today in the program international review events of the week chronicle facts comments new restrictions on oil non-market methods work or not the materials of our program.

in the middle east hello on the air international review in the studio of fyodor lukyanov sunday another restrictive measure against russia comes into force after the exorbitant cost of russian oil, it has been in effect since december 5 the european union agreed on a price ceiling for petroleum products, probably the most famous of them literature under such lamps. how much is written lamp kerosene candle stearin rocker with a bucket and an inkwell with a pen samuil marshak classic. now the truth is other oil products in the price.

the sumerians and the assyrians used petroleum bitumen in construction; they mixed a viscous substance with sand or gravel and formed bricks from it; they coated the seams of buildings, but the boats were strengthened by roads and the banks of reservoirs; greek. fire even more possibilities. it appeared after the discovery of processing technology in 1741 at the st. petersburg academy of sciences, the first direct distillation of oil was carried out and kerosene distillate was obtained, but the substance received its name only a century later, when the canadian geologist abraham gessner patented the trademark kerosene in the usa, this flammable liquid did not leave on the mountains and experience and was six times cheaper than whale oil and much safer than the popular but explosive candy. and because it is used for filling lamps and at cooking, and then for medicinal

purposes back in 1825 , the english scientist michael farade discovered that gasoline was released during the distillation of oil. at first, many oil companies considered it a by-product and dumped it into the river. it was cheaper than trying to sell it. then, in small quantities, gasoline began to be sold in pharmacies, as an antiseptic and a cleaning agent , the situation changed in 1876, when the german engineer nicholas invented the internal combustion engine and proposed to fill cars with gasoline. apte steel line up motorists in 1907, the standard oil company opened the first gasoline filling station in the village, and in the twenties their number increased exponentially, then synthetic fiber is now removed from oil.

which they began to make sewing threads, fishing nets and conveyor belts, and stockings because of this material, which during the second world war were more expensive than silk, emphasized the special status of their owner, then all the nylon went to the needs of the army for sewing a parachute shape in ropes. found oil, application and in the food industry, chewing gum, for example, is made viscous by petroleum polymers, which is why it does not decompose when it enters the environment. however, the most popular product. oil refining, fuel remains. it accounts for half of the total volume of all petroleum products produced in the world annually. as for the exciting developments in the world energy markets, let's talk with our good friend marcel salikhov president of the institute of energy finance marseille hello well, let's start with the most pressing on kerosene. you too limited prices. and in general, where does

kerosene go now in the first place. this is aviation kerosene. it's aircraft fuel. here, uh, because, well, additional additives are required. here, so that at a height the fuel, as it were, would work. here and uh, most likely, restrictions will also be introduced on it. that is, now the european commission is considering the option of limiting the top and bottom. ah, from below, too, but the problem is that it’s not a problem that there are oil products that are traded relatively speaking, as from a premium to crude oil. this is gasoline diesel aviation kerosene. and there are oil products that are traded at a discount, this is primarily fuel oil, that is, such residual products of oil refining. that's why, now , at least, the option that was publicly announced, which is on top for such premium oil products. this is 100 dollars

per barrel, that is, no more than 100 dollars per barrel, and, accordingly, for fuel oil, and this is 45 dollars. oh, you've already started. actually you tell the specifics and just thought you don’t understand anything in this that i i'm starting a much more complex complex market and a complex mechanism than just a ceiling on oil. what other features of petroleum products are there. just a lot of them, many different types and so on. and unlike crude oil, where one can say that there is such a global market and there are some global benchmarks for oil prices, but for oil products everything is much more complicated, because the markets are mainly regional. and e petroleum products, they are mainly processed in consumption centers. traditionally in terms of oil refining leading the us before the pandemic escalated conflict in ukraine, the country processed

almost 19 million barrels of oil daily, today it is less than 18, however. this is the highest rate in the world and one-fifth of the world's refining capacity last year in the country rose to a record price of fuel in june , the mark of $ 5 per gallon, gasoline. passed 21 states, and the average cost of a gallon of diesel exceeded $5.5 compared to a little over three a year earlier, according to the energy information administration. usa russia provided up to 20% of imports of petroleum products to the united states but recently, fuel prices have remained declining due to another wave of coronavirus , china was the largest oil refiner daily, more than 17 million barrels, and while factories in the united states were closed. for example, shell in louisiana opened new ones in china, only four of them process more than a million barrels per day. that is, just how much

is the whole of great britain. and this year, beijing increased the quota for exporting fuel by another 50% ; it is expected that in the first half of the year the volume of diesel supplies from china will reach 400-600,000 barrels per day in russia, about 7 million barrels of oil per day are processed daily. until recently, about two -thirds of exports of petroleum products were to european countries, and a fifth to china , due to western sanctions, the country reoriented exports of the countries of the middle east and asia among the main export items. oil products for cars, which is used as diesel fuel or a solvent in the paint and varnish industry gazul, for the production of fuel mixtures, as well as fuel oil for domestic and industrial heating boilers, besides. delivered to customers gasoline jet fuel and petroleum coke solid residue from refining, which is used in power generation and in cement

kilns, another major player in the petroleum products market. india, a country that processes about 5 million barrels of oil per day and turned anti-russian sanctions in its favor , a scheme such a country buys russian urals oil at a thirty percent discount, sends it for processing, and then delivers it to europe from the united states in the form of jet fuel chemicals diesel fuel and gasoline closes the top five, leaders and south korea where more than 3.5 million barrels of oil are processed per day. the country mainly produces petrochemical products of the widest range from fuel oil yes to lubricants. and our regional market is traditionally - this is europe, right? and yes, of course, that is, here, too, as with oil. uh, you have to look for other suppliers, but uh consumers, but

that the export of oil products to turkey has grown a lot, africa. and even now russia supplies diesel fuel there. oddly enough in brazil, uh, here, uh, that is, this process is taking place, but after february 5, and when the embargo is introduced by the european union, respectively, well, somewhere else, but about one and a half million barrels of oil exports. well, all this can be considered there somewhere around three, but we will have to transfer it to some other markets, and the domestic market will not help us. all this is somehow used for the benefit of the national economy. and domestic demand is growing. that's last year. it has grown quite a lot, especially for diesel fuel. but still, the size of the domestic market is not enough to absorb the entire volume of production, and here is the main problem, let's say it will be

fuel oil, because fuel oil, e, is practically not consumed inside russia, that is, and most often it was supplied there to european factories, and they mixed it with something else and refined it, because, uh, russian factories, unfortunately, many of them are super-technological. that's why they leave a lot of fuel oil, and in the production of gasoline and there are such basic types of fuels. that's why you still need to wear fuel oil somewhere. well, if you expand a little, that's exactly 2 months, like a ceiling on oil, and not so long. but is it possible to draw any conclusions, work or it doesn’t work. if you wanted what you wanted and what’s going on in this one, if you read the western media, listen to western politicians, they say that it works fine, but they have achieved and what they wanted

here with the other side? and if you look at the export figures, it's not that they didn't fall, they even grew in january. and therefore now the main feature is that, well, priceb. uh, the price cap, it doesn't work because, well, russian oil prices are basically below the cap, so, naturally, for natural reasons. yes, because world oil prices. they are also at relatively low levels. and therefore , to say, whatever happens, when the price, let's say, exceeds the price ceiling and how big the restrictions will be, and from the point of view. there uh, transport insurance providing other services is incomprehensible. december

last year, the european union led an embargo on the supply of russian oil to european ships, insurers and others, participants in the shipping market were forbidden to transport crude oil from russia if it was bought at prices above the established ceiling, however , european companies continued to transport russian hydrocarbons, arguing that this oil was originally produced in another region, and through russia it was only in transit, the publication invest europe, and reporters. united found out that even after the new package of sanctions came into force, tankers from europe with a volume of 16 million. yes , hundreds of flights were made with russian oil, gas and coal, including to european ports. transportation was carried out mainly by greek tankers, but there were ships from germany monaco what sales to norway and the uk only from december to january? russian ports left about 700 flights with a cargo of hydrocarbons on board. of these, 250 were carried out by eu tankers

, the british magazine economest claims that today most of the oil from russia is exported by sea through gray channels, in which it is not easy to determine the direction of travel and even the carrier on the chart. they are grayed out these gray networks are not recognized by the new ceiling, but are not illegal. because they do not use western logistics and deliver russian oil to countries that did not impose an embargo. against her along with this, russia continues to supply oil to aman and the united arab emirate, the largest black gold miner. last year. they imported russian oil more than in the previous three years combined experts in this. seen the intention to mix it with other oil and resell to europe in this way, after the introduction of december sanctions , exports from russia decreased, but after only 2 months. reached the previous level marks the magazine. well, i may, of course, not

know the details, and i may be wrong, but it seems to me that such a scale of political interference in the world market. well, there probably wasn’t, anyway, that’s purposefully their attempts to change, so to speak, the conjuncture and everything else, firstly, can i be right, this is not the case here in comparison, let’s say with arab barn in the seventies. and most importantly, what will it lead to. hmm. i think, here is an analogy, probably the closest one - it was just the seventies, seventy-three , seventy-four, then, in fact, the arab countries and opec were reshaping the world market. that is, in fact, they took away. e, right, well, the adoption of certain decisions there, including on prices from the angers to themselves. and in fact, part of this process was then the oil crisis there, and in fact

, prices rose much more then, that is there oil prices there in these 15 times. and we do not observe such hmm prices, in principle, are at relatively normal levels and in fact. this means that the market continues to work. and i think that from the point of view. mm. here is the global market. and if there is no substitution, that is, if there is no alternative, who will come from the producers, and to replace russian oil, then all attempts to limit. they will be inevitable, well, they will fail, because, but oil is needed and there will be one way or another how to deliver it and transport it to insure and so on is simple, because there is no alternative. but for russia it is of great importance, of course, at what prices to export? because now you still need to understand that russia exports oil at a big discount. that is, it is forced to provide a discount to its customers in order to

create incentives to buy. it is russian products that are good, and then the last question is important for us all the previous couple of years there. uh, opek plus is such a magic formula, success, what is now in these conditions with this association and uh, how things are here with negotiability, when something changes from all sides. so far, opec is taking a very cautious position. and here it is, i would say it does not make any sudden movements. here is the last such significant decision. it was last october when they decided to cut production by, uh, 2 million bpd. and part of it, well, part of it is such a paper cut. that's because many countries are not producing at the level of their own , so what's going on is cuts. here, in fact, on the physical volumes do not affect, but

if we look at hmm there, the current data on the production of saudi arabia yes, the united arab emirates, they really reduced production to some extent, and this is some kind of support for the russian industry. because if the foreign middle east reduce production, then this means that the demand is for russian oil. he's saved too, so i'd say opek in general as well. rather, it is restraining itself from the position of supporting russia. and naturally, guardianship does not like any, but some attempts to conduct price ceilings restrictions and so on, because they understand that in some foreseeable future. perhaps they will be the next target. but on the other hand. they don't want to ruin relationships with their key customers. that is why there is some support, but it is not unconditional. well, it's not philanthropy anyway. they think, first of all , of their interests, of course, about their

economy. in principle, it is absolutely reasonable thank you. marcel salikhov was with us hmm the main energy reservoir of the world the near east has been so for most of the past century and will remain so now. it means a quiet life. there is no need to wait. and this means that we mail advertising there. a symbol of the industrial city of the soviet union embankment cinemas blazed mamaev kurgan and the cavalry gallops bombed not specifically any military facilities, the troops were carpet bombing of the entire city half. there was no time to patch up the armor and it was clogged with chopsticks, all these

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again, behind the spark between iran and israel , unknown drones attacked military infrastructure in isfahan, there are doubts who it was. iran believes that israeli forces are behind the attack. this is their style and handwriting. they have certain elements inside iran and use agents to make it clear that their people are present in iranian society. capable of acting. so there is no doubt. iran has always been convinced that israel is behind assassination attempts on iranian officials, including attempts to undermine the nuclear program, whether it is or not, but the topic constantly provokes tension and recent attacks on

facilities in spain from the same category, until acts of retaliation are not in against israel , not against the united states, but of course, each such event strengthens the conservative forces in iran. this means that iran will direct even more funds to the military and special activities in the region or even more openly or covertly iran operates through forces loyal to it in neighboring countries and on the territory of lebanon syria gas. all this poses a threat to israeli security. the main activity in the middle east is now manifested not by external forces. as recently, namely, regional players. everyone has their own interests and ideas of justice and the means to approve these ideas, by the way, are considerable. according to the global fire power portal, iran occupies the seventeenth position among

of all the armies of the world it is immediately followed by the army, while israel is extremely difficult to assess the real combat capabilities of both countries, for example, the same analysts believe that the egyptian army is now more powerful than the iranian and israeli and is in fourteenth place since the formation of the jewish state. the idf is formed on conscription and consists of three branches of the armed forces, ground air force and naval force, and a total strength of about 177,000 people, but a mobilization reserve in case of war about half a million, and the full mobilization of more than three million people, thanks to this , the israeli army won in all the arabs of israeli waters, the arab army did not manage to achieve an advantage on the battlefield, at least two to one. for dynamic reasons , they could not afford to be drafted into the army. so many people, the population of iran also exceeds

the population of israel, and almost 10 times, and more than half of them are young people, who theoretically can be put under arms. can iran afford it economically? from the point of view it is difficult to say, it is noteworthy that women serve on an equal footing with men in both armies, the armed forces of iran consist of two independent structures of the army of the islamic republic and the islamic revolutionary guard corps, both structures have their own ground units of the air force, fleet and air defense but despite the numerical superiority. iranian. the army is equipped much worse than the israeli one, israel has its own merkava tanks, apache helicopters and modern american f-35 fighters in service with the iranian ground forces, t-72 tanks , soviet armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles, and the air fleet is

300 old aircraft yes, among them are very expensive american f-14 tompets, but they are too old, there are french and soviet aircraft, as well as new iranian drones, but israel and iran are separated from each other by siri and cancer, which excludes the possibility of a direct large-scale land invasion in a straight line on the map between tel aviv and tehran, more than one and a half thousand kilometers in syria, lebanon and iraq , there are numerous militants of the islamic revolutionary guard corps and supporters of these formations are under constant attack from israel the main topic for 15 years has been iran’s nuclear program in tehran, it has been accredited as peaceful, and in israel, the united states, as an intention to acquire nuclear weapons, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bdestroying iranian brute force facilities was discussed even under us president bush, the junior prime minister of israel was. by the way, not tonyahu immediately,

then the pendulum, woke up in the direction of diplomacy. in 1915 they made a multilateral agreement, then trump came along and ruined everything. iran's main nuclear facilities - this is a plant for the production of heavy water in arak uranium mines sagant and gochin plant uranium enrichment ford nuclear centers in tehran. parchini on tanza and the only nuclear power plant in busheer. after the united states withdrew from the joint action plan in 2018, iranian president khazenravuhani waited a year, and then began to gradually abandon his obligations , enrichment limits were raised, a thousand new centrifuges were launched at the ford plant iran closed its nuclear facilities by an international inspector, according to gt in december last year, uranus was 62 kg, enriched

up to 60%. and this is 6 kg more than in september reserves if it is tons enrich up to the level of 90%. it may well be enough for production. the nuclear device in general , iran has more than 3.5 tons of uranium of varying degrees of enrichment. this is more than 10 times the limit imposed on it under the 2015 nuclear deal, while the exact figures are unknown. since the iranian authorities have turned off the cameras of continuous surveillance of their nuclear facilities, hopes of a return to the 2015 agreement were very illusory then. tehran agreed to limit its nuclear program in exchange for the removal of international sanctions from him, the sanctions were partially lifted, but soon they returned again now, not only the united states but also the euro troika, france germany or the uk accuse iran of violating its

obligations, on the other hand, russia china is blocking the adoption of new anti-iranian resolutions in the security council united nations strategic communications coordinator. at the national security council , admiral king said that the united states had removed the issue of restoring the nuclear deal from the agenda, we did not rule out the use of a military scenario so that iran would not was able to acquire nuclear weapons. so the deal is dead, you can forget, and yes and no, both countries need each other iran clearly. he outlined three conditions. removal of sanctions elimination of accusations of possible military use and guarantee of implementation iran has a history of abrupt and unjustified withdrawal of the united states from the agreements. deal. we need no one to argue that iran is under