natalya uvarova yuri gonchar konstantin bertsev, and anna nikolaev lead north korean leader kim jong-un, together with his daughter, watched a warehouse with ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads , reports the central television of the dprk medium-range missiles with a tail, 12 and launchers for ammunition kn-23 hit the frame. let me remind you that at the end of december, kim jong-un announced the need to mass-produce tactical nuclear weapons and create a new system of intercontinental ballistic missiles .

seoul, in turn, published footage of the successful education of solid-fueled launch vehicles, which took place on december 30. in addition, the south korean armed forces announced the opening of a new headquarters for countering nuclear weapons. in brazil, a hearse with the body of a saw arrived at a stadium in the city of santos where a farewell ceremony will be held with the only three -time world football champion in history, in the process accompanied by police cars. and brazilian television was broadcasting live all the way from the hospital to sao paulo fans of the football legend. in santos, we met our idol with fireworks. the farewell ceremony will begin at 16:00 moscow time, however, people began to take a queue at the entrance to the stadium for a day. many specially come to the city hundreds of kilometers away pele died, on december 29, at the age of 83 , relatives decided to postpone the farewell ceremony with the football player to january 2, so that she