from kabul when there was the last battle of the thirty -third regiment in the gondomake and the fact that almost the entire regiment was killed. so i think that the first afghan war can be considered a mistake. in september, the british return to afghanistan from a punitive expedition, again enters kabul, blows up the kabul nettle market, wipes the city from the quarters and leaves the country in revenge, and the rulers of afghanistan again become dos, mohammed for the sake of overthrowing which the british spent 25 million pounds. baby maybe if the british could to conquer afghanistan and bring stability to afghanistan in the 1840s is then likely. they could decide that yes now they can try to make bukhara and khujand dependent states and prevent the expansion of russia but of course the british attempts to control afghanistan in the 1840s

were disastrous and the british abandoned it, if you can not control afghanistan then a campaign in central asia it remains only to dream. you understand the british in afghanistan and the world of bukhara decided not to stand on ceremony with their english captives there were already two of them to secretly release colonel stoder to bukhara. captain arthur connelly arrived, but he was also exposed and thrown into an underground prison. and the world was ready to forgive them, but he never received a personal answer to the letter sent to the queen of england. the scales that decided the fate of 100 british

intelligence officers captain hartur connelly, ironically, it was he who coined the phrase, the big game and colonel charles tothdard were executed on the orders of the boozer worlds on a hot june morning of 1842. it happened quite often in the 19th century there were imperial agents who operated far beyond the borders. empires failed by themselves so that there would be no reason in britain to send an army into central asia, several russian agents died under such circumstances, because they went too far.

in the spring of 1839, the 22-year-old heir to the russian throne, grand duke alexander nikolayevich , who arrived on a visit to london, met the young queen victoria. the queen came by chance due to the lack of worthy applicants in the kanavian house. she was a provincial girl and a tall handsome man will come in front of her. a man who knew six

zhukov, a brilliant young man, erudite became something incomprehensible to her and what she had not seen began joint hunting trips around the country visit. there , the five -month romance lasted for about five months, and then after that the menacing district of nicholas i in st. petersburg return urgently, and he left england not quite politely, probably, the crimean war began then. she was on her yacht and saw off the british ships leaving to the crimea until the last beacon of russia, just with all my soul.

the prologue to the crimean war was the unkar from the kelisi peace treaty concluded in 1833 between russia and the ottoman empire; its provision gave russian ships the right to freely pass from the black sea to the mediterranean, and in turn, russia got the opportunity to block the passage through the turkish straits of the bosphorus and the dardanelles of military ships of the third countries. france and england categorically objected. from now on, any negotiations, any matters of importance with england has always interfered in the mediterranean region and demanded its participation there too.

so, after this, the movement of the crimean war begins, the formal reason for the war becomes the demand of nicholas 1 to place the orthodox subjects of the turkish sultan under the special patronage of the russian tsar. and her allies. england supported the ottoman empire at that time because the ottoman empire blocked russia's path to the queen. russia at that moment was by far the strongest military-political state. and this allowed england to create a truly common european police force. with

military operations in the crimea, military operations were going on in the caucasus in the white sea to evacuate on september 2, 1854, the anglo-french turkish landing force of about 60,000 soldiers landed in the crimea, the allies had an absolute superiority in weapons and inflicted a number of crushing blows on the russian army. anglo-french fleet occupied kerch in the fall of 1854, sevastopol was blockaded and the 349-day

heroic defense of the city began. the russian batteries were taken by storm by the english cavalry brigade, one of the officers recognized the russian officer whom he had met at the points in london a few months earlier so that the people who had previously communicated with each other. now they were killing each other in 18505, when malakhov kurgan fell to the city, in order to prevent this, russian sailors flooded the blockaded one. by the

end of the crimean war, the country was terribly state, depleted treasury ruins economy destroyed black sea fleet 856 alexander ii signs the humiliating treaty of paris, according to which russia was forbidden to have a navy on the strategically important black sea, in addition, russia abandoned part of the territories it had conquered in the balkans, where russians sought to support and unite the orthodox slavic british strategy - this is fragmentation. slavic peoples to prevent unification in one state the body of homogeneous slavic nations of the same faith

in order for the big players to be champions of european poise for the british, this is the division of the continent. we have many small powers. what is the opportunity to save trade and politics? it was then that the new minister of foreign affairs of russia, alexander gorchakov, wrote the famous circular dispatch to the ambassadors of st. petersburg abroad. it contains the principles of a new russian foreign policy for the coming years, the main thing is that russia understood the price of friendship with the west and from now on will act in its own way; intends to accept double standards. europe 's dipesh ends with these words. they say that russia is angry. russia is not angry. russia is concentrating. as for the

use of our material force, the emperor reserves the right to decide this issue. the crimean war became one of the key european stages of the great game between russia and britain immediately after it. the epicenter of events shifts to the central region, or as it is also called central asia, in which it all takes place. this is all an energy ellipse, in which 90% of the world's oil and gas resources and the northern curve of this ellipse, which starts there from hebratar, just passes the balkans, the mediterranean sea, our fore-caucasus - this is crimea , which means ukraine, moldova, this is baku, this is georgia, and further this asia, the southern curve of the energy ellipse passes through northern africa, syria, the persian gulf iran

iraq the ellipse closes in afghanistan a strategically important point where the borders of india china and the republics of central asia converge this is the southern friend of russia well, this is the central asian territory, then yes, where there were four uzbek khanates, turkmenistan, tajik, some kind of regins, they were, after all, for centuries the object of all kinds of robberies. hmm, because the extremely unstable political situation, that is, in fact, in these regions there were not sufficient resources to organize a powerful political force , which is capable of creating security for the people living there for civilization, which, by the way, have existed there for many thousands of years. taking advantage of russia's weakness after the defeat in the crimean war, britain wants to extend its influence to this region in st. petersburg, it becomes known to bukhara and how

british diplomatic and military missions are sent. they were also aimed at probing the impossibility, and the transitions of these states to the emirate of bukhara, for example, here is the protectorate of great britain according to london's plans, the central asian region should become a buffer between russia and british india the empire in india was so weak that it would take only one defeat to destroy everything that the inhabitants of india rise up the british empire will collapse the indian soldiers deserter it was a feeling not lasting the fragility of british india the monstrous system of oppression broke almost the entire system of property. is the best of all that india

should be flattered to be privileged to be part of the british empire missionary work in 1894 received as a gift one ton of a brief history of the indian rebellion which was simply called the indian heavy , it would be much more correct to call it an uprising on february 26 , 1857. in the thirty-fourth bengal native infantry, rumors begin to circulate of new jacketed cartridges soaked in pig and cow fat to load the gun. then it was necessary to

break the shell with your teeth, there was even a command to bite the cartridge. part of the soldiers were muslims, part of the hindus for some it was a sin to eat pork, for others it was a sin to eat beef. they refuse to use new cartridges. on the side of the rebels also act, the impoverished peasant robbers play an important role in the uprising muslim radicals. and they showed incredible cruelty towards the european. they killed european women and children. after they promised them safety, there could be no mercy, the british shot and hanged in the remaining hundreds to suppress the rebellion, even the nomadic tribes of the afghan pashtuns were involved . she was exhibited in london in 1887 and

provoked furious protests. however, no one denied it. what exactly were the rebels executed in this way? in the same place in london, the picture was ukraine. where is the original still unknown? the end of the sepoy rebellion became the end of the austin company in london to many. it was obvious that it was her management methods that led to the massacre, and english politicians could not even think about losing such a colony as india, and in 1858 an act was issued, and the best administration of india according to him, the troops of the usinsk company merged with the special indian fleet was liquidated by the royals, and the ostyn company itself, despite the support and protests of a numerous and wealthy lobby, actually ceased to exist only from that moment, india and became a truly legally registered english colony ceased to be a territory that was controlled by a private shop. they definitely

believed that india must be defended at all costs. and here actually when the british lost their dominance in india in 1947 the rest of the british empire fell apart in for 15 years. to some extent it didn't make sense to hold on to holdings anywhere else after they lost india. so india yes, sure, but central asia no. however, alexander ii is well aware of the activity of british political agents in central asia, he is informed that the bukhara peace has been sent by whoever knows. how did friendship with the british end for his neighbor and mirofghanistan, and the proposal of the union by the sons of the

land. so far he has refused, but petersburg can not even admit the possibility that the borders of the russian empire in a few days' march to omsk or orenburg , british military garrisons will appear the battle for asia russia firmly decided to win in 18508 in central asia spots diplomatic missions are sent to the 26-year-old colonel count nikolai ignatiev, he must assess the military capabilities of the hast and collect information regarding routes leading to afghanistan , persia and northern india, he was also instructed to establish his and bukhoy regular commercial communications. the mission visits him first, where he gives the local muhamda, dear gifts, then sent to bukhara khevets. khan promises to open markets for russian merchants of the bukharan peace, free all russian slaves, and actively encourage trade between the two strange ones, but returning to st. petersburg, ignatiev offers the tsar

annexed the central asian khanates until the british do this . they said that if we don’t go in there, the british will go in, you know, and the seizure of central asia, especially at the stages of e, was originally associated with the initiative of the local military authorities, not even the authorities of the military and st. petersburg, while the russian foreign ministry, he was against precisely because he was afraid. a-a significant complications from britain a-a local authorities. he had his own logic. you see, this is logic. just putting some kind of imperial order. in order for people to live without fear that nomads will come now, there are 10,000 nomads or 20,000, they will cut everyone there, they will capture everything, so that it was in reality, so in 1860

kakan khan gathers 22,000 troops for in order to destroy the city of verny, present-day almaty and defeat the russian villages of seeds, but in just 3 days, the kans were completely defeated in battle, who went out and met thousands of russian soldiers, went through the caucasian war, went into the crimean war, and already the experience was not a few corps of separate detachments. a special uniform was combined for strength, a white uniform protecting from the sun, special weapons were used, for example, lighter lighter mountain guns, which could be transported even disassembled on camels in the spring of 1865. troops of the general mikhail chernyaev approaches the walls of one of the richest cities of the kakan khanate of tashkent about his intention to attack, the general

reports to st. petersburg from active actions to refrain in the received telegram. chernyaev he immediately showed the soldiers to the secret passage, which was skillfully covered with felt. the passage led inside the city inside

the tower, right at the gate, the russians went on the attack. two days tashkent was taken by russian losses amounted to only 25 killed and 89 wounded. in honor of the capture of the city, its elders presented cherneev with a beautiful diamond, and for outstanding skills they began to call the commander the lion of tashkent in st. petersburg, who violated the order, they did not punish him; on the contrary , alexander introduced him to st. anna. soon , russia announced the establishment of a new turkestan governor-general, tashkent was assigned to its military and administrative centers. general konstantin petrovich von kaufman, a veteran

of the caucasian war, was appointed the first governor-general and became the main builder of russian turkestan in may 1868, eliminating the threat of raids on new russian lands. the troops take kaufmann, samarkand a 5 years later, at the beginning of 1873, he went to subdue the khiminsky khanate. the khanate of khiva was by no means enough , uh, to enter into any contacts. uh, with russia, the british warmed them up very well. well, for the first time the name of mikhail skobelev sounds loudly, a young lieutenant colonel leads two companies, the soldiers are ordered to storm the city, they are ordered to stop , they are waiting for khan to enter into negotiations and even threaten to be shot for disobedience, skobelev sends an answer to go back, it’s scary to stand still. it remains dangerous to take the khan's palace. at the end of may 1873, they sign on august 12,

slavery is released and the death penalty is prohibited by the russian authorities in all territories of russian turkestan, high-ranking officials from the locals automatically receive the russian nobility the opportunity to make a career in the ranks of the russian administration or in the army, while in the religious life of local residents . the first thing that russia does when it joins other peoples is that it begins to shed blood for them. this is very important, that is, they become part of the russian land, that is, russian civilization and no matter the protestants. they are catholics, orthodox muslims. the main thing is that they need to be

protected and protected. the british are just watching this russia but they controlled the situation with the help of spies from among the locals . they were called bandits. in the scholars' translation, the very existence of bandit scouts was secret, even in the indian mapping service. they were known, only under numbers or conditional nicknames of bandits, they taught the art of disguise. legends were carefully prepared for them, their cover for their safety depended only on how convincingly they could play the role of a muslim buddhist pilgrim or a himalayan merchant. to measure the distance, the bandits used a rosary, regardless of what legend the muslim pilgrim or buddhist pilgrim was hiding behind the scout in the buddhist rosary 1080 muslim 99 in the bandit was exactly 100. after walking every 10 steps, the scout snapped off one bead and another 10

steps. another five beads, 50 steps, 10 beads, 100 steps, and 108 full circle of 1,000 steps. that is, in this way the scouts were very easy to remember, and at the end of the day to write down the distance traveled, some bandits wrote poems, ostensibly about their travels. actually. these were intelligence reports that i saw, where i was with whom i spoke in a buddhist prayer wheel, they attracted into its lid, mounted a compass, the clothes of pundits, supplemented pockets with taimia, and friendly chests were equipped in the secret department of reality. of course, the scout was able to use graphic coordinates with accurate instruments, not always, but experienced the bandit could easily by the speed of boiling water in the kettle. determine the height above sea level. the same water or tea poured into

a glass replaced the mercury poured into a bowl, which the bandits usually used to establish an artificial horizon, the bandits provided the british catography service with so much information about asia, tibet and the himalayas that they lasted for decades, forward and doubt was a feat remained unique intelligence fantastic, popular in the west who became a british intelligence officer. by the way, this is indirect confirmation, not even bone direct, who had aggressive plans. russia has never created anything close to the bandit system of espionage. nevertheless, central asia conducts intelligence of russia and many russian scouts of the second half of the 19th century become real legends. and now, in many ways, russian historical science has developed rather strange traditions, saying that

nikolai mikhailovich przhevalsky is usually called a geographer by researchers of central asia, a biologist traveler. at the same time, it is somehow usually forgotten that he was not only scientists, among other things, nikolai mikhailovich zhizhalsky was, of course, a great russian intelligence officer, a graduate of the academy of the general staff. the daughter of a major general who served. he played, of course, an incredibly important role in that big game. after all, they went on a trip to previously unexplored places in central asia and made maps of these places ; the habitant behaved, after all, not only as scientists, as a geographer. he looked at everything through the eyes of a military man, many cards, compiled by the residential are still in special archives and not every civilian, even military specialists have access to them by the russian geographical society, but the participants were claimed by the military. and the military-scientific committee of the general staff paid for everything. it was a prototype of the structure that is

now called in russia the main intelligence department of the zhizhalsky expedition groups , if science was left aside, they were raids by an operational intelligence detachment into the depths of the theater of operations. three four officers as many soldiers interpreter five or six. cossack escorts went, in fact, to nowhere for 2-3 years, the rules they developed for conducting developed exits have been preserved in the special forces game to this day. times

we have a grenade, he wants to throw for his dad for his older brother from all the coffeemongers and the task is to survive and reach and there is no choice, there is a righteous man according to chance.